Introduction to
Machine Design
Dodi Mulyadi, MT
Definition
Machine Design is the creation of new and better machines
and improving the existing ones.
A new or better machine is one which is more economical in
the overall cost of production and operation.
It is necessary to have a good knowledge of many subjects:
Mathematics,
Engineering Mechanics,
Strength of Materials,
Theory of Machines,
Workshop Processes, and
Engineering Drawing.
Classifications
1. Adaptive design
Needs no special knowledge or skill
Minor alternation or modification
2. Development design
Needs considerable scientific training
Modify: into a new idea by adopting a new material or
different method of manufacture
3. New design
Needs lot of research
Technical ability and creative thinking
General Considerations
1. Type of load and stresses caused by the load.
2. Motion of the parts or kinematics of the machine.
3. Selection of materials.
4. Form and size of the parts.
5. Frictional resistance and lubrication.
6. Convenient and economical features.
7. Use of standard parts.
8. Safety of operation.
9. Workshop facilities.
10. Number of machines to be manufactured.
11. Cost of construction.
12. Assembling.
General Procedure
Need or Aim
Synthesis (Mechanisms)
there is no
Analysis of forces rigid rule
Material Selection
Design of Element
Note: Beside Quality,
Modification Durability, and Cost,
customers will consider
Detailed Drawing aesthetic and
ergonomics also.
Production
S.I. Units (International System of Units)
S.I. Units (International System of Units)
Mass and Weight
Mass (m)
It is the amount of matter contained in a given body and does
not vary with the change in its position on the earth’s surface.
Weight (W)
It is the amount of pull, which the earth exerts upon a given
body.
The weight of the body will vary with its position on the
earth’s surface (say latitude and elevation).
It is thus obvious, that the weight is a force.
W = m.g or m=W/g
where W is in newtons, m in kg and g is the acceleration due
to gravity in m/s2.
Inertia & Laws of Motion
Inertia
It is that property of a matter, by virtue of which a body
cannot move of itself nor change the motion imparted to it.
Newton’s First Law of Motion.
“Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion
in a straight line, unless acted upon by some external force”.
This is also known as Law of Inertia.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
“The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to
the impressed force and takes place in the same direction in
which the force acts”.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion.
“To every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction”.
Force
Force, F = m.a = Mass × Acceleration
The unit of force = newton (briefly written as N).
1N = 1kg × 1 m/s2 = 1kg-m/s2
When m = 1 kg
moving with an acceleration of g = 9.81 m/s2
we denote as 1 kgf
1 kg x 9.81 m/s2 = 9.81 kg-m/s2 = 9.81 N = 1 kgf
Moment of Force
The turning effect produced by a force, on the body, on
which it acts.
Moment of a force = F × l
O A
l
Couple
The two equal and opposite parallel forces, whose lines of
action are different form a couple.
Couple produces a motion of rotation of the body on
which it acts.
O A
F
Couple
A see saw is balanced when
∑M=0
F1 x l 1 - F2 x l 2 = 0
F1 F2
Turning Point
O A
l1 l2
Mass Density
Mass Moment of Inertia
A rigid body is composed of small particles.
Mass moment of inertia is denoted by I
sum of the mass of every particle of a body is multiplied by
the square of its perpendicular distance from a fixed line
I = m1 (k1)2 + m2 (k2)2 + m3 (k3)2 + m4 (k4)2 + .....
Angular Momentum
The product of the mass moment of inertia and the angular
velocity of the body.
Angular momentum = I.ω
I = Mass moment of inertia, and
ω = Angular velocity of the body
Torque
The product of force and the perpendicular distance of its
line of action from the given point or axis.
A little consideration will show that the torque is equivalent
to a couple acting upon a body.
The Newton’s second law of motion when applied to
rotating bodies states, the torque is directly proportional to
the rate of change of angular momentum.
d
T Ix
dt
Work
Work done: whenever a force acts on a body and the body
undergoes a displacement in the direction of the force.
A force F acting on a body causes a displacement x of the
body in the direction of the force, then
Work done = Force × Displacement = F × x
A couple or torque (T) acting on a body causes the angular
displacement (θ) about an axis perpendicular to the plane of
the couple, then
Work done = Torque × Angular displacement = T.θ
In S. I. : the work of 1 N-m is known as joule (J),
1 N-m = 1 J
Power
The rate of doing work or work done per unit time
work done
Power , P
time taken
If T is the torque transmitted and ω is angular speed, then
Power , P T x ω
2 N
Power , P T x
60
where N is the speed in r.p.m.
Unit of power is watt (W) = 1 J/s = 1N-m/s.
Energy
Capacity to do work.
Three types of mechanical energies
Potential Energy.
The energy possessed by a body, for doing work, by
virtue of its position.
P.E. W .h m.g .h
• W = Weight of the body,
• m = Mass of the body, and
• h = Distance through which the body
falls.
Energy
Strain Energy. Strain energy Work done
The potential energy
For compressed spring :
stored by an elastic
body when 1 1
S .E W.x s.x 2
deformed. 2 2
For torsional spring :
1
S .E. q. 2
2
where s or q is stiffness of spring
is deformation angle in radians
Energy
Kinetic Energy.
The energy possessed by a body, for doing work, by virtue of
its mass and velocity of motion.
Kinetic energy of translation
Kinetic energy
1
K .E m.v 2 of translation and rotation
2
1 1
Kinetic energy of rotation K .E m.v I. 2
2
2 2
1
K .E I. 2
2
Thank you
