07, 11, & 12 Mar 2025

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
1 07, 11, 12 Mar 2025

Stability of Ships
B. Tech. NA&SB. 2021-25. 20-215-0406
Department of Ship Technology
CUSAT, Kochi 682022
3 credits

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
Adjunct Faculty
9446577239
[email protected]

Dec24-
Apr25 Only for personal use by CUSAT NA&SB students

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
Stability of Ships. Course Content.
2
Exam question paper will be based on this.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 1
 07, 11, & 12 Mar 2025

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
3 Stability of Ships. Course Content

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
4 Course Content
Completed
• Module 1. Stability Terms. 06 Lectures.
• Module 2. Initial (Transverse) Stability. 07 lectures.
• Module 3. Large Angle Transverse Stability. 07 lectures.
• Module 4. Longitudinal Stability. 03 Lectures
Today
• 5. Damaged Stability

Dec24-
Apr25

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5 Module 5
• 5.1 What is damaged stability?
• 5.2 Bilging
• 5.3 Surface and volume permeability
• 5.4 Two methods for assessing damaged stability
• 5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment
• 5.6 Flooding of a side compartment at midship
• 5.7 Exact analysis of a barge with an off-center full-length flooded
compartment
• 5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.

Dec24-
• 5.9 Floodable length curve
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
6 Module 5
• Read Biran Chapter 11
• Read Tupper pp 118-127 Damaged Stability (uploaded in Classroom)

• There will be questions from all modules in the End-Semester Exam.

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer 5.1 What is damaged stability?

7

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
8
Tupper

• In Fig. 7.12,
the bulkheads
go above 𝑊 𝐿
• The thick
vertical lines
are bulkheads
that go up to
the bulkhead
deck

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
9 Bulkhead Deck
• Bulk head construction on board vessels serves many purposes as defined below:
1. Strengthening the vessel’s structure
2. Creates separate areas that can be isolated Strake: a continuous line of
planking or plates from the
3. Create water tight locks on board vessel
stem to the stern of a ship
4. Can be used to isolate fire and constrict it
or boat.
Stanchion: an upright bar,
post, or frame forming a
support or barrier.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
maritime.org
10 San Francisco Maritime
• Figure 15-1. Diagram to illustrate a modern torpedo-protection system. This book was written in 1945.
• 15-11. Classes of ships designed with torpedo-protection systems. All battleships following BB-42 and
all large aircraft carriers (CV-2 and 3, CV-5, 6, and 8, and subsequent CV's) were designed with
torpedo-protection bulkhead systems. Certain ships originally designed with torpedo-protection
systems have had blisters added to improve torpedo protection, buoyancy, and stability."

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
11 Anti-Torpedo Blisters
Left: HMS Glatton in drydock, circa 1914–1918,
showing her anti-torpedo bulge
Below: USS Texas (BB-35) in floating dry dock at
Galveston, Texas. It has anti-torpedo blisters.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
12 5.1 What is damaged stability?

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
13 5.2 Bilging
• Bilge Tank vs Bilged
The primary bilge tank
helps in separation of the oil
from the water and the oil
can be visually seen and put
in dirty oil tank and the
cleaner bilge water can be
put to the bilge tank. Steam
coils are provided in the
primary bilge tank and they
can be used for effective
separation.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
14 5.2 Bilging
• Barrass
• Midship compartment is flooded
• 𝑣 = volume of lost buoyancy ≠
volume of water in the compartment
after flooding
• A = WPA before bilging
• a = WPA of bilged compartment
• Volume 𝑦 + 𝑧 = Unbilged area *
Change in draft = (A-a)x
• The bulkhead deck is above W1L1.
After flooding, water will rise to
W1L1. That is why the unflooded
area is A-a.

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
15

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
16
Tupper

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
17 Biran. Volume and Surface Permeability.

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Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
18 5.3 Surface and volume permeability

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
19 5.4 Two methods for assessing damaged stability
Fig. 2.4 is on the next slide
• Biran

Pressures on the inner and outer surfaces of the flooded

compartment cancel each other and so there is no buoyancy

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
20
• Fig. 2.4 in Biran.
• The pressure at the top (of the
compartment) is less than the pressure at
the bottom. Therefore, there is a net
buoyancy force.
• If a compartment is flooded, the pressure
on the inner and outer surfaces of the hull
are the same and there is no net force on
the hull.

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
21

1. Flooded Displacement Biran. ∆ = displacement = delta

2. Flooded LCG
3. Flooded TCG

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
22 5.5 Bilging of a
midship
compartment
Biran. Intro for both
• After flooding, buoyancy and methods.
stability are important.
Length = 20 m
• Buoyancy: After flooding, Breadth = 5 m
find the new waterline. Is Draft = 1.5 m
there enough buoyancy force
to balance the gravitational
force? Will the ship float?
• Stability: It is not enough if If your ship is flooded, what are the most important
the ship floats. Will it be
characteristics that you would like to know?
stable? What is the righting
moment for small angles of
heel?
• Find the new waterline and
the righting moment for
small angles of heel.
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Apr25

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
23 Lost Buoyancy and Added Mass (Weight)
• The buoyancy force = 𝜌𝑉𝑔 where 𝑉 is the underwater volume. The
underwater volume of the compartment is 𝑙𝐵𝑇. Therefore, the lost buoyancy
force is 𝜌𝑙𝐵𝑇𝑔.
• After flooding, the new draft of the barge is 𝑇 + 𝛿𝑇. As the bulkhead deck is
above the waterline, the water inside the flooded compartment will rise to
the new waterline. The volume of water that has entered the barge is 𝑙𝐵(𝑇 +
𝛿𝑇). Therefore, the added mass is 𝜌𝑙𝐵(𝑇 + 𝛿𝑇).

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
24 Find the increase in the draft using two methods
Lost Buoyancy method
• Lost buoyancy volume = 𝑙𝐵𝑇 = 4 *5*1.5 = 30 m3 = additional buoyancy =
𝐿 − 𝑙 𝐵𝛿𝑇 = (20-4)*5*𝛿𝑇. 𝛿𝑇 = 30/(16*5) = 0.375 m.
Added weight method
• The original displacement of the barge is ρ𝐿𝐵𝑇.
• When the barge settles in the water, the draft increases by 𝛿𝑇. The total
added mass of water in the bilged compartment is ρ𝑙𝐵(𝑇 + 𝛿𝑇). Consider the
barge to be intact. The additional buoyancy force is ρ𝐿𝐵(𝛿𝑇)𝑔. So, ρ𝑙𝐵(𝑇 +
𝛿𝑇) = ρ𝐿𝐵(𝛿𝑇); 4(𝑇 + 𝛿𝑇) = 20𝛿𝑇; 4(1.5 + 𝛿𝑇) = 20𝛿𝑇; 6 = 16 𝛿𝑇; 𝛿𝑇=3/8
= 0.375 m.

Dec24-  Both methods yield an increase in the draft of 0.375 m.

Apr25

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
25 5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
26

Biran. Intro for both methods.

First, consider intact
stability.
Subscript I is for initial

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment. Intact condition.
27

First, consider
intact stability.

Biran. Intro for both

methods.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment. Lost buoyancy method.
28

Subscript L is for Lost Buoyancy

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment.
29 Lost buoyancy method

• Bad notation. The subscript L is for Lost

Buoyancy and not Longitudinal. 𝑰𝑳 is the
transverse moment of inertia after
buoyancy is lost.

Recall: 𝐺𝑀 = 0.639 m

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Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
30 5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment. Added weight method.

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
31
Where is the bulkhead
deck? Above W1L1.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
32 5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment. Added weight method.

Mass
𝜌 𝜌
𝜌 𝜌
𝜌 𝜌
.
= 1.388.
.

I does not change.

𝐵𝑀 decreases.

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
33 Recall. Free-Surface Effect.
• This effect has to be considered in the added weight method.
• Recall that for a wall-sided barge the coords of the CoB are
𝑦 = 𝐵𝑀 tan(𝜙) and 𝑧 = 𝐵𝑀 tan (𝜙) /2. [Biran, 2nd Ed. P 60. Eq. (2.65)]

The CoB moves on the arc of a circle with center as M and radius 𝐵𝑀 = 𝑏 𝑚. So, the horizontal
distance by which it moves is 𝑏 𝑚 tan 𝜙

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
34 Recall. Free-Surface Effect.

Moment = mass * lever arm

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
35 Recall. Free-Surface Effect.

= Decrease in GM

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
36
𝑖 on the previous slide is 𝑖 here
5.5 Bilging of
a midship
compartment.
Added weight
𝑙 = decrease in 𝐺𝑀 because of the method.
free surface effect

𝑲𝑩𝑨 is equal to 𝑲𝑩𝑳

𝑲𝑩𝑨 𝐵𝑀𝑨 𝑲𝐺𝑨 ℓ

Dec24- 𝑴𝑹𝑨 is equal to 𝑴𝑹𝑳

Apr25

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment.
37 Comparison of results obtained using 2 methods

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
38 What if there is another watertight deck?

• A cuboidal barge has L=100 m, B = 20 m, T = 4 m, D = 6 m. It is sub-divided

longitudinally by 3 transverse bulkheads that run from the keel to the main deck
and from port to starboard. It has a double bottom that is 1 m deep. The central
double-bottom tank is bilged. Find the new draft.

W L

Double
100 m
bottom

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Apr25

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
39 Change in the CoG. General Case.
• A system has mass M. Its CoG is at 𝐺. A mass 𝑚 is added at 𝑔. The new CoG is at
𝐺 . The change in the CoG is 𝐺𝐺 and is parallel to the line joining 𝐺 with 𝑔.
𝐺𝐺 = . The new CoG lies between the original CoG and 𝑔.

• A system has mass M. Its CoG is at 𝐺. If the mass m is removed from 𝑔, 𝐺𝐺 =

. The original CoG lies between the new CoG and 𝑔. This is used to find the
change in the CoB in Flooding of a Side Compartment by B&D.
L24&25&26S39. This expression is derived for the case of 2 masses on the
next slide.
• The above expressions are derived by taking moments about the original CoG.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
40 Change in the CoG. Two masses.
• Masses m1 and m2 are at x1 and x2. Find the CoG. Mass m2 is removed. Find
the change in the CoG. Let M = m1+m2.
• 𝐺 = CoG1 = (m1x1+m2x2)/(m1+m2). After m2 is removed, 𝐺 = CoG2 =
(m1x1)/(m1) = x1. With respect to the COG1, m2 was at
𝑔 = x2 - (m1x1+m2x2)/(m1+m2) = m1(x2-x1) /(m1+m2). Therefore, wrt CoG1,
the final CoG is at x1 - (m1x1+m2x2)/(m1+m2) = m2(x1 - x2)/(m1+m2) =
- m2g/ m1 = - m2g/(M-m1) = 𝐺𝐺

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5.6 Flooding of a side compartment at midship.
41 Barrass and Darrett. 7th Ed. p 140.

Waterplane area.
𝐵 = Breadth of vessel
𝑙 = length of flooded comp.
𝑎 = WPA of flooded comp.

B = CoB before flooding.

B1 = CoB after flooding
before the vessel heels.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
42

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
43 Approximate
Analysis
To find the new equivolume
waterline, assume parallel
XM = difference between sinkage followed by a list. For
z coords of G and M parallel sinkage, the CoB is 𝐵 .
After listing, the CoB is 𝐵 .

To find 𝑊 𝐿 consider
equivolume sinkage.
𝐵 is above 𝐵. Original
∇=100*18*7.5
Show y𝐵𝐵 = . =13,500 m3.
𝑤 = lost volume. WPA after
flooding = 𝐵
𝑑=yCoB of lost
WPA =100*18-15*9
vol. 𝑊 = uw vol. = 1665 m2. New draft
after bilging. See = ∇/WPA = 8.108 m
Bilged barge. Find 𝐵 . See the
S39. next slide.
Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
44 Bilged Barge. CoB.
• Step 1. Equivolume parallel sinkage. Find the CoB 𝐵 after parallel sinkage. The
centroid of the intact WPA is on the centerline. The CoB of the bilged barge is the
centroid of the damaged WPA. To find the new yCoB, take moments about the
centerline. The centroid of the lost WPA is 𝑑 = centroid of lost volume.
• 𝑊𝑃𝐴 − 𝑊𝑃𝐴 𝑦𝐶𝑜𝐵 = 𝑊𝑃𝐴 0 − 𝑊𝑃𝐴 𝑑

• 𝑦𝐶𝑜𝐵 =− for a cuboidal barge. See S39.

• For the general case 𝑦𝐶𝑜𝐵 =− . See 𝐺𝐺 = on S39

• What is 𝐵 for a ship? Find the lost volume. A layer of water is added above the
original waterline. Find its thickness by using the hydrostatic curve for WPA.
∫ 𝑊𝑃𝐴 − 𝑎(𝑇) d𝑇 = lost volume
• Step 2. Equivolume inclination.
Dec24- • See S43 and S46
Apr25

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
45 5.6 Flooding of a side compartment at midship.
• To find the horizontal
SHIFT in the CoB, after the
𝑇 = initial or intact draft increase in the draft but
𝑇 = new uniform draft before heeling, take
before heeling moments of the volume
about the intact CoB and
=𝑇
divide by the (new = old)
total volume

Total volume = 𝐿𝐵𝑇 = • Method 1. New Vol.

(𝐿𝐵 − 𝑎)𝑇 ( / ) /
𝐵𝐵 = = =
( )
∗ ∗( / )
∗ ∗
=0.36495 m
( / )
• Method 2. Original Vol. 𝐵𝐵 = =
Dec24- ∗ ∗ . ( / )
Apr25
= 0.36495 m
∗ ∗ .

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
46 Moment of Inertia of Damaged WPA
• After parallel sinkage, the Moment of Inertia of the damaged waterplane area about the
centerline can be found in many ways.
• Method 1. B&D consider the intact port-side half of the WPA and the damaged stbd-side. The MoI
is found about the Centerline of the vessel. The MoI of a rectangle about the edge along the length
is 𝐼 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ /3. For the intact side, the length is the full length, 𝐿. For the damaged
side, it is 𝐿 − 𝑙.
( / ) ( / )
• MoI = + = −

• Method 2. Find the MoI of the

original WAP about its Centerline.
Subtract the MoI of the damaged
part about its edge.
( / )
• MoI = − = −
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
47 Transverse Moment of Inertia of Damaged WPA about the CoF

• The centroid of the damaged WPA (CoF) is at y = -0.365 m (ISO coordinates)

• The MoI about the CoF is (Parallel axis theorem)

𝐼 =44,733 m4
Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
48 5.6 Flooding of a side compartment at midship.
• After parallel sinkage, use the MoI to find the damaged BM and then the GM. Original
and flooded UW Volume are the same. It is easier here to use the original UW Volume.

• At this stage, it is assumed that

the flooded vessel is on even
keel. The KB is half the flooded
draft.
• 𝐾𝑀 = 𝐾𝐵 + 𝐵𝑀 = 7.37 m
• KG does not change after bilging
• 𝐺𝑀 = 𝐾𝑀 − 𝐾𝐺 = 3.37 m

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
49 List Angle. Approximate Analysis.

GM after parallel sinkage is

approximately the GM after
listing. After listing, M lies on the
line joining G and 𝐵 . See S51.

XM = difference between
z coords of G and M. It is
the initial metacentric
height after bilging.
𝐵

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
50 5.6 List of flooded barge. Approximate Analysis.
• New CoF is at 𝐵 . Check this.
• Barrass and Derrett give an expression for tan(List). In the next lecture, we
will find the list for 5.7 using Archimedes principle and Stevin’s Law.

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
51

Name a Naval Arch book that you read in the last one week

Read books, magazines, and journals

and become outstanding Naval Architects

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 26
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
1 26 Mar 2025

Stability of Ships
B. Tech. NA&SB. 2021-25. 20-215-0406
Department of Ship Technology
CUSAT, Kochi 682022
3 credits

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
Adjunct Faculty
9446577239
[email protected]

Dec24-
Apr25 Only for personal use by CUSAT NA&SB students

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
Stability of Ships. Course Content.
2
Exam question paper will be based on this.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 1
 3/26/2025

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
3 Stability of Ships. Course Content

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
4 Course Content
Completed
• Module 1. Stability Terms. 06 Lectures.
• Module 2. Initial (Transverse) Stability. 07 lectures.
• Module 3. Large Angle Transverse Stability. 07 lectures.
• Module 4. Longitudinal Stability. 03 Lectures
Today
• 5. Damaged Stability

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 2
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5 Module 5
• 5.1 What is damaged stability?
• 5.2 Bilging
• 5.3 Surface and volume permeability
• 5.4 Two methods for assessing damaged stability
• 5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment
• 5.6 Flooding of a side compartment at midship
• 5.7 Exact analysis of a barge with an off-center full-length flooded compartment
Today
• 5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.
Later
• 5.9 Floodable length curve
• 5.10 Damaged stability regulations
• 5.11 Stability in waves
Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
6 5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.

• Read Rawson and Tupper. 5th Ed. Chap 5. pp 145-

• Lost Buoyancy method
• When a compartment with the same CoF as the ship is flooded, the CoF of
the ship after parallel sinkage does not change. The CoB of such a
compartment can be different from the CoB of the ship. If so, the CoBs of the
ship before and after parallel sinkage will be different.
• Consider the parallelepipedic barge shown in the figure. It has a
parallelepipedic compartment at the center as shown. When the
compartment is flooded, the CoF, xCoB,
and yCoB before and after flooding are
the same. The zCoB increases.
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
7 5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.

• In the following, there is there is no double bottom or watertight deck

between the initial and final waterlines
• See pp 149

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
8 5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.
• General procedure for finding final attitude of a ship when ANY compartment is flooded
• Rawson 5th Ed. Lost buoyancy method.
• 6 steps

Find CF using the first moment

• Details of the 6 steps are in the following slides

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
9 Rawson. 6 steps. Lost Buoyancy
• When a compartment is flooded, the ship will heel and trim so that more of
the flooded side is submerged – as shown in the figure – to compensate for
the lost buoyancy. The final CoB is at B1. Note that in the 6 steps, Rawson
does not present the new CoB. It is to be found by using the condition that
𝑩𝑮 is perpendicular to the water surface.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
10 General Procedure
• To find the attitude of a ship after a compartment is flooded, the following
procedure can be followed. It is a rephrased version of the procedure in Rawson.
• Find the lost buoyancy (volume), the CoF, and the CoB of the compartment
• Assume that the ship undergoes parallel sinkage first followed by heel and trim
• Find the draft and CoF after the parallel sinkage. The CoF after parallel sinkage and
the lost compartment will lie on opposite sides of the intact CoF.
• For the simpler cases of flooding such as barges with cuboidal compartments (See
L24 to L27) the CoB after parallel sinkage is also found.
• For ship with complex uw shapes, find the 𝐵𝑀 and the 𝐵𝑀 . Recall that 𝐵𝑀 = 𝐼/𝑉
is easier to find than the CoB. Use them to find the 𝐺𝑀 and the 𝐺𝑀 . Then, find the
heel and trim angles by using the lost moment.
• After heel and trim, the final CoF and CoB will lie on the same side as the lost
Dec24-
compartment – with respect to the original CoF and CoB.
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 5
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.
11

Ship info

• Compartment
info is on the
next slide.
Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
12 5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.

Rawson. pp 149. Find the attitude of the ship after bilging.

Compartment info
Plan area = 100 m2. Centroid = 70 m fwd of midship and 13 m to
starboard.
Volume = 1000 m3. Centroid = 68.5 fwd of midship and 12 m to
starboard and 5 m above keel.
Step (i)
Dec24-
Lost Buoyancy = vol of compart. *permeability= 1000 * 0.7 = 700 m3.
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 6
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
13 Centre of Floatation

2
2

• Rawson 5th Ed
• Compartment vol = 1000 m3.
• Lost buoyancy = 1000*1025 kg = 1025 t
Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
14 Overview of the Lost Buoyancy Method
• A forward compartment has been flooded.
• As in the earlier simpler cases, find the parallel sinkage, the damaged CoF, and
then the inclination about the damaged CoF
• To find the inclination, the moment of inertia of the damaged WPA is needed
•
• After parallel sinkage will the damaged CoF move forward or aft? Ans. Aft
• After parallel sinkage will the damaged CoB move forward or aft? Ans. Aft
• After inclination (heel and trim), the CoF and CoB will be in the same
direction as the lost compartment.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 7
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
15 5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.

• Study Rawson. Understand the ideas explained by using a numerical

example
• In Step (ii), consider parallel sinkage. The CoF of the damaged waterplane
area moves to the aft with respect to the original CoF because a forward
compartment has been bilged and it moves to the port because a starboard
compartment has been bilged. See the next slide for the details.
• Step (iia). Damaged WPA. It is assumed that the ship is locally wall-sided.
• WPA after flooding = WPA before flooding – WPA of compartment = 4540
– 100 = 4440 m2

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
16
• Step (iib). CoF after parallel sinkage.
• With respect to the original CoF, xCoF of WPA moves = - moment of damaged
WPA/damaged WPA
= - Area of damaged WPA (Dist between centroid of compartment’s WPA
and CoF of intact WPA) / damaged WPA
= - 100(70-1)/4440 = -1.554 m. The minus sign indicates that the CoF
moves aft
• Wrt original CoF, yCoF of damaged WPA moves = -moment of damaged WPA
/ damaged WPA = - 100*13/4440 = -0.293 m. It moves to the port.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 8
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
17 • Rawson. 6
5.5 Rawson.
steps 4540-100 Example.
𝒙𝑪𝒐𝑭𝑰
Take moment about 𝐶𝐹
xCoF of
flooded
compt.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
18 5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.

• Moment of Inertia is the ratio between the torque applied and the resulting
angular acceleration about that axis.
Step (iii) the transverse and longitudinal 𝑩𝑴 are found after parallel sinkage
• Find 𝐼 of damaged WPA about the Centerline. Then, find the 𝐼 about the
CoF after parallel sinkage.
• Use the parallel axis theorem to find 𝐼 of the WPA about the CoF after
parallel sinkage. Use that 𝐼 to find the list.
• Intact 𝐼 = BM * Volume = (KM – KB) * Volume = (11.40 – 5.25) *
30000/1.025 = 179.89e3 m4. Rawson uses 1/1.025 ≅ 0.975. Explain.
• The final CoF is not the CoF after parallel sinkage because the ship trims and
heels and the CoF changes because of that. Recall Krylov’s method.
Dec24-
Apr25

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
19 • Rawson. Step 3 of 6.

𝐼 = 𝐵𝑀 Volume
𝐾𝑀 - 𝐾𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 See next slide
=179.89e3 m4

Damaged I Is less than intact I

Subtract lost I. Then use Parallel axis theorem.

Compartment volume not subtracted as lost vol = gained vol

𝐾𝑀 - 𝐾𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 = 𝐵𝑀

Dec24- 𝐾𝑀 - 𝐾𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
20
Step (iii) continued
Subtract lost I. Then use Parallel axis theorem.

• On S19, the I of the damaged compartment about its own axis is neglected.
• On S20, the I of a damaged rectangle with a cut-out rectangle is found using
two methods. The I of the damaged compartment about its own axis is
included. Both methods yield the same results.
Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 10
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
21 Exact I about an axis of a “Damaged” rectangle
• From a L = 2 m & B = 1 m rectangle, a 𝑙 = 0.4 m x 𝑏 = 0.2 m piece is cut out as
shown. Find the exact transverse 𝐼 before and after the piece is cut.
• Before cut. 𝐼 = 𝐵𝐿 /12 = 2/3. Cut area 𝑎= 0.08 m2. 𝑖𝓎𝓎 = 𝑏𝑙 /12. Dist between
CoF of cut piece and axis = − = 0.8 m.
2m
• After cut, find the I about the yy axis. y
𝓎
• Method 1. 𝐼 = 𝐼 −𝑎 − − 𝑖𝓎𝓎
1m
• = 0.6667 – 0.0512 – 0.11 = 0.6144 m4 0.2 m
y
• Method 2. Use 3 rectangles. 𝓎

( )
• 𝐼 = + + + (𝐵 − 𝑏)𝑙 −𝑙 = 0.3333 + 0.0720 + 0.0043 +
0.2048 = 0.6144 m4. Both Methods yield the same result.
Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
22 0.975 m3/t is used by Rawson
• Density of sea water is approx. 1025 kg/m3 = 1.025 t/m3
• The reciprocal is approx. 0.975 m3/t. For small 𝑥, 1 − 𝑥 ≅ 1.
• 1+𝑥 ≅
1
1−𝑥

Rawson. pp 53

Type equation here.

Dec24-
Apr25

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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
23 • Summary
Slide of Steps 4540-100 5.5 Rawson.
(i) to (iii) Example.
Take moment about 𝐶𝐹
𝑪𝑭𝑰

CF of
flooded
compt.
See next slide
𝐾𝑀 - 𝐾𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀 𝐼 = 𝐵𝑀 Volume
=179.89e3 m4
I about new CF is lower than I about old CF
Subtract lost I. Then use Parallel axis theorem.

= 𝐵𝑀
Compartment volume not subtracted as lost vol = gained vol
Dec24- 𝐾𝑀 - 𝐾𝐵 = 𝐵𝑀
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
24 Rawson. 6 steps. Lost Buoyancy
• In Step 3, the transverse and longitudinal 𝑩𝑴 are found.
• In Step 4, the rise in B is found. But the xCoB and yCoB are not found.
• CoB (centroid of the underwater volume) after parallel sinkage will behave
like the CoF (centroid of the waterplane are) because they are both
centroids. After parallel sinkage, both move away from the lost
compartment. See 𝐵 in the earlier lecture.
• The final CoB is not the CoB after parallel sinkage. It is the centroid of the
new volume that is underwater after the ship has changed its attitude (draft
amidship, heel, and trim) because of the flooding. It is vertically below the
original CoG which has not changed.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 12
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
25 Rawson. 6 steps. Lost Buoyancy
• We are half-way through Step 3 in which we have to find 𝐵𝑴 and 𝐵𝑴
• In Step 3, a term in the moment of inertia is neglected. What is its value?

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
26 5.7 Sinkage, heel, and trim due to bilging. General case.
Subtract lost I. Then use Parallel axis theorem.

Lost volume = Compartment vol * Vol

permeability

Lost volume/Damaged WPA

Lost volume(Original draft +0.5 Increase in draft – CoB flooded compt)

Take Moment about Keel
𝐾𝐵 + Rise in B + 𝐵𝑴 - 𝐾𝐺

12 + 0.29 = 12.29 m = dist between lost buoy and new CF

∆ 𝑮𝑴 sin 𝜃 = Moment about CF

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 13
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
27 Rawson. 6 steps. Lost Buoyancy
• In Step 4, note that lost volume = gained volume. To find the rise in B, take
moments about the original CoB. The CoB of the gained volume is
approximately at original draft + 0.5*increase in draft = 10+0.08 m. Heel
and trim will cause a change in the CoB of the added volume. The CoB of
the lost volume is at 5 m.
• In Step 5, the new 𝑲𝑴𝑭 (F is for flooded ) = Original 𝑲𝑩 + rise in 𝑩 +
𝑩𝑴𝑭 . 𝑲𝑮 does not change. Therefore, 𝑮𝑴𝑭 = 𝑲𝑴𝑭 - 𝑲𝑮
• In Step 6, ∆ is used. The total displacement is always ∆ =30,000 t.
Therefore, the total underwater volume is 30,000/1.025 ≈ 0.975*30,000
before and after the flooding.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
28 Rawson. 6 steps. Lost Buoyancy
• In Step 6, the heeling moment is caused by a loss of buoyancy. It is equal to
lost volume * CoB of lost volume with respect to the CF. The damaged CF is
at port 0.29 m (See Step 2). The CoB of the lost volume is at 12 m starboard.
Therefore, the lever arm is 12.29 m.
• The longitudinal distance between the lost CoB and the damaged CF = lost
CoB – (Original CF + change in CF) = 68.5 – (1 – 1.55) m. Note that change
in CF is negative as it moves aft. This is used in Step 6.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 14
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
29 Attitude and Damaged Stability
• Recall that the attitude of a ship is fully defined when the draft amidship and
the angles of heel and trim are known.
• These 3 have been found approximately for the flooded ship but the new CoB
has not been found.

• The Damaged Stability curves are to be computed.

• The damaged initial righting moment is found in Step 6

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General
30 case.

• Read Rawson. 5th Ed.

• When a compartment is flooded, the waterplane area changes. It has a new

Center of Floatation. The Principal Axes are, in general, not along the
centerline of the ship and perpendicular to the centerline. They are to be
found.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 15
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
31 Watertight Deck. Reserve Buoyancy

• Tupper 4th Ed. pp 121

• In any analysis, pay special attention to the assumptions. The results, in
general, are not valid when the assumptions are not valid.
• Tupper. The watertight deck is above the original and damaged
waterplanes.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
32 Watertight Deck

• Rawson and Tupper. 5th Ed. pp 149

• This means that even though the compartment is assumed to be fully flooded, the
free-surface effect is to be considered as air may be entrapped
• Example. Double bottom

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 16
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
33

• https://www.ae.msstate.ed
u/vlsm/shape/area_mome
nts_of_inertia/papmi.htm

• See next slide for the use of

Principal Axes

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
34

Submerged area

Rawson
Emerged area
6 step approach is ok for
upto 10 deg heel angle
For higher angles, use
trial and error or
successive approximation
method to find the attitude
of the ship

Dec24- Flooded compartment

Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 17
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
Rawson. Very large angles of heel.
35 Trial and Error method.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
36 Semyonov. Method of Successive Approximations

• Read Semyonov pp 321-331. Damaged Stability

• This method is to be used when the ship is not wall-sided

• In modern computer programs the method of successive approximations is

used. So you should understand this well.

• The next few slides are for self-study by students. It is not a part of Module V.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 18
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
37 Semyonov. Method of Successive Approximations

Students should read Semyonov

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
38 Semyonov. Method of Successive Approximations

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 19
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
39

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
40 Semyonov. Method of Successive Approximations

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 20
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
41 Semyonov. Method of Successive Approximations

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
42 Semyonov. Method of Successive Approximations

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 21
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
43 Semyonov. Method of Successive Approximations

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
44

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 22
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
45

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
46

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 23
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
47

Read books, magazines, and journals

and become outstanding Naval Architects

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 24
 28-03-2025

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
1 28 Mar 2025

Stability of Ships
B. Tech. NA&SB. 2021-25. 20-215-0406
Department of Ship Technology
CUSAT, Kochi 682022
3 credits

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
Adjunct Faculty
9446577239
[email protected]

Dec24-
Apr25 Only for personal use by CUSAT NA&SB students

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
Stability of Ships. Course Content.
2
Exam question paper will be based on this.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 1
 28-03-2025

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
3 Stability of Ships. Course Content

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
4 Course Content
Completed
• Module 1. Stability Terms. 06 Lectures.
• Module 2. Initial (Transverse) Stability. 07 lectures.
• Module 3. Large Angle Transverse Stability. 07 lectures.
• Module 4. Longitudinal Stability. 03 Lectures
Today
• 5. Damaged Stability

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 2
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
5 Module 5
• 5.1 What is damaged stability?
• 5.2 Bilging
• 5.3 Surface and volume permeability
• 5.4 Two methods for assessing damaged stability
• 5.5 Bilging of a midship compartment
• 5.6 Flooding of a side compartment at midship
• 5.7 Exact analysis of a barge with an off-center full-length flooded compartment
• 5.8 Flooding of a side compartment forward of CoF. General case.
Today
• 5.9 Floodable length curve
• 5.10 Damaged stability regulations
Later
• 5.11 Stability in waves
Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
6 IMO Statement on Subdivision
• https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Pages/ShipDesignAndStability-
default.aspx
• “Ships shall be as efficiently subdivided as is possible having regard to the
nature of the service for which they are intended. The degree of subdivision
shall vary with the subdivision length of the ship and with the service, in
such manner that the highest degree of subdivision corresponds with the
ships of greatest subdivision length, primarily engaged in the carriage of
passengers.”

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 3
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
7 Biran. International Regulations
• Students should read this introduction

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
8 Students should read these
• https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-
at-Sea-(SOLAS),-1974.aspx

• https://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/ConferencesMeetings/Pages/SOLAS.aspx
• https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/SOLAS_consolidated_text_of_the_Internati/YKGeyAEACAAJ?
hl=en
• https://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/ConferencesMeetings/Pages/Marpol.aspx

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 4
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
9 5.8 SOLAS. RoRo Ships
• “Roll-on/roll-off
ships are considered
by the maritime
profession … as the
most unsafe ships in
operation”

• Some of you may

design a RoRo ship
in the final year

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
10 5.8 Basic Definitions

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 5
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
11 maximum allowable submergence
• In earlier classes, the effect of flooding on the attitude of the ship was presented.
• Today, we consider the maximum allowable submergence of the damaged ship – at the design
stage.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
12 Margin Line
• Note the angle at which the margin line is submerged

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 6
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
13 Damage Conditions Assessment

11.4.1 Assessment of Floodable Length

11.4.2 Deterministic Assessment of Damaged Stability
11.4.3 Probabilistic Assessment of Floodable and Damaged Stability

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
14 5.8 Floodable Lengths

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 7
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
15 Assessment of Floodable Length
• The floodable length curve addresses only the buoyancy but not the stability
after damage. New rules address stability.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
16 11.4.2 Deterministic Assessment of Damage Stability

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 8
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
17 11.4.2 Deterministic Assessment of Damage Stability

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
18 11.4.3 The Probabilistic Assessment of Flooding and Damage Stability

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 9
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
19 Curve of Floodable Length

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
20 Floodable Length
• The permeability is usually less than 100%. So, a large compartment can be
flooded 1. One compartment is floodable
Fig. 11.8.a shows
• If the waterline 2. Allowance for permeability the max allowable
3. Two compartments are floodable
should be length of the
compartment. If a
tangent to the compartment is
margin line flooded, the
waterline will be
even if two tangent to the
compartments margin line.
are flooded, the
floodable length
of each
compartment
Dec24-
≅ half the
Apr25
floodable length

Dr. DD Ebenezer 10
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
21 Boundaries of the floodable length compartment

• The x axis is drawn using 1:100 scale. The y axis is drawn using 1:200 scale.
• In effect, floodable length/2 is on the y axis. Example: if the local floodable
length is 20 m, the y coordinate will be 10 cm.
• If 45 deg to the vertical lines are drawn, the left and right halves are both
equal to floodable length/2, 𝐿 /2.
• This geometric method to mark the limits of the compartment is easy. That is
why the y axis scale (1:200) is half the x axis scale (1:100).

𝐿 /2

Dec24-
Apr25 𝐿 /2 𝐿 /2

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
22 Curve of Floodable Length

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 11
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
23 Curve of Floodable Length

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
Characteristics of the Floodable Length Curve
24

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 12
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
25 Home Work
• One compartment in a ship with port-starboard symmetry but no forward-
aft symmetry is flooded. The ship remains upright and does not heel or trim.
What can you say about the flooded compartment?
• A cuboidal barge has L, B, T, D. Find the floodable length at amidships.
• A cuboidal barge has L, B, T, D. There are only transverse bulkheads. The
length of the midship compartment is equal to the floodable length. Then, a
longitudinal bulkhead is added at the centerline. The starboard side
compartment at midship is flooded. Find the attitude of the barge. Will the
margin line be submerged?

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
26

The Flooding Process

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 13
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
27 Free-Surface Recall
• Heeling moment ≅ Mass of liquid in the tank × transverse distance its CoG has moved
• Transverse distance CoG of entire liquid in tank has moved = 𝐵 tan 𝜙 /(12𝑇) =𝑏 𝑚 tan 𝜙
• 𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑖 /𝜐 . See the next slide for notation.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
28 𝐺 = Effective or virtual CoG because of the free surface effect
𝑀 𝑀
Recall
𝐺
𝑍
𝐺
𝜙 𝐺 𝐺 𝐺 𝐺 cos 𝜙 =
𝐺
𝐺 𝐺 sin 𝜙
𝑍
𝜙
𝐺
𝐺
• 𝐺 = Original CoG
• 𝐺 = CoG after half the tank is emptied w/o considering the 𝐺 𝐵
free surface effect
• 𝐺 = CoG after the ship heels
Dec24-
Apr25
• 𝐺 = Effective or virtual CoG because of the free surface effect

Dr. DD Ebenezer 14
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
29 Recall
Free surface
effect can be
thought of as
reduction in
GM,
reduction in
righting
See L12S22 lever, or a
heeling lever
= 𝐺𝐺 cos 𝜙

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
30
Free-Surface Recall
• “Effect does not depend on the position of the tank” because only the change
in the CoG is important.

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 15
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
31 Details of the Flooding Process

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
32 Cross Flooding

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 16
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Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
33 Cross Flooding

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. D. D. Ebenezer
34

Read books, magazines, and journals

and become outstanding Naval Architects

Dec24-
Apr25

Dr. DD Ebenezer 17