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za

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CONTENT AND ACTIVITY MANUAL

GRADE 12

2024

EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

JENN TRAINING: CONTENT AND ACTIVITY MANUAL

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CONTENTS PAGE

➢ Outcomes 3-4

SECTION 1: Algebra needed for Euclidean Geometry

➢ Content
➢ Examples 5-8
➢ Activities
SECTION 2: Lines, Angles, Triangles, and Quadrilaterals
➢ Content
➢ Examples 9-26
➢ Activities
SECTION 3: Circle Geometry 27-60

SECTION 4: Similarity and Proportionality

➢ Content
➢ Examples 61-76

➢ Activities
SOLUTIONS TO ACTIVITIES
Algebra
Lines Angles and Triangles
77-96
Circle Geometry
Similarity and Proportionality

APPENDIX A: Examination Guidelines 97-99

APPENDIX B: Information Sheet 100
Bibliography 101

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Outcomes:

Grade 8 -9

Angle relationships
Recognize and describe pairs of angles formed
by:
1. Perpendicular lines
2. Intersecting lines
3. Parallel lines cut by a transversal

Solving problems
Solve geometric problems using the relationships
between pairs of angles described above

Classifying 2D shapes

• Identify and write clear definitions of triangles in

terms of their sides and angles, distinguishing
between:
1. Equilateral triangles
2. Isosceles triangles
3. Right-angled triangles

Similar and congruent 2D shapes

• Identify and describe the properties of congruent

shapes
• Identify and describe the properties of similar
shapes
Solving problems
• Solve geometric problems involving unknown
sides and angles in triangles,
using known properties and definitions.

Grade 10
(a) Investigate line segments joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle.
(b) Properties of special quadrilaterals.

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Grade 11

(a) Investigate and prove theorems of the

geometry of circles assuming results from
earlier grades, together with one other
result concerning tangents and radii of
circles.
(b) Solve circle geometry problems, providing
reasons for statements when required.
(c) Prove riders

Grade 12

Prove (accepting results established in

earlier grades):
• that a line drawn parallel to one side
of a triangle divides the other two
sides proportionally (and the Midpoint Theorem as a special case of this
theorem);
• that equiangular triangles are similar;
• that triangles with sides in proportion
are similar;
• the Pythagorean Theorem by similar
triangles; and
• riders.

(SOURCE: 1. CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLICY STATEMENT(CAPS)SENIOR PHASE GRADES (7 – 9) MATHEMATICS

2. CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLICY STATEMENT(CAPS)FET PHASE GRADES (10 – 12) MATHEMATICS )

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SECTION1:ALGEBRA NEEDED (NOT LIMITED TO)

Order of operations

B – Brackets

O – Orders (exponents, powers, roots)

D
Division or Multiplication (from left to right)
M

A
Addition or Subtraction (from left to right)
S

Examples

1. 5 + 3 − 1 2 2. 10  5 + 3 − 1 2 3. 10  5 + (3 − 1)  2
= 5+3− 2 = 2+3− 2 = 10  5 + 2  2
= 8−2 = 5−2 = 2+4
=6 =3 =6

4. 20  22 + (3 − 1)  2
= 20  22 + 2  2
= 20  4 + 2  2
= 5+ 4
=9

Addition and subtraction of Like Terms

Examples

1. 3 + 2 x − 5 − 7 x 2. a + a − b + 3 + b + c − 3c 1. 3 + 2 x − 5 − 7 x
= −5 x − 2 = 2a − 2c + 3 = −5 x − 2

Products: Monomial by Monomial

1. a  b = ab 2. a  bc = abc

Products: Monomial by Binomial

𝑏(𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑

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Products: Binomial by Binomial

(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑑) = 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑) + 𝑏(𝑐 + 𝑑)

= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑

Products: Binomial by Trinomial

(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒) = 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒) + 𝑏(𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒)

= 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑏𝑒

Products: Trinomial by Binomial

(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑑 + 𝑒) = 𝑎(𝑑 + 𝑒) + 𝑏(𝑑 + 𝑒) + 𝑐(𝑑 + 𝑒)

= 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑏𝑒 + 𝑐𝑑 + 𝑐𝑒

Fractions

Examples

1 2 2 1
1.  = =
2 3 6 3

1 2 1 3 3
2.  =  =
2 3 2 2 4

1 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 3+4 7 1
3. + =  +  = + = = =1
2 3 3 2 3 2 6 6 6 6 6

1 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 3−4 1
4. − =  −  = − = =−
2 3 3 2 3 2 6 6 6 6

Linear equations

Examples

Solve for x :
1. x + 3 = 5 2. 3 + x = 2 x − 2
x = 5−3 x − 2 x = −2 − 3
x=2 − x = −5
x=5

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Literal equations (Changing subject of the formula)

Examples

1. Solve for a : 2. Solve for l : 3. Solve for c :

c
F = ma P = 2b + 2l a =b+
2
ma = F − 2l = 2b − P 2a = 2b + c
F P
a= l = −b + 2a − 2b = c
m 2
c = 2a − 2b

Equations with fractions

Examples

Solve for x :
x 3 6
1. = 2. = −5 − x
2 2 x
2x = 6 restriction ( x  0)
x=3 6 = −5 x − x 2
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
( x + 3)( x + 2) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
x = −3 or x = −2

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ACTIVITIES:
1. Calculate:

1.1 4 + 2 − 3  3
1.2 8  2 + 2 − 2  2
1.3 8  2 + (2 − 3)  3

1.4 100  52 + (4 −1)  3

2. Simplify:
2.1 5 x − 3 y + x − 8 x + 9 y
5 3 5
2.2 x − y + x − 8x + y
2 4 3
2.3 2( x + 3) − 4(5 x − 54)
2.4 2 x( x + 3) − 4 x(5 x − 54)
2.5 ( x + 3)(2 x − 5)
2.6 ( x + 3)( x 2 + 6 x + 6 − x)
2.7 ( x 2 − x + 2)(2 − x)
3. Solve for 𝑥:
3.1 5 x = x − 8
5
3.2 x − 8x = 3
2
3.3 2( x + 3) − 4(5 x − 54) = 1
3
3.4 x + 4 = −
x
4. 4.1 Solve for m : 4.2 Solve for b : 4.3 Solve for b :
c
F = ma P = 2b + 2l a =b+
2

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SECTION2: LINES, ANGLES, TRIANGLES, AND

QUADRILATERALS
Definitions
Angles: an angle is “the amount of turn between two lines around their common point (the vertex)” –
(www.mathisfun.com)

Types of angles

(www.mathisfun.com)

• Acute angle → an angle between 0 and 90

• Right angle → an angle equal to 90

• Obtuse angle → an angle between 90 and 180

• Straight angle → an angle equal to 180

• Reflex angle → an angle between 180 and 360

• Full rotation (Revolution) → an angle equal to 360

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Lines
Parallel lines → lines on the same plane and that can never intersect as they are extended.

Perpendicular lines → lines that intersect at right angles ( 90 )

Triangles: a triangle is shape made of 3 straight lines, the shape is closed. It has 3 sides and 3 angles.

GHI

10

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Types of triangles

(www.curemath.com)

Theorem Statements
N.B All the theorem statements were taken from 2021 grade 12 mathematics examination guidelines.

(Angles and lines)

1. Theorem statement The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary
Diagram

Mathematical statement a + 45 = 180

a = 180 − 45
a = 135
Reason s on a str line

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2. Theorem statement If the adjacent angles are supplementary, the outer arms of these
angles form a straight line
Diagram

Mathematical statement ˆ +D
D ˆ = 59 + 121 = 180
1 2

Reason adj s supp

3. Theorem statement The adjacent angles in a revolution add up to 360o

Diagram

Mathematical statement Cˆ + 110 + 75 + 50 + 63 = 360

Cˆ = 62
Reason s around a pt

4. Theorem statement Vertically opposite angles are equal

Diagram

Mathematical statement x = 105 and y = 75

Reason vert opp s =

12

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5. Theorem statement If AB || CD, then the alternate angles are equal

Diagram

Mathematical statement ˆ = Eˆ and D

D ˆ = Eˆ
3 1 4 2

Reason alt s ; AB || CD

6. Theorem statement If the alternate angles between two lines are equal, then the lines
are parallel
Diagram

Mathematical statement ̂3 = 𝐸̂1 𝑜𝑟 𝐷

If 𝐷 ̂4 = 𝐸̂2 then AB || CD
Reason alt s =

13

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7. Theorem statement If AB || CD, then the corresponding angles are equal

Diagram

Mathematical statement ˆ = Eˆ , D
D ˆ = Eˆ , D
ˆ = Eˆ and D
ˆ = Eˆ
3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2

Reason corresp s ; AB || CD

8. Theorem statement If the corresponding angles between two lines are equal, then the
lines are parallel
Diagram

Mathematical statement ̂3 = 𝐸̂3 , 𝐷

If 𝐷 ̂4 = 𝐸̂4 , 𝐷
̂1 = 𝐸̂1 , 𝑜𝑟 𝐷
̂2 = 𝐸̂2 , then AB || CD
Reason corresp s =

14

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9. Theorem statement If AB || CD, then the co-interior angles are supplementary

Diagram

Mathematical statement ˆ + Eˆ = 1800 and D

D ˆ + Eˆ = 1800
3 2 4 1

Reason co-int s ; AB || CD

10. Theorem statement If the co-interior angles between two lines are supplementary,
then the lines are parallel
Diagram

Mathematical statement ̂3 + 𝐸̂2 = 1800 or D

If 𝐷 ̂ 4 + 𝐸̂1 = 1800 then AB || CD
Reason co-int s supp

15

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(TRIANGLES)

11. Theorem statement The interior angles of a triangle are supplementary

Diagram

Mathematical statement a + b + c = 180

Reason sum of s in 

12. Theorem The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior
statement opposite angles
Diagram

(https://www.google.co.za/search?q=exterior+angle+of+a+triangle&sxsrf=ALeKk03ixLhT157jKazMF3
jbVcdYdRskFw:1610695669220&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwioz9H5tJ3uAhXLTM
AKHTH4CcYQ_AUoAXoECBAQAw&=1362&bih=636#imgrc=L8L9eu-YE6gviM)

Mathematical d=a+b
statement
Reason ext  of 

16

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13. Theorem statement The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles triangle are
equal
Diagram

Mathematical statement ˆ = ˆI
If GH = GI, then H
Reason s opp equal sides

14. Theorem statement The sides opposite the equal angles in an isosceles triangle are
equal
Diagram

Mathematical statement ˆ = ˆI , then HG = GI

If H
Reason sides opp equal s

17

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15. Theorem statement In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two sides
Diagram

Mathematical statement c2 = a 2 + b 2
Reason Pythagoras
16. Theorem statement If the square of the longest side in a triangle is equal to the sum
of the squares of the other two sides, then the triangle is right-
angled.
Diagram

Mathematical statement If b2 = a 2 + c2 , the ABC is right-angled

Reason Converse Pythagoras
17. Theorem statement If three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to three sides
of another triangle, the triangles are congruent
Diagram

Mathematical statement If AB=DE, AC=DF and BC=EF, then ABC  DEF

Reason SSS

18

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18. Theorem statement If two sides and an included angle of one triangle are respectively
equal to two sides and an included angle of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent
Diagram

Mathematical statement ˆ = Fˆ , AC=DF and BC=EF, then ABC  DEF

If C
Reason SAS

19. Theorem statement If two angles and one side of one triangle are respectively equal
to two angles and the corresponding side in another triangle, the
triangles are congruent
Diagram

Mathematical statement ˆ = Fˆ , B
If C ˆ = Eˆ and AC=DF, then ABC  DEF

Reason AAS

19

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20. Theorem statement If in two right-angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of
one triangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side
of the other, the triangles are congruent
Diagram

Mathematical statement If AC=DF and AB=DE, then ABC  DEF

Reason RHS

20

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WORKED EXAMPLES

Example 1

21

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Example 4

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Example 5

Prove that ∆𝐻𝐷𝐼 ≡ ∆𝐾𝐷𝐽

Solution
In ∆𝐻𝐷𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐾𝐷𝐽
Hˆ = Kˆ (alt s; HI || JK )
D̂1 = D 2 (vert opp  s =)
ID = DJ (given)
HDI  KDJ ( AAS )

23

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ACTIVITIES: GIVE REASONS FOR YOUR STATEMENTS

1. Find the size of the angles a, b, c, d and e

2. ˆ = 108 and B
Calculate 𝑥, if B ˆ = 2 x − 10
1 2

3. Calculate the length of BC

4. Prove that triangle ∆DEF is a right-angled triangle. Show which angle is = 90𝑜

24

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5. Prove that DE = DF

6. B and C are alternating angles equal to 𝑥. Is AB || CD? Give a reason for your answer.

7. Calculate 𝑥

8. ˆ = 30o and DBC

Given that: ABD ˆ = 150o .Prove, giving reasons, that ABC is a straight line

9. 9.1 If the corresponding angles between two lines are equal, then the lines are ………………….
9.2 If the ………………..angles between two lines are supplementary, then the lines are parallel

25

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PROPERTIES OF QUADRILATERALS

Quadrilateral Shape Properties Area

Parallelogram • Opposite sides parallel
• Opposite sides equal
𝑏×ℎ
• Opposite angles equal
• Diagonals bisect each other

Rectangle • All properties of parallelogram 𝑙×𝑏

• All angles are right angles
• Diagonals are equal in length

Square • All properties of rectangle 𝑥2

• All sides are equal
• Diagonals bisect at right angle
• Diagonals bisect corner angles

Rhombus • All properties of a parallelogram 1

× 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
• All sides are equal 2
• Diagonals bisect at right angle
• Diagonals bisect corner angles

Kite • Two pairs of adjacent sides are 1

× 𝑑1 × 𝑑2
equal 2
• One pair of opposite angles are
equal
• One diagonal bisect the other at
right angle
• One diagonal bisects corner
angles

Trapezium One pair of opposite sides parallel 1

× (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
2

26

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SECTION3: CIRCLE GEOMETRY

Figure 1
Figure 2

Figure 3
Some definitions related to the circle:

Chord A line segment connecting two points on a circle.

Diameter The distance from one point on a circle through the center to another point on
the circle.
Radius The distance from the center to the circumference of a circle.
Secant A line that intersects two points on a circle.
Tangent A line that just touches a circle at a point, and when extended it will not cut
the circle.
Circumference The distance around the edge of a circle.
Arc Part of the circumference of a circle.
Segment A segment of a circle is the area enclosed by an arc of a circle and a chord

(mathsisfun.com)

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Theorems focused on the Centre.

Theorem statement: The line drawn from the Center of the circle perpendicular to the
chord bisects the chord.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: if OB ⊥ AC then AB = BC

Acceptable Reason: Line from center ⊥ to chord

Theorem statement: The line segment joining the center of the circle to the midpoint of
the chord is perpendicular to the chord.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: if AB = BC then OB ⊥ AC

Acceptable Reason: Line from center to the midpoint of chord

Theorem statement: The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center of the circle.

Mathematical Statement: 𝑆𝑄 ⊥ 𝑇𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝑇 (Given)

∴ 𝑆𝑄 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
∴ 𝑆𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Acceptable Reason: perp bisector of chord

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Theorem statement: The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of
the angle subtended by the same arc at the circle.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement:
Acceptable Reason: ∠ 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 × ∠ 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

Theorem statement: The angle subtended by the diameter at the circumference of the
circle is 900 .
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: Cˆ = 900

Acceptable Reason: ∠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

Theorem statement: If the angle subtended by a chord at the circumference of the circle is 900 ,
then the chord is a diameter.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: if 𝐵̂ = 900 , then ∴ 𝐴𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

Acceptable Reason: converse ∠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 − 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

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WORKED EXAMPLES

Example 1
1.1 Solution
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 1.1.1 𝐴𝐵 2 = 𝐴𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐵 2 (𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠)
𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠: (5)2 = (3)2 + 𝐷𝐵 2
25 − 9 = 𝐷𝐵 2

√16 = √𝐷𝐵 2
𝐷𝐵 = 4

1.1.2 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐶𝐵(𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
𝐶𝐷 = 𝐷𝐵(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 ⊥ 𝑡𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑)
𝐶𝐵 = 2𝐷𝐵
𝐶𝐵 = 2 × 4 = 8

1.1.1 𝐷𝐵
1.1.2 𝐶𝐵

Example 2
2.1 𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝐵 = 12, Solution
𝐴𝐷 = 8. Calculate the length of the radius 𝐷𝐶 = 𝐷𝐵 (𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
𝐶𝐷 = 6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶(𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑)
𝐼𝑛 △ 𝐴𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐶𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐴2 (𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑠)
𝐴𝐶 2 = (6)2 + (8)2
√𝐴𝐶 2 = √100
𝐴𝐶 = 10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

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Example 3
𝑂 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒. 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒.
3.1 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥 = 2 × 250 (∠𝑎𝑡𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 × ∠𝑎𝑡𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)
𝑥 = 50°

3.2 Solution
730 = 2  x ( at Center = 2   at Circumference)
0
73
=x
2
36.50 = x

3.3 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥 = 2 × 1100 = 2200 (∠𝑎𝑡𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 × ∠𝑎𝑡𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒)

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Example 4
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒙 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆. 𝑶 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓.
Solution
Mˆ = 900 ( in semi − circle)
In LMN
x + 900 + 330 = 1800 ( sum of s of = 1800 )
x = 570

Solution
in PQR
x + 470 = 900 ( in semi − circle)
x = 430

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ACTIVITIES
1.1 𝑶 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓, 𝑶𝑫 = 𝟒 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔, 𝑫𝑪 =
𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

𝟏. 𝟏. 𝟏 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑶𝑯 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔

𝟏
𝟏. 𝟏. 𝟐 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑭𝑯 𝒊𝒇 𝑶𝑮 = 𝑶𝑯.
𝟐

𝟏. 𝟐 𝑶 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆. 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈:

1.2.1

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1.2.2

1.2.3

1.2.4

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1.2.5

1.2.6

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𝟏. 𝟑 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈. 𝑶 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓.

1.3.1

1.3.2

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Theorems focused on the Tangents

Theorem statement: The angle between the tangent to a circle and a chord drawn
from the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate
segment.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: Bˆ '3 = Fˆ

Acceptable Reason: tan chord theorem

Theorem statement: If a line is drawn through the endpoint of a chord, making with the
chord an angle equal to an angle in the alternate segment, then
the line is a tangent to the circle.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: DAE is a tangent

Acceptable Reason: Converse of tan chord theorem

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Theorem statement: Two Tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the
circle are equal in length
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: AB = AC
Acceptable Reason: Tans from same point

Theorem statement: The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius/diameter of

the circle at the point of contact.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: OB ⊥ AB
Acceptable Reason: tan ⊥ radius

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Theorem statement: If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius/diameter at the point

: where the radius/diameter meets the circle, then the line is a
: tangent to the circle.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: OB ⊥ AB (given)

: ABC is a tan to the circle with center O
Acceptable Reason: converse tan ⊥ radius

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WORKED EXAMPLES
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈.

Example 1

1.1 MN is a tan gent tocircle DEF Solution

Fˆ = Eˆ
1 (tan chord theorem)
x = 300

1.2 Solution
Oisthecenter, MN is a tan gent tocircleGHI Iˆ = Gˆ
"1 (tan chord theorem)
x = 400

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1.3 MN is a tan gent tocircle ABC Solution

Bˆ = Aˆ
1 (tan chord theorem)
x = 102 0

Example 2

2.1 PQ and PR are tan gents. Solution

PQ = PR (tans from same po int)
thus Rˆ 2 = Qˆ 2 = x (s opp = sides )
In PQR
x + x + 400 = 1800 ( Int s of )
2 x = 1800 − 400
1400
x= = 700
2

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Example 3
3.1 Solution
Oisthecenter, MN is a tan gent tocircle DEF Eˆ = Eˆ
2 3

x + 25 = 900
0
(tan ⊥ radius)
x = 90 − 25 = 65
0 0 0

Dˆ = Eˆ3 (tan chord theorem)

y = 25 0

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ACTIVITIES
𝟏. 𝟒 𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈.

1.4.1 ABis a tan gent tocircle NML

1.4.2
Ois thecenter and MN is a tan gent tocircle PQR

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1.4.3
MN is a tan gent tocircle DEFand DE || MN

1.4.4 RP and PQ are tan gentstocircle ABC

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1.4.5
Oisthecenter, MN is a tan gent and MN || OE

1.4.6
Ois thecenter and MN is a tan gent tocircle PQR

1.4.7 PN is a diameter, MT is a tan gent

tocircle MPNR and PM || OR . O is the
center

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Theorems focused on the Cyclic Quadrilateral

Theorem statement: The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: Jˆ + Lˆ = 1800

Mˆ + Kˆ = 1800
Acceptable Reason: opp s of a cyclic quad

Theorem statement: If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then

the quadrilateral is cyclic.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: Dˆ + Bˆ = x + (180 − x) = 180 (Given)

∴ 𝐷𝐶𝐵𝐸𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐

Acceptable Reason: converseopp s of cyclic quad

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Theorem statement: The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite
angle.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: 𝐵̂2 = 𝐸̂

Acceptable Reason: ext  of cyclic quad

Theorem statement: If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior

: opposite angle of the quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is
: concyclic.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: 𝐶𝐸̂ 𝐹 = 𝐷

̂
∴ 𝐵𝐸𝐹𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙

Acceptable Reason: Converseext of cyclic quad

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WORKED EXAMPLES

Example 1
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈.

1.1 Solution
x + 1020 = 1800 (opp s of cyclic quad )
x = 1800 − 1020 = 780

1.2 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑥 = 700 (𝑒𝑥𝑡∠ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑)

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ACTIVITIES: Calculate the 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚

1.5.1 Oisthecenter of circle DEFG

1.5.2 Oisthecenter of circle KLMN

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1.5.3 RT || QP, SPis a tan gent tocircleTRQP

and TQ = TP.

1.5.4 Oisthecenter of circle ABCD

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Theorems that are classed under the keyword SUBTEND

Theorem statement: Angles subtended by a chord/segment of a circle, on the same

: side of the chord/segment are equal.
Diagram

Aˆ = Dˆ
Mathematical Statement:
Bˆ = Cˆ

Acceptable Reason: sinthe same segment

Theorem statement: If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two
points on the same side of the line segment, then the four points are concyclic.
Diagram

̂ =𝐷
Mathematical Statement: If 𝐵 ̂
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐷, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐

Acceptable Reason: converse sinthe same segment

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Theorem statement: Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference of the
circle.
Diagram

Mathematical Statement: 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐸𝐹(𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

∴ 𝐶̂ = 𝐷
̂

Acceptable Reason: equal chords equal s

Theorem statement: Equal chords subtend equal angles at the center of the circle.
Diagram
Ois thecenter

Mathematical Statement: 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐶𝐷(𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

∴ 𝑂̂1 = 𝑂̂2

Acceptable Reason: equal chords equal s

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WORKED EXAMPLES
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈.
Example 1

1.1 Solution
x = 400 (s opp = sides)
y = x = 400 (s inthe same segment / arc )

1.2 Solution
Zˆ = 200 ( Alternating s,WX || ZY )
x = Zˆ = 200 (s in the same segment / arc )

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Example 2

2.1 Solution
x = 250 (equal chords; equal s)

2.2 Solution
x = y = 220 (equal chords; equal s)

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Example 3

3.1 Oisthecenter of circle ABCD Solution

x = 480 (equal chords equal s)
In OCD
y = Cˆ (s opp = sides; radii )
x + y + Cˆ = 1800 ( sum of s in a )
480 + y + y = 1800
2 y = 1800 − 480
1320
y= = 660
2
Dˆ 2 = y = 660 (vert opp s )
z = Dˆ = 660
2 (s in the same segment / arc)

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ACTIVITIES
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒛 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈.

1.5.5 MN is a tan gent tocircle DEFG

1.5.6

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1.5.7 MN is a tan gent

1.5.8

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Proofs of examinable theorems:

source (Mind Action Series Mathematics Grade 11 Text Book)

1. The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord;

2. The line drawn from the centre of the circle to the midpoint of the chord is perpendicular the
chord.

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3. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of the angle
subtended by the same arc at the circle

4. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary

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5. The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of contact is equal
to the angle in the alternate segment;

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SECTION4: SIMILARITY AND PROPORTIONALITY

Ratios and Proportionality
Ratios
Consider line segment PQ. If R divides line segment PQ in a ratio 2:5,

Proportionality

let PR = 2t, RQ = 5t and PQ = 7t. Therefore:

Proportion – the mathematical concept that
𝑃𝑅 2𝑡 2 𝟏 𝟑
(a) = 7𝑡 = 7 tells us that the two ratios are equal. e.g. 𝟐 = 𝟔
𝑃𝑄
𝑅𝑄 5𝑡 5
(b) = 7𝑡 = 7
𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝑄 7𝑡 7 Ratios
(c) = 5𝑡 = 5
𝑅𝑄
𝑃𝑄 7𝑡 7
(d) = 2𝑡 = 2
𝑃𝑅

Theorem Statements
N.B All the theorem statements were taken from 2021 Grade 12 mathematics examination
guidelines
1. Theorem statement The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a
triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half the
length of the third side
Diagram

Mathematical statement If AD = DB and AE = EC, then DE || BC and DE = 1 BC

2

Reason Midpt Theorem

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2. Theorem statement The line drawn from the midpoint of one side of the triangle,
parallel to another side, bisects the third side
Diagram

Mathematical If AL = LB and LM || BC, then AM = MC

statement
Reason Line through midpt || 2nd side

3. Theorem statement A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the
other two sides proportionally
Diagram

Mathematical AL AM
if LM||BC, then =
statement LB MC

Reason Prop theorem; LM||BC

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4. Theorem statement If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same

proportion, then the line is parallel to the third side
Diagram

AL = 𝑘
LB = 2𝑘
AM = 𝑡
MC = 2𝑡
Mathematical AL AM
If = , then LM || BC
statement LB MC

Reason Line divides two sides of ∆ in prop

5. Theorem statement If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides
are in proportion (and consequently the triangles are similar)
Diagram

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Mathematical 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
̂=N
If A ̂, B
̂=O
̂ , and 𝐶̂ = P
̂, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = =
statement 𝑁𝑂 𝑁𝑃 𝑂𝑃
andΔ𝐴𝐵𝐶|||Δ𝑁𝑂𝑃
Reason |||∆𝑠

6. Theorem statement If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional,

then the triangles are equiangular (and consequently the
triangles are similar)
Diagram

Mathematical AB AC BC ˆ = N,
ˆ B ˆ and C
ˆ = O, ˆ = Pˆ
If = = , then A
statement NO NP OP
and ABC | NOP
Reason Sides of  in prop

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7. Theorem statement If triangles (or parallelograms) are on the same base (or on
bases of equal length) and between the same parallel lines,
then the triangles (or parallel grams) have equal areas.
Triangles with same base
Diagram

Mathematical statement Area ∆𝐸𝐺𝐹 = Area ∆𝐹𝐺𝐻

Reason same base; same height
Triangles with bases of equal length
Diagram

Mathematical statement
Area ∆𝐼𝐽𝐾 = Area ∆𝐿𝑀𝑁
Reason equal bases; equal height

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Area of Triangles

Right angled triaangle (original or by construction)

(SOURCE: https://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinemathlearning.com%2Fimage-files%2Farea-
triangle.png&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinemathlearning.com%2Farea-triangles.html&tbnid=-
8Usqt8fWQ6hM&vet=12ahUKEwidzYil_aTuAhVYgqQKHYBtCOYQMygBegUIARDHAQ..i&docid=Xkrjbsh1QYI10M&w=648&h=359&q=
area%20of%20triangles&ved=2ahUKEwidzYil_aTuAhVYgqQKHYBtCOYQMygBegUIARDHAQ)

Area Rule

1
Area of △ ABC = 𝑎. 𝑏. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶
2
1
= 𝑎. 𝑐. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵
2
1
= 2 𝑏. 𝑐. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴

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Proofs of examinable theorems:

1. A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally.

XK XL
If KL||YZ, prove that =
KY LZ

Proof:

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2. The corresponding sides of two equiangular triangles are in the same proportion and
therefore the triangles are similar

Proof:

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WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1

Solution:

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Example 2

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Solution:

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ACTIVITIES

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Solutions to Algebra activities

1. 1.1 4 + 2 − 3  3 = 4 + 2 − 9
= −3
1.2 8  2 + 2 − 2  2 = 4 + 2 − 4
=2
1.3 8  2 + (2 − 3)  3 = 8  2 + (−1)  3
= 4−3
=1
1.4 100  52 + (4 − 1)  3 = 100  25 + (3)  3
= 4+9
= 13

2. 2.1 5 x − 3 y + x − 8 x + 9 y = 6 x + 6 y
5 3 5 9 11
2.2 x − y + x − 8x + y = − x + y
2 4 3 2 12
2.3 2( x + 3) − 4(5 x − 54) = 2 x + 6 − 20 x + 216 = −18 x + 222
2.4 2 x( x + 3) − 4 x(5 x − 4) = 2 x 2 + 6 x − 20 x 2 + 16 x = −18 x 2 + 22 x
2.5 ( x + 3)(2 x − 5) = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 6 x − 15 = 2 x 2 + x − 15
2.6 ( x + 3)( x 2 + 6 x + 6 − x) = ( x + 3)( x 2 + 5 x + 6)
= x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 x + 3x 2 + 15 x + 18
= x3 + 8 x 2 + 21x + 18
2.7 ( x 2 − x + 2)(2 − x) = (− x + 2)( x 2 − x + 2) = − x 3 + x 2 − 2 x + 2 x 2 − 2 x + 4
= − x3 + 3x 2 − 4 x + 4

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3. 3.1 5 x = x − 8
4 x = −8
x = −2
5
3.2 x − 8x = 3
2
11
− x=3
2
6
x=−
11
3.3 2( x + 3) − 4(5 x − 54) = 1
2 x + 6 + 20 x + 216 = 1
22 x = −215
215 17
x=− = −9
22 22
3
3.4 x + 4 = −
x
( x  0)
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
( x + 1)( x + 3) = 0
x = −1 or x = −3
4. 4.1 Solve for m : 4.2 Solve for b : 4.3 Solve for b :
c
F = ma P = 2b + 2l a =b+
2
F c
m= − 2b = − P + 2l b=a−
a 2
P
b= −l
2

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Solutions to Lines activities

1. ˆ = GEB
GBE ˆ (s opp equal sides )
a = b
a + b + 48o = 180o ( sum of s in )
but a = b
 a + a + 48o = 180o
2a = 132o
a = 66o
b = 66o

34o + a + c = 180o (s on str line)

34o + 66o + c = 180o
c = 80o

34o + a = d (alt s; AC || DF )

34o + 66o = d
d = 100o

b + e = c (alt s; AC || DF )
66o + e = 80o
e = 14
2. Cˆ = Dˆ (s opp equal sides )
 Dˆ = 2 x − 10
Bˆ1 = Cˆ + Dˆ
Bˆ1 = 2 x − 10 + 2 x − 10
108 = 4 x − 20
x = 32

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3. ( 4 ) + ( BC ) = ( 5)
2 2 2

16 + ( BC ) = 25
2

( BC ) = 9
2

BC = 3
 BC = 3
4.
( DF ) ( )
2 2
= 113

( DF ) = 113
2

( DE ) = 82 = 64
2

( EF ) = 72 = 49
2

( DE ) + ( EF ) = 64 + 49 = 113
2 2

 ( DE ) + ( EF ) = ( DF )
2 2 2

DEF is right-angled, and Eˆ = 90

5. Dˆ + Eˆ + Fˆ = 180 (sum of s in )
110 +35 +Fˆ =180
Fˆ = 35
 DE = DF (sides opp equal s)
6. Yes
alt s =
7. 120 + 3x + 31 + x + 35 + 2 x = 360 (s round a pt)
6 x = 174
x = 29

8. Bˆ1 + Bˆ 2 = 30 + 150
= 180
 ABC is a straight line (adj s supp)
9. 9.1 Parallel
9.2 co-interior

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Solutions to Circle Geometry activities

1.1.1

OD ⊥ CE (line from center to midpo int of chord )

In ODC
OC 2 = DC 2 + OD 2
OC 2 = (6) 2 + (4) 2
OC 2 = 52
OC = 2 13
but OC = OH = 2 13 (radii )

1.1.2

1 1
OG = OH =  2 13 = 13
2 2
In OGH
OH 2 = OG 2 + GH 2
(2 13) 2 = ( 13) 2 + GH 2
52 − 13 = GH 2
39 = GH 2
GH = 39
but OG ⊥ FH ( given)
thus FG = GH = 39 (line from center ⊥ to chord )

1.2.1

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2 x = 1200 ( at center = 2   at circumference)

0
120
x= = 600
2

1.2.2

x = 2 1050 = 2100 ( at center = 2  at circumference)

1.2.3

x = 2  200 = 400 ( at center = 2  at circumference)

1.2.4

2 x = 850 ( at center = 2   at circumference)

850
x= = 42.50
2

1.2.5

Oˆ1 = 640 (alternating s, AO || BC )

2 x = 640 ( at center = 2   at circumference)
640
x= = 320
2

1.2.6

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OX = OZ (radii )
Zˆ = 400
1 (s opp = sides)
In OXZ
Zˆ1 + 400 + Oˆ1 = 1800 ( Int s )
400 + 400 + Oˆ = 1800 1

Oˆ1 = 180 − 400 − 400

0

Oˆ = 1000
1

Oˆ 2 + Oˆ1 = 3600 (Re volution)

Oˆ + 1000 = 3600
2

Oˆ 2 = 3600 − 1000
Oˆ 2 = 2600
2 x = 2600 ( at center = 2   at circumference)
0
260
x= = 1300
2

1.3.1

Qˆ1 = 180 (s opp = sides )

x + Qˆ = 900
1 ( in semi circle)
x + 18 = 900 0

x = 900 − 180 = 720

1.3.2

2 Bˆ1 = 600 ( at center = 2   at circumference)

0
60
Bˆ1 = = 300
2
x + Bˆ1 = 900 ( in semi circle)
x + 30 = 900 0

x = 900 − 300 = 600

1.4.1

x = 980 (tan chord theorem)

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1.4.2

z = 280 (tan chord theorem)

y = 90 0
( in semi circle)
x + y + z = 180 0
( Int s of )
x + 90 + 28 = 180
0 0 0

x = 1800 − 900 − 280

x = 620

1.4.3

x = 200 (alternating s, DE || MN )

y = 200 (tan chord theorem)
200 + 200 + z = 1800 ( Int s of )
z = 1800 − 200 − 200
z = 1400

1.4.4

x + 350 = 900 (tan ⊥ radius)

x = 90 − 35 = 55
0 0 0

z = 350 (tan chord theorem)

Cˆ = 350
4 (tan s from same po int)
In PBC
y + Cˆ 4 + 350 = 1800 ( Int s of )
y + 350 + 350 = 1800
y = 1800 − 350 − 350
y = 1100

1.4.5

x = 220 (alternating s, EO || ND)

y = 900 (tan ⊥ radius)

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1.4.6

2 x = 700 ( at center = 2   at circumference )

700
x= = 350
2
y=x (tan chord theorem)
y = 35 0

z + y = 900 (tan ⊥ radius )

z + 35 = 90
0 0

z = 900 − 350 = 550

1.4.7

x = 660 (tan chord theorem)

y = 90 0
( in semi circle)
In NMP
z + x + y = 1800 ( Int s of )
z + 660 + 900 = 1800
z = 1800 − 660 − 900
z = 240

1.5.1

2 x = 1120 ( at center = 2   at circumference)

1120
x= = 560
2
y + x = 1800 (opp s of cyclic quad )
y + 560 = 1800
y = 1800 − 560 = 1240

1.5.2

2 x = 800 ( at center = 2   at circumference)

800
x= = 400
2
y = x + 200 (ext  = int opp )
y = 40 + 20 = 60
0 0 0

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1.5.3

x = 700 ( Alternating s, RT || QP )

In QTP
Tˆ = x
2 (s opp = sides )
Tˆ2 = 700
y + x + Tˆ2 = 1800 ( Int s of )
y + 700 + 700 = 1800
y = 1800 − 700 − 700
y = 400
z=y (tan chord theorem)
z = 400

1.5.4

x = 900 (line from center to midpo int of chord )

y + 30 = 180
0 0
(opp s of cyclic quad )
y = 180 − 30 = 150
0 0 0

1.5.5

x = 280 (tan chord theorem)

y = x = 28 0
(s in the same segment )

1.5.6

x = y = 480 (s inthe same segment )

1.5.7

x = 320 (tan chord theorem)

y = x = 320 (equal chord ; equal s )

1.5.8

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y = x = 480 (equal chords; equal s)

Solutions to Similarity and Proportionality activities

Question 1

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Question 2

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QUESTION 3

QUESTION 4

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QUESTION 5

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QUESTION 6

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QUESTION 7

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Appendix A: Examinations Guideline

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Appendix B: Information Sheet

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1. CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLICY STATEMENT(CAPS) SENIOR PHASE GRADES (7 – 9)

MATHEMATICS
2. CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLICY STATEMENT(CAPS) FET PHASE GRADES (10 – 12)
MATHEMATICS
3. MATHEMATICS QUESTION PAPER GRADE 9 2013 EASTERN CAPE
4. MATHEMATICS QUESTION PAPER GRADE 9 2014 EASTERN CAPE
5. MATHEMATICS QUESTION PAPER GRADE 9 2016 EASTERN CAPE
6. MATHEMATICS QUESTION PAPER GRADE 9 2011 EASTERN CAPE
7. BISHOPS DIOCESAN COLLEGE GRADE 9 PAPER 2 2017
8. 2021 Grade 12 MATHEMATICS EXAMINATION GUIDELINES
9. MATHEMATICS QUESTION PAPERS GRADE 12 (2008 – 2017) NATIONAL
10. MIND ACTION SERIES TEXT BOOK GRADE 12
11. MATHEMATICS QUESTION PAPER GRADE 9 2017 - 2020 GAUTENG
12. www.mathsisfun.com
13. www.curemath.com
14. https://byjus.com/maths/secant-of-a-circle/
15. https://www.ck12.org/geometry/arcs-in-circles-1501912234.53/lesson/Arcs-in-Circles-
GEOM/
16. https://thirdspacelearning.com/gcse-maths/geometry-and-measure/segment-of-a-
circle/#:~:text=re%20still%20stuck.-
,What%20is%20the%20segment%20of%20a%20circle%3F,the%20circumference%20of%2
0the%20circle
17.
https://mathleaks.com/study/kb/rule/converse_perpendicular_chord_bisector_theore
m
18.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem#/media/File:Thales'_Theorem_Simpl
e.svg
19. https://www.cuemath.com/quadrilateral-area-formulas/

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