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Cells Class Notes

Cells are the fundamental units of life, categorized into prokaryotic and eukaryotic types, with eukaryotic cells being more complex and containing organelles like a nucleus. The cell membrane regulates entry and exit of substances, while various organelles such as the RER, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria perform essential functions like protein synthesis and energy production. In plant cells, additional structures like chloroplasts and a cell wall contribute to their unique functions, highlighting the importance of cell structure in biology.

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Cells Class Notes

Cells are the fundamental units of life, categorized into prokaryotic and eukaryotic types, with eukaryotic cells being more complex and containing organelles like a nucleus. The cell membrane regulates entry and exit of substances, while various organelles such as the RER, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria perform essential functions like protein synthesis and energy production. In plant cells, additional structures like chloroplasts and a cell wall contribute to their unique functions, highlighting the importance of cell structure in biology.

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Cells are the basic units of life.

There are two major types of cells: prokaryotic and


eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, are simple, lack a nucleus, and do not have
membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists,
are more complex and contain organelles including a nucleus.

The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls what enters and exits. It is
semi-permeable and made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Inside, the
cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that houses organelles.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing DNA organized into chromosomes.
The nucleolus, found inside the nucleus, produces ribosomes. Ribosomes are
responsible for protein synthesis and can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to
the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).

The RER is involved in protein synthesis and modification, while the smooth ER helps in
lipid synthesis and detoxification. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages
proteins for transport. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP
through cellular respiration. Lysosomes, found mostly in animal cells, contain enzymes
that break down waste.

Plant cells also contain chloroplasts, which perform photosynthesis, converting light
energy into glucose. The cell wall, made of cellulose, provides structure. Vacuoles,
particularly large in plant cells, store nutrients and waste.

Understanding cell structure is key to studying biology, as the function of each organelle
contributes to overall cell activity.

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