UNIT - IV
Introduction to Internet of Things
Definition of IoT
IoT stands for Internet of Things.
Everyday things have sensors, software and electronics.
They are connected to internet.
They collect data and exchange data.
No human interaction.
All the things can be controlled from anywhere.
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Characteristics of IoT
1) Dynamic and Self Adapting
2) Unique Identity
3) Self Configuring
4) Inter Operable Communication Protocol
5) Integrated into Information Network
1) Dynamic and Self Adapting :-
IoT device is dynamic.
IoT device is self adapting.
Self Adapting means Changing for changing situations.
CCTV changing from passive mode to active mode.
2) Self Configuring :-
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IoT device is Self Configuring.
Many devices work together.
IoT devices has ability to setup network.
IoT devices has ability to get latest software.
3) Unique Identity :-
IoT device has a unique identity.
IoT device has unique IP address.
4) Inter Operable Communication Protocols : -
IoT device can communicate with other devices.
IoT devices support many communication protocols.
5) Integrated into Information Network :-
IoT device is integrated into Information network.
Hence exchange of data is possible for all devices.
Physical Design of IoT
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1. Things in IoT
1) Connectivity : -
Device used for connectivity are
a) USB Host
b) Ethernet
2) Processor : -
CPU – Central Processing Unit
3) Video / Audio : -
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To record Video and Audio
a) HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)
b) 3.5 mm audio
c) RCA Video
4) Input / Output : -
To give input and output
a) UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver Terminal
b) SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface
c) I2C – Inter Integrated Circuit
d) CAN – Controller Area Network
5) Memory : -
a) NAND / NOR
b) DDR1 / DDR2 / DDR3 – Double Data Rate
6) Graphics : -
GPU – Graphics Processing Unit
7) Storage : -
SD – Secure Digital
SDIO – Secure Digital Input Output
MMC – Multi Media Card
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2. IoT Protocols
The following are IoT Protocols
1) Application Layer Protocol
2) Transport Layer Protocol
3) Network Layer Protocol
4) Link Layer Protocol
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1) Application Layer Protocol
It provides interfaces and connection.
HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol.
MQTT – Message Queue Telemetry Transport.
XMPP – Extensible Message and Presence Protocol
DDS – Data Distribution Service
AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
2) Transport Layer Protocol
It provides data flow and error control
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
UDP- User Datagram Protocol
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3) Network Layer Protocol
It provides addressing and packet routing
IPV4 – Internet Protocol Version 4
IPV6 – Internet Protocol Version 6
6LO WPAN – IPV6 Over Low Power Wireless Personal
Area Network
4) Link Layer Protocol
It provides medium for sending data.
802.3 – Ethernet
802.11 – Wi Fi
802.16 – Wi Max
802.15.4 – LR-WPAN (Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network )
2G/3G/4G – Mobile
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Logical Design of IoT
Logical Design Means – Only concepts.
No low level details.
Logical design of IoT has 3 parts
1. IoT Functional Blocks
2. IoT Communication Models
3. IoT Communication APIs
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1. IoT Functional Blocks :-
i) Management :-
It provides various functions
ii) Applications :-
It provides interface.
iii) Services :-
It provides the following services
- monitoring
- control
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- publish
- discovery
iv) Security :-
It provides security like
- Authentication
- Authorization
- Integrity
v) Communication :-
It provides the communication.
vi) Device :-
It provides
- Sensing
- Monitoring
- control
2. IoT Communication Models :-
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Types of IoT communication models are,
1) Request – Response Communication Model
2) Publish – Subscribe Communication Model
3) Push – Pull Communication Model
4) Exclusive – Pair Communication Model
1) Request – Response Communication Model
Client sends request to server.
Server receives the request.
Process the request.
Gets the resources.
Response is ready.
Sends the response to client.
2) Publish – Subscribe Communication Model
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Publisher sends message to broker.
Message to topic – 1.
Message to topic – 2.
Topic 1 – Subscriber -> Customer -1
Customer -2
Topic 2 -- Subscriber -> Customer -3
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3) Push – Pull Communication Model
Publisher send message to queue.
Message pushed to queue.
Message pulled to consumer.
Speed of publisher and consumer and different.
Queue provides buffer.
4) Exclusive Pair Communication Model
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Request for connection.
Response for connection.
Message from client.
Message from server.
Request for close.
Response for close.
It is a bidirectional communication .
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3. IoT Communication APIs :-
Types of IOT communication APIs are,
1) REST – Based Communication APIs
2) Websocket – Based Communication APIs.
1) REST – Based Communication APIs
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It uses Request – Response communication model.
REST –> REPresentational State Transfer.
REST web service is a collection of resources.
Clients send request to URI ( Uniform Resource
Identifier )
HTTP Method Action
GET Get Information
POST Create new resource
PUT Update resource
DELETE Delete resource
2) Websocket – Based Communication APIs
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It is a bidirectional communication.
It is an exclusive pair communication model.
Request for websocket connection.
Response for websocket connection.
This is called Initial handshake.
Now data is sent between client and server.
Request for close.
Response for close.
Connection is closed.
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IoT Enabling Technologies
1) Big data Analytics
2) Cloud Computing
3) Communication Protocol
4) Embedded Systems
5) Wireless Sensor Networks
1)Big data analytics :-
Big data :- ( Definition )-- Collection of large data.
Big data uses the following
Data Processing:-
It is the process of taking out useful information.
Data Cleaning :-
It is the process of identifying incorrect data.
Data Munging :-
It is the process of converting raw data in the useful data.
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Visualization:-
It is the process of visualization of data.
Characteristics of Big data :-
Variety :- Text data
Video data
Audio data
Sensor data
Volume :- Volume of data is very high.
Velocity :- Speed of data is very high.
2) Cloud Computing :-
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It provides various services through internet.
It uses “Pay per use” model.
It is platform independent.
Cloud computing services are,
- SaaS
- PaaS
- IaaS
i. SaaS (Software as a Service) :-
It provides software through internet.
SaaS can be used from any device.
ii. PaaS (Platform as a Service) :-
It provides platform through internet.
Development tools, APIs and Library are
provided in this method.
iii. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) :-
It provides computing and storage through
internet.
It provides virtual machine instances and virtual
storage.
Infrastructure will be maintained by the service
provider.
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3) Communication Protocols :- ( Notes of IoT Protocols )
4) Embedded Systems : -
Definition: It has hardware and software embedded into the
device.
Main components of embedded system are
1) Microcontroller
2) Memory ( RAM, ROM )
3) Network ( WiFi, Ethernet )
4) Input / Output ( Keyboard, Display )
Some embedded systems have special processors
----> Digital Signal Processor
----> Graphics Processor
----> Application Specific Processor
Embedded systems uses RTOS ( Real Time Operating
Systems )
Example for Embedded system
1) Digital watch
2) Washing machine
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5) Wireless Sensor Networks :-
WSN Consists of
i) Monitoring nodes
ii) Routers
iii) Co-ordinators
Monitoring nodes has many sensors.
Routers give route for data packets.
Co ordinators collect all the data.
Sensors monitor the conditions.
WSN uses wireless communication protocols.
Examples for WSN
i) Weather monitoring
ii) Air quality monitoring
iii) Soil moisture monitoring
iv) Health monitoring
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IoT Level – 1
It has single Monitoring node.
Analysis is done ---- in local.
Data is stored ---- in local.
Applications is done ---- in local.
It is used where data is very less.
It is used where analysis is very simple.
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Example :- Home Automation
Nodes:-
Light control
A/C control
Smoke detector
Thief detector
IoT Level – 2
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It has single monitoring node.
Analysis is done ---- in local.
Data is stored ---- in Cloud.
Applications is done ---- in Cloud.
It is used where data is very less.
It is used where analysis is very simple.
Example :- Smart Irrigation
Nodes:-
Temperature Sensor
Moisture Sensor
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IoT Level – 3
It has single monitoring node.
Analysis is done ---- in Cloud.
Data is stored ---- in Cloud.
Applications is done ---- in Cloud.
It is used where data is very less.
It is used where analysis is very difficult.
Example :- Tracking Package System.
Nodes:-
Accelerometer
Gyroscope
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IoT Level – 4
It has multiple monitoring nodes.
Analysis is done ---- in Cloud.
Data is stored ---- in Cloud.
Applications is done ---- in Cloud.
It has an observer node in local.
It has an observer node in cloud.
It is used where data is very large.
It is used where analysis is very difficult.
Example :- Noise Monitoring
Nodes:- Sound Sensor
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IoT Level – 5
It has multiple monitoring nodes.
Analysis is done ---- in Cloud.
Data is stored ---- in Cloud.
Applications is done ---- in Cloud.
It has an observer node in local.
It has an observer node in cloud.
It is used where data is very large.
It is used where analysis is very difficult.
It has a Coordinator Device.
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Example :- Forest Fire Detector
Nodes:- Temperature Sensor
Wind Speed Sensor
Smoke Sensor
Carbon dioxide Sensor
IoT Level – 6
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It has multiple monitoring nodes.
Analysis is done ---- in Cloud..
Data is stored ---- in Cloud.
Applications is done ---- in Cloud.
It has an observer node in local.
It has an observer node in cloud.
It is used where data is very large.
It is used where analysis is very difficult.
It has a Centralized controller.
Example :- Weather Monitoring
Nodes:- Temperature Sensor
Wind Speed Sensor
Wind Direction Sensor
Rain Sensor
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