Quantity Name Formula Unit / Symbol

Unit 1
Length Horizontal+ vertical / 100 Meter / m
Area Square= L x W Meter squared / m2
Rectangle= L x w
Triangle= ½ x b x h
Volume Cube: L x W x h Meter cubed / m3

Mass Kilogram or gram / kg or g

Time Second / sec
Density D = Mass / volume Kg / m3 or g/cm3
Speed S = distance / time m/s
Velocity V = displacement / time m/s
Average speed A.S = total distance / total time m/s
Acceleration Change in velocity(final – initial) / time m/s2
Force Newton/ N
Weight W= m x g (mass x gravitational acceleration) Newton/N
Gravitational acceleration =9.8 on earth m/s2
Newton 2nd law F= m x a Newton / N
Fnet= Driving forces – Resisting forces
Extension Measured length – original length cm / m
Spring constant K= Force / extension N/cm Or N/mm
Moment Force x perpendicular distance to pivot Nm
Momentum Mass x velocity Kg.m/s
.m1u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
Impulse Final momentum – initial momentum (mv-mu) Kg.m/s
Force x time (f x t) N.S
Pressure (solids) P= F/A Pa
Pressure (liquids) P= density x g x h (depth )
Atmospheric pressure = 100,000 pa Pa
Potential energy P.E= m x g x h (vertical height) Joules (J)
Kinetic energy K.E = ½ x m x v2 Joules (J)
Work done W.D = force x parallel distance to force Joules (J)
Relation between p.E & k.E M x g x h = ½ m v2 Joules (J)
(ignoring air resistance) . gh = ½ v2
Power P= Energy / time (can be any form of energy ) Watt
Efficiency Efficiency = (useful output / input) *100 Percentage (%)
Unit 2
Boyle’s law Pv = constant Pressure: Pa
P1 v1 = p2 v2 Volume: m3
Heat energy general rule Q=pxt Joules
Heat energy change in Q = m x c x Δt (final temperature – initial Joules
temperature rule temperature)
Specific heat capacity Amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg J/kg°C
of an object by 1°C
Heat capacity C=mxc J/°C
 Unit 3
Period time Time / number of waves, T=1/F Seconds
Frequency Number of waves / time, F= 1/T Hz
Wave rule Speed = wavelength x frequency m/s
Speed of sound in solids 5000 to 6000 m/s
Speed of sound in liquids 1500 m/s
Speed of sound in gas 330 m/s
Echo Speed = 2D / t m/s
Law of refraction Air speed increase & wavelength increase
Glass speed decrease & wavelength decrease
Both cases frequency is constant
Refractive index (n) . n = speed of light in air / speed of light in No units
medium
. n = sin angle in air / sin angle medium

. n = 1/sin(c)
sin(c) = 1/n
Unit 4
Current I=Q/t Ampere / A
Resistance R = V/I Ohm / Ω
Ohm’s law V= I R Volt
Total resistance (series RT= R1 + R2 Ohm / Ω
circuit)
Total resistance (parallel RT= R1 x R2 / R1 + R2 Ohm / Ω
circuit)
Power P=vxI Watt / W
P = v2 / R
P = I2 x R
Energy E = v x I x t, E = V*Q Joules / J
Transformer rule Vp Ip = Vs Is Watt

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns = Is/Ip

Unit 6
Orbital speed v = (2*π*r) / T m/s
Hubble’s constant (2.2*10-18) s-1 Ho = velocity / distance, 1/age of universe s-1
Light Year 9.5*1015 meters m
Diameter of milky way 100,000 light years