THE WORLD WIDE WEB

The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the web, is a global system of
interconnected hypertext documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs
(Uniform Resource Locators). It is a major component of the internet, which is a network of
networks that enables communication and the sharing of information worldwide.

THE EVOLUTION OF WORLD WIDE WEB

The World Wide Web (WWW) has undergone significant evolution since its inception.

Web 1.0 (1991-2004): Web 1.0 refers to the initial stage of the web, characterized by static
web pages and limited interactivity. During this period, websites were primarily used
toprovide information and were created by a small number of individuals or organizations.

Web 2.0 (2004-2010): Web 2.0 brought about a significant shift in the web's evolution,
emphasizing user-generated content, interactivity, and collaboration. It marked the rise of
social media platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, which enabled users to
create and share content, connect with others, and participate in online communities.

Mobile Web (2007-present): With the advent of smartphones and mobile devices, the web
expanded to include mobile browsing. Websites and web applications began to be optimized
for smaller screens and touch interfaces, leading to the development of responsive design
techniques.

Web 3.0 (Semantic Web) (2010-present): Web 3.0 focuses on enhancing the web's
intelligence by leveraging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and
the semantic web.

Web of Things (WoT) (2010-present): The Web of Things extends the web's reach beyond
traditional computing devices to include physical objects and IoT (Internet of Things) device

TECHNOLOGIES ON THE WEB

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): HTML is the standard markup language used for
creating web pages. It provides the structure and content of web documents, defining
elements and their layout. HTML is essential for displaying text, images, links, and other
media on the web.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): CSS is a styling language that works alongside HTML to
control the presentation and layout of web pages. It allows web designers to define colors,
fonts, spacing, and other visual aspects of a website, enabling consistent and visually
appealing designs across multiple pages.

JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language that adds interactivity and dynamic

functionality to web pages. It allows developers to create interactive elements, perform
calculations, handle events, and manipulate web content in real-time. JavaScript is widely
used for client-side scripting and is supported by all modern web browsers.

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation): JSON is a lightweight data interchange format that
has gained popularity for transmitting data between web applications. It provides a human-
readable and easy-to-parse structure for representing data objects. JSON is commonly used in
web APIs to transmit data in a format that is compatible with JavaScript, making it easy to
process and manipulate in client-side code.

REST (Representational State Transfer): REST is an architectural style for designing web
services and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces). It emphasizes a stateless client-
server communication model, using standard HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, and
DELETE to interact with resources. RESTful APIs enable the integration of different web
systems and facilitate data exchange between applications.

XML (eXtensible Markup Language): XML is a markup language designed to store and
transport structured data. It provides a flexible way to define custom tags and document
structures, making it suitable for data exchange and storage. XML is widely used in various
web applications, including RSS feeds, web services, and configuration files.

DOMAIN NAME AND HOW DOES A DOMAIN NAME WORKS

A domain name is a unique, human-readable, and memorable address used to identify a

website on the internet. It serves as a user-friendly substitute for the numeric IP (Internet
Protocol) addresses that computers use to communicate with each other.
EXPLANATION OF HOW A DOMAIN NAME WORKS

Domain Registration: To use a specific domain name, it needs to be registered with a

domain registrar. Registrars are companies or organizations authorized by domain name
registries to manage the reservation and registration of domain names.

Domain Name System (DNS): When a user enters a domain name in a web browser, the
browser initiates a DNS lookup. The DNS is a distributed hierarchical system that translates
domain names into corresponding IP addresses. It consists of DNS servers that store and
manage domain name records.

Name Servers: The DNS lookup begins by querying the domain's authoritative name
servers. These name servers are responsible for storing and providing the necessary
information about the domain, such as its IP address.

IP Address Resolution: The authoritative name server responds to the DNS lookup request
with the IP address associated with the domain name. This IP address specifies the location of
the web server hosting the website.

Establishing Connection: Once the IP address is obtained, the web browser establishes a
connection to the web server associated with the domain. This connection enables the transfer
of web page data and other resources.

Website Display: After establishing a connection, the web server sends the requested web
page data back to the user's browser, which then interprets and displays the website content.

THE COMPONENTS OF HTTP

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used for communication between web
browsers and web servers. It follows a client-server model, where the client (typically a web
browser) sends requests to the server, and the server responds with the requested data.

THE INTERNET

The internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that allows the
exchange of data and information between devices worldwide. It is a vast infrastructure that
connects millions of computers, servers, routers, switches, and other devices across different
locations and operates on a variety of technologies and protocols.
EVOLUTION OF INTERNET

The evolution of the internet has been a remarkable journey, characterized by significant
advancements in technology, infrastructure, and the services it offers.

THE KEY STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET:

• ARPANET and Early Networking (1960s-1970s): The internet's origins can be traced
back to the 1960s when the U.S. Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) developed ARPANET. It was the first wide- area network that connected
computers at various research institutions.

• TCP/IP and the Birth of the Internet (1980s): In the 1980s, the development of the
TCP/IP protocol suite, created by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, became a pivotal
moment. TCP/IP standardized the way data is transmitted and routed across networks.
This protocol suite laid the foundation for the modern internet, enabling the
interconnection of disparate networks into a single global network.

• World Wide Web (1990s): The World Wide Web, created by Tim Berners-Lee in the
late 1980s, became a game- changer for the internet. It introduced a user-friendly
interface for accessing and navigating information on the internet through web pages and
hyperlinks.

• Commercialization and Dot-Com Boom (1990s-2000s): The 1990s saw the

commercialization of the internet as businesses and individuals began to realize its
immense potential. The dot-com boom resulted in a surge of internet-based companies
and investments. E-commerce, online services, and digital content distribution platforms
flourished, shaping the internet into a platform for business, communication, and
entertainment.

• Broadband and High-Speed Internet (2000s): The 2000s witnessed a shift towards
broadband internet connections, replacing dial-up connections. Broadband technologies,
such as DSL, cable, and fiber-optic connections, offered significantly faster and more
reliable internet access. This revolutionized the way people consumed media, participated
in online activities, and facilitated the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like
streaming media and online gaming.
• Mobile Internet and Wireless Connectivity (2000s-present): The proliferation of
smartphones and mobile devices brought about the mobile internet era. Wireless
connectivity, including 3G, 4G, and now 5G, enabled users to access the internet on the
go. Mobile applications and responsive web design became essential for delivering
optimized experiences on smaller screens.

• Internet of Things (IoT) and Connected Devices (2010s-present): The internet

expanded beyond traditional computing devices to include a vast ecosystem of
interconnected objects and devices, known as the Internet of Things (IoT). Everyday
objects, from home appliances to wearables, became internet-enabled, allowing for data
exchange, automation, and remote control. The IoT has implications for areas like home
automation, healthcare, transportation, and industrial applications.

• Cloud Computing and Web Services (2010s-present): Cloud computing emerged as a

dominant paradigm, providing on-demand access to computing resources and storage
over the internet. Cloud services enabled businesses and individuals to scale their
operations, store and process large amounts of data, and deliver applications and services
globally.

THE FEATURES OF INTERNET

The internet is a complex and dynamic network that offers a wide range of features and
capabilities. Here are some key features of the internet:

Global Connectivity: The internet connects millions of devices worldwide, enabling

seamless communication and data exchange across geographic boundaries.

Information Access: The internet provides access to an immense amount of information and
resources, including websites, articles, research papers, databases, and multimedia content.

Communication: The internet facilitates various communication methods, such as email,

instant messaging, voice and video calling, social media, and online forums, enabling people
to connect and interact in real-time.

World Wide Web: The World Wide Web, built on top of the internet, allows users to
navigate and access interconnected web pages using hyperlinks. It serves as a platform for
information sharing, e-commerce, entertainment, and collaboration.
E-commerce: The internet has transformed commerce, enabling online shopping, electronic
payments, and digital transactions. E-commerce platforms provide businesses with global
reach and consumers with the convenience of purchasing goods and services from anywhere.

Collaboration and Social Networking: The internet enables collaboration among

individuals and teams through tools like shared documents, project management platforms,
and video conferencing. Social networking platforms allow people to connect, share content,
and engage in online communities.

Multimedia and Streaming: The internet supports the delivery of multimedia content,
including streaming videos, music, podcasts, and online radio. Users can access and enjoy a
vast array of entertainment and educational content in real-time.

Cloud Computing: The internet serves as the foundation for cloud computing, offering on-
demand access to computing resources, storage, and software applications. Cloud services
enable scalability, cost-efficiency, and remote access to data and services.

Online Education: The internet has revolutionized education, providing access to online
courses, educational resources, virtual classrooms, and remote learning platforms. It enables
individuals to acquire knowledge and skills from anywhere in the world.

Internet of Things (IoT): The internet extends beyond traditional computing devices to
include a vast network of interconnected objects and devices. The IoT allows for the
integration and control of physical objects through the internet, enabling automation, data
collection, and smart applications.

Search Engines: Search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo enable users to discover
information on the internet by entering keywords or queries. These search engines index web
pages and provide relevant results based on algorithms and ranking criteria.

Security and Privacy: With the growth of the internet, security and privacy have become
crucial concerns. Encryption, firewalls, secure protocols (HTTPS), and other security
measures help protect sensitive data and ensure secure online transactions.
HOW DOES THE INTERNET WORKS

The internet is a worldwide computer network that transmits a variety of data and media
across interconnected devices. It works by using a packet routing network that follows
Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP). TCP and IP work together to
ensure that data transmission across the internet is consistent and reliable, no matter which
device you’re using or where you’re using it. When data is transferred over the internet, it’s
delivered in messages and packets.

PROTOCOL

A protocol refers to a set of rules and guidelines that define how data is transmitted, received,
and processed between devices or systems. Protocols establish a standardized format and
structure for communication, ensuring that devices can understand and interact with each
other effectively.

THE CONCEPT OF INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE

The Internet Protocol Suite, also known as the TCP/IP protocol suite, is a collection of
networking protocols that form the foundation for communication and data transmission on
the internet. It provides a comprehensive set of rules and standards that govern how data is
packaged, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received between devices in a network.

WEB SERVERS

Web servers are software applications or computer systems that handle and respond to
requests from clients, typically web browsers, over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
They play a crucial role in the delivery of web pages and other resources to users on the
World Wide Web

BROWER

A browser, also known as a web browser, is a software application that allows users to
access, navigate, and interact with information on the World Wide Web. It interprets and
displays web pages, processes user inputs, and communicates with web servers to fetch and
render web content.
EXAMPLES

Google Chrome: Developed by Google, Chrome is one of the most widely used web
browsers known for its speed, simplicity, and extensive features.

Mozilla Firefox: Firefox, an open-source browser developed by Mozilla, focuses on privacy,

customization options, and enhanced security features.

Microsoft Edge: Edge is Microsoft's default web browser for Windows 10 and is designed
for speed, compatibility, and integration with Microsoft services.

Safari: Safari is Apple's default web browser for macOS and iOS devices. It offers a clean
interface, fast performance, and tight integration with Apple's ecosystem.

Opera: Opera is a feature-rich web browser known for its speed, built-in ad blocker, VPN
(Virtual Private Network), and other unique features.

Brave: Brave is a privacy-focused browser that blocks unwanted ads and trackers by default,
providing a faster and more secure browsing experience.

Microsoft Internet Explorer: Internet Explorer (IE) was once a dominant browser but has
been largely replaced by Microsoft Edge. It is still used by some users, primarily on older
versions of Windows.

UC Browser: UC Browser is a popular mobile web browser known for its fast browsing
speed, data compression, and built-in features like ad-blocker and cloud syncing.

INTERNET PROTOCOL, WHEN DID IT START? HOW DOES IT WORK?.

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a fundamental protocol of the Internet that provides the
addressing and routing mechanisms for data transmission across networks. It enables the
delivery of packets from a source device to a destination device over an interconnected
network infrastructure.

Origins and Development: The Internet Protocol was developed in the 1970s by a team led
by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn as part of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) project. The goal was to create a robust and scalable protocol for interconnecting
different networks, laying the foundation for the modern internet.

IPv4: The initial version of the Internet Protocol, known as IPv4, was deployed in 1983. IPv4
uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. It segments
addresses into four groups of numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.0.1). However, the
growth of the internet and the increasing number of connected devices soon led to the
exhaustion of available IPv4 addresses.

IPv6: To address the limited address space of IPv4, IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) was
developed and standardized in the late 1990s. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, providing an
enormous pool of approximately 340 undecillion unique addresses. IPv6 addresses are
represented in eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons

Packet Routing: The Internet Protocol works in conjunction with other protocols to enable
data transmission. When a device sends data across the internet, it breaks the data into
smaller units called packets.

Addressing: IP addresses uniquely identify devices connected to the internet. Each device,
such as a computer or a router, is assigned an IP address that serves as its network identifier.
IP addresses can be either public or private. Public IP addresses are globally routable and
allow devices to be directly accessible from the internet. Private IP addresses are used within
local networks and are not globally routable.

HISTORY OF HTML.

HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is the standard markup language used
for creating web pages and applications on the World Wide Web.

HTML was first developed in the late 1980s by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer
scientist, while working at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). Berners-
Lee's aim was to create a system for sharing and organizing scientific information among
researchers.

HTML 1.0:

The first version of HTML, known as HTML 1.0, was released in 1991. It provided basic
structuring elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists, and links. HTML 1.0 was a simple
language with limited functionality and lacked many features that are common in modern
web development.

Evolution and Standardization:

As the web started to gain popularity, HTML evolved to incorporate new features and
capabilities. Different versions of HTML were introduced, including HTML 2.0 in 1995,
HTML 3.2 in 1997, and HTML 4.01 in 1999. These versions introduced new elements,
ttributes, and styling options, enabling developers to create more complex and visually
appealing web pages.

XHTML:

In 2000, the Web Standards Project (WaSP) advocated for the adoption of Extensible HTML
(XHTML), which was based on XML. XHTML combined the syntax and rules of XML with
the features of HTML, promoting cleaner code and stricter adherence to standards. XHTML
1.0 was released as a recommendation in 2000.

HTML5:

HTML5, the fifth major version of HTML, was released in 2014. It introduced a significant
overhaul of the language, providing a rich set of features and capabilities. HTML5 brought
many improvements, including support for multimedia elements (audio and video), canvas
for drawing graphics, improved forms, geolocation, local storage, and more. It also provided
better support for mobile devices and offered enhanced accessibility features.

HTML EDITORS

HTML editors are software applications or tools designed specifically for creating, editing,
and managing HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) documents. They provide a user-
friendly interface with features that simplify the process of writing HTML code and creating
web pages. HTML editors often offer features such as syntax highlighting, auto-completion,
preview modes, and integrated tools for managing CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and
JavaScript.

HTML DOCUMENTS?
HTML documents, also known as HTML files or web pages, are text files that contain
markup instructions written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). HTML is a standard
markup language used to structure the content and define the presentation of web pages on
the World Wide Web.