Cagayan State University – Carig Campus

College of Engineering and Architecture

Civil Engineering Department

FLUID MECHANICS
(ES 018) Introduction
ENGR. JOHN CARLO B. MAMPUSTI
Instructor
 Civil Engineering Department
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 FLUI MECHANICS
D
Flui – a substance in liquid or Mechanics – science that deals
gas phase.
d with bodies at rest (Statics) and
with moving bodies (Dynamics).

Fluid Mechanics – is the science that deals with of fluid at rest

(fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics).
Hydrodynamics – the study of motion of fluids that Hydraulics – deals can
Categories be approximated as incompressible (such as Sub-category with flow of
liquid in
liquids, most especially water, and gases at low pipes and open
speeds) channels

Gas dynamics – deals with the flow of fluids that undergo

significant density changes , such as flow of gases through
 nozzles at high speed.

aerodynamics – deals with the flow of gases (air) over bodies

of aircrafts, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds.
Others …
APPLICATION OF FLUID MECHANICS
Tornado
Typhoon
Climate Change
Dams and Reservoir Irrigation and Canals
Agriculture Natural flow
Cars and Train
Aircraft Spacecraft Industrial Application
 Wind Turbines Power plant
Piping and Plumbing Systems
Human Body
Lab on Chip
 And Many more……..
Ventricular Assistant Device
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID VS. SOLIDS

SOLID -Can resist FLUI

applied shear stress by D
deforming. - Fluid deform
continuously under
- Stress is proportional to the influence of a
strain. shear stress, no
matter how small.
- It stops deforming at some - Stress is
fixed strain angle when proportional to
constant shear is applied. strain rate.

- Fluid never stops

deforming
SOLID FLUID
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID VS. SOLIDS

-densely spaced molecules with large - molecules are spaced apart (10-6 -10-7mm),
intermolecular cohesive forces to intermolecular forces are smaller, more maintain
its shape. freedom in movement. (Liquid or Gas)

Molecules are at Molecules move about relatively fixed

positioneach other in liquid
phase
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID VS. SOLIDS
Molecules move about at random in gas phase
FLUID
- molecules are spaced apart (10-6 -10-7mm),
intermolecular forces are smaller, more
freedom in movement. (Liquid or Gas)

Liquid follows the shape of

container.

Unlike liquid, gas does not form a free

surface, and it expand till the entire
surface
NO - SLIP CONDITION

• A fluid in direct contact with a solid

“sticks” to the surface, and there is no
slip.

• A fluid in motion comes to a complete

stop at the surface and assumes a zero-
velocity relative to the surface.

• The flow region adjacent to the wall in

which the viscous effects (and thus the
velocity gradients) are significant is called
the boundary layer.
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Viscous Vs. Inviscid Flow

Viscous flow
- Flows in which frictional effects
are significant. Viscosity is the
resistance to flow.

Inviscid flow
- Flow in which viscosity is
negligible. Neglecting the viscous
terms in such inviscid flow regions
greatly simplifies the analysis
without much loss in accuracy.
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Internal Vs. External Flow

Flow of fluids is classified as external or internal flow depending on
whether the fluid flows in confined space or over the surface

Internal Flow External Flow

- Flow in a pipe or duct (confined space) - Flow of unbounded fluid over a surface - -if
fluid is bounded by solid surface such as plate, wire, or a pipe.
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Note: Flow of duct is open channel (e.g. irrigation ditches,

and river)
Compressible Vs. Incompressible Flow
Flow is classified as compressible or incompressible depending on level of
variation of density during flow.
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Fluid is incompressible when:

• the density remains nearly constant throughout.
• Volume of every portion of fluid remains unchanged over the course
of its motion.
Gases are highly compressible.
Laminar Vs. Turbulent Flow
Flow is classified as Laminar, transitional, or Turbulent flow depending on
their Reynolds number (Re).
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Turbulent Flow
Transitional
-highly disordered fluid

Laminar Flow
-highly ordered -occurs at high velocity
fluid motion between being and characterized by
characterized by laminar and velocity fluctuation.
smooth layers of turbulent
fluid Re>4000
Re<2000 2000<
Re<4000
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Flow motion.
-alternates

Is it a Laminar or
Turbulent flow?
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Natural Vs. Forced Flow

Forced Flow – when a fluid forced to flow over a surface of pipe by means of
external flow such as pump or fan

Natural Flow – due to natural means such as buoyancy effect which

manifests itself as the rise of warmer (lighter fluid) and fall of cooler
(denser).
- Example: Mantle’s convection current, hot air balloon, etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Steady Vs. Unsteady Flow

Steady Flow – no change of
properties, velocity,
temperature, etc., at a point
with time.

Unsteady Flow – just the

opposite of steady flow. It is
most generally term that
applies to any flow that is not
steady, but transient is
typically used for developing
flows.
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOWS

Uniform Vs. Non-Uniform

Flow
Uniform Flow – this implies that
all fluid properties (velocity,
pressure, temperature, etc.) do
not vary with position.
Uniform Flow Non-uniform Flow
DIMENSION AND UNITS
Dimensions
The quantitative description requires both a number and a standard
by which various quantities can be compared.

L (Length) Area � 2

Velocity � �−1
�
Primary M (mass) Secondary
Quantities
Density� � −3
Quantities ��
T (time)

Force 𝑀 �−2
��

𝐿 �
DIMENSIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS
The dimensions of the left side of the equation must be the same as those

on the right side, and all additive separate terms must have the same
dimensions
SYSTEMS OF UNITS

1. International System
2. English Engineering System (EE System)
Exercise:
Evaluate each of the following to three significant figures, and express each answer

749𝜇𝑚
in SI units using an appropriate prefix

a.
63𝑚𝑠
b. (34mm)(0.0763Ms)/ 263mg
c. (4.78mm)(263Mg)
Exercise:

a. 20°𝐶 𝑡𝑜 ℉
Convert the following temperature

b. 500K to degree Celsius

c. 125℉ to Rankine