Compiled by :Peter H.
N(lecturer)
Unit3:Nervous System Anatomy
The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells that transmit signals
between different parts of the body. It is divided into:
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain: Controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, and all
body functions. It includes regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
• Spinal Cord: A long structure extending from the brainstem down the
back. It relays information between the brain and the rest of the body.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Controls voluntary muscle
movements and transmits sensory information.
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Regulates involuntary functions like
heartbeat and digestion. It has two divisions:
• Sympathetic Nervous System: Activates “fight or flight” response.
• Parasympathetic Nervous System: Controls “rest and digest” functions.
3. Neurons and Supporting Cells
• Neurons: The basic unit of the nervous system, responsible for
transmitting signals.
• Glial Cells: Support neurons by providing nutrients, removing waste,
and protecting against infections.
3.2 Nervous System Physiology
The nervous system functions by transmitting electrical and chemical signals. Key
physiological processes include:
1. Signal Transmission
• Action Potential: Electrical impulses travel along neurons.
• Synaptic Transmission: Neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) help
signals jump from one neuron to another.
2. Sensory and Motor Functions
• Sensory Input: The system detects stimuli (touch, sound, pain) and
sends signals to the brain.
• Motor Output: The brain and spinal cord send signals to muscles and
glands to generate responses.
3. Reflexes
• Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli (e.g., pulling away from a
hot surface).
4. Homeostasis Regulation
• The nervous system regulates body temperature, blood pressure, and
other essential functions through the autonomic nervous system.
3.3 Nervous System Conditions and Diseases
1. Neurological Disorders
• Stroke: Occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, causing
brain damage.
• Epilepsy: A disorder with recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical
activity in the brain.
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disorder where the immune
system attacks the protective covering of nerves.
2. Neurodegenerative Diseases
• Alzheimer’s Disease: A progressive brain disorder that leads to
memory loss and cognitive decline.
• Parkinson’s Disease: A disorder affecting movement, caused by the
loss of dopamine-producing cells.
3. Infections and Injuries
• Meningitis: Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes due
to infection.
• Spinal Cord Injury: Damage to the spinal cord that can result in loss of
movement and sensation.
4. Mental Health Disorders
• Depression and Anxiety: Conditions affecting mood, thought patterns,
and behavior, often linked to neurotransmitter imbalances.
Would you like a more detailed explanation on any specific part?
