DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

1. A three phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 159,000 cmil.54/3 stranding
conductor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 10 m as shown in figure. The conductors
have a diameter of 3.625 cm. The GMR of each conductor is 0.0159 m. Line length is 200 km
(a) Find inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the line. (c) Verify the result
using MATLAB

MATLAB Program :

clear all
Dab = input('Distance between a & b ? ')
Dbc = input('Distance between b & c ? ')
Dca = input('Distance between c & a ? ')
Dia = input('Diameter of the conductor ? ')
GMR = input('GMR ? ')
n = input('No. of bundled condrs. ? ')
if n > 1
d = input('Bundle Spacing ? ')
else
d = 0
end
 GMD = (Dab*Dbc*Dca)^(1/3)
GMRL = (GMR*d^(n-1))^(1/n)
GMRC = ((Dia/2)*d^(n-1))^(1/n)
L = 0.2*(log(GMD/GMRL))
C = 0.0556/(log(GMD/GMRC))

ANSWER
Distance between a & b ? 10

Dab =

10

Distance between b & c ? 10

Dbc =

10

Distance between c & a ? 20

Dca =

20

Diameter of the conductor ? 3.625

Dia =

3.6250

GMR ? 0.0159

GMR =

0.0159

No. of bundled condrs. ? 1

n=

d=

0
 GMD =

12.5992

GMRL =

0.0159

GMRC =

1.8125

L=

1.3350

C=

0.0287

2. A three phase, 60 Hz, completely 345 kV, 200 km transmissions line has two 2 ACSR
conductors per bundle and the following positive sequence line constants: z= 0.032 + j 0.35
Ω/km. y = j 4.2 x 10-6 S/km. Full load at the receiving end of the line is 700MW at 0.99 p.f
leading and 95% of rated voltage. Use medium line Π method. i) Determine the voltage and
current at sending end and also compute voltage regulation and efficiency. ii) Verify the results
using the MATLAB program
Program
clear all
Pd = input('Load ? ')
PF = input('Power factor ? ')
Vr = input('Rec.End Volt ? ')
 R = input('Resistance ? ')
X = input('Reactance ? ')
y = input('Shunt admit. ? ')
l = input('Length ? ')
z = R+j*X
Z = z*l
Y = y*l
A = 1+(Z*Y/2)
B = Z
C = Y*(1+(Z*Y/4))
D = A
Vr = Vr/sqrt(3)
theta=acos(PF)
Ir = Pd*(cos(theta)-j*sin(theta))/(3*Vr*PF)
Vs = A*Vr+B*Ir;
Vsm = abs(Vs)
Is = C*Vr+D*Ir
Ism = abs(Is)
Reg = ((Vsm-Vr)/Vr)*100
PFs=cos(angle(Vs)-angle(Is))
Ps = 3*Vs*Is*PFs
TrEff = abs(Pd)/abs(Ps)*100

ANSWER
Load ? 700

Pd =

700

Power factor ? 099

PF =

99

Rec.End Volt ? 345

Vr =

345

Resistance ? 0.032

R=

0.0320

Reactance ? 0.35
X=

0.3500

Shunt admit. ? 4.2*10^-6

y=

4.2000e-006

Length ? 200

l=

200

z=

0.0320 + 0.3500i

Z=

6.4000 +70.0000i

Y=

8.4000e-004

A=

1.0027 + 0.0294i

B=

6.4000 +70.0000i

C=

8.4113e-004 +1.2348e-005i

D=

1.0027 + 0.0294i
Vr =

199.1858

theta =

0 + 5.2882i
Ir =

2.3428

Vsm =

273.7748

Is =

2.5166 + 0.0713i

Ism =

2.5177

Reg =

37.4469

PFs =

0.8015

Ps =

1.2702e+003 +1.0647e+003i

TrEff =

42.2338
3. From the one line of a three bus system shown below. It shows a transmission network with
series reactance of transmission lines all in p.u as shown. The line charging and shunt
impedances are neglected. Compute Ybus matrix. Verify the result with MATLAB Program

Program
 n=input('Enter number of buses');
l=input('Number of lines');
s=input('1.Impedance or 2:Admittance');
ybus=zeros(n,n);
lc=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:l
a=input('Starting bus:');
b=input('Ending bus:');
t=input('Admittance or Impedance of line:');
lca=input('Line charging admittance:');
if(s==1)
y(a,b)=1/t;
else
y(a,b)=t;
end
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
lc(a,b)=lca;
lc(b,a)=lc(a,b);
end
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if i==j
for k=1:n
ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)+y(i,k)+lc(i,k)/2;
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
ybus(j,i)=ybus(i,j);
end
end
ybus

Answer
Enter number of buses 3
Number of lines 3
1.Impedance or 2:Admittance 1
Starting bus:1
Ending bus:2
Admittance or Impedance of line:0.2
Line charging admittance:0
Starting bus:1
Ending bus:3
 Admittance or Impedance of line:.4
Line charging admittance:0
Starting bus:2
Ending bus:3
Admittance or Impedance of line:.1
Line charging admittance:0

ybus =
7.5000 -5.0000 -2.5000
-5.0000 15.0000 -10.0000
-2.5000 -10.0000 12.5000

4. The following is the system data for a load flow solution. Determine the voltages at the end of
first iteration using Gauss-Seidel method. Take α=1.6 .Verify the result with Power world
simulator.
The line admittances:
Bus code Impedance
1-2 0.02-j0.04
1-3 0.01+j0.03
2-3 0.0125-j0.025

The schedule of active and reactive powers:

Bus code P in MW Q in MW V in p.u Remarks
1 - - 1.06 Slack
2 256.6 110.2 1+j0.0 PQ
3 138.6 45.2 1+j0.0 PQ
5. A one line diagram of the system is shown in fig. The system contains six buses, four
generators seven branches and five loads. The bus data, branch data and generator data are
given below. The system data are prepared and the power flows are solved by Newton Raphson
Method using power world or ETAPsoftware.

Table1.1 Bus data

Bus No Type G, p.u B p.u KV Voltage in p.u

1 Swing 0 0 13.8 1.050
2 Load 0 0 230 1.000
3 Generator 0 0 230 1.020
4 Generator 0 0 230 1.010
5 Generator 0 0 18 1.050
6 Load 0 0 230 1.000
 Table 1.2 Branch data
From To Bus R, p.u X p.u B, p.u Rating in MW
Bus
1 2 0.025 0.1682 0.259 175
2 3 0.0238 0.2108 0.3017 75
3 4 0.0328 0.1325 0.0325 75
4 5 0.1021 0.8957 0.2406 100
5 6 0.213 0.8957 0.2406 75
6 2 0.1494 0.3692 0.0412 75
6 3 0.1191 0.2704 0.0328 75

Table 1.3Generator data

Bus Pg,min MW Pg,max MW Qg,min MVAR Qg,max MVAR MVAb
1 150 200 -138 138 150
3 30 63 0 98 30
4 50 70 -81 81 50
5 380 400 -110 226 380

SOFTWARE RESULT
6. A 625KVA generator with Xd’’=X2=0.20 p.u and X0=0.10 p.u is connected to a bus through
CB as shown in fig. Connected through CBs to the same bus are three synchronous motors
rated 250 h.p ,2.4KV ,UPF,90%efficency with Xd’’= X2=0.20 p.u . and X0=0.10 The motors
are operating at full load, rated voltage, UPF, with the load equally divided between machines.
(a)Draw the impendence diagram with impedances marked in a p.u on a base of
625KVA,2.4KV (b) Find the symmetrical short circuit current which must be interrupted by
breakers A and B for a three phase fault at point P,Q and R. Compare hand calculation result
with ETAP Software results
7. For an isolated single-area power system whose data are given below:
Rated capacity of the area = 25 MW
Normal operating load = 1000 MW
Nominal frequency f = 60 Hz
Inertia constant of the area H= 5.0 s
Speed regulation R= 0.05 p.u
Governor time constant TG= 0.2 s
Turbine time constant TT= 0.5 s
 Assume linear load–frequency characteristics which mean the connected system
load will increases by 1% if the system frequency increases by 1%.
(a) Find the gain and time constant of power system
(b) Use the MATLAB SIMULINK step function to obtain the frequency deviation
step response for a sudden load ∆PL = 0.2 per unit .set the integral controller
gain to KI =7.

MATLAB SIMULINK

0.2u(t)

Dw
Step Input
To Workspace

1
1 1
0.2s+1 0.5s+1 10s+0.8
Sum delta w
Sum1 Governor Turbine Inertia & load

20

1/R

1
7
s

KI Integrator

Simulation diagram for Example 12.3

8. The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in Rs/h are given by:
C1=0.004P12+5.3P1+500 Rupees/hour 200 ≤ P1 ≤ 450
C2=0.006P22+5.5P2+400 Rupees/hour 150 ≤ P2 ≤ 350
C3=0.009P32+5.8P3+200 Rupees/hour 100 ≤ P3 ≤ 225
(a) Find the optimal dispatch and total cost in Rs/h for thermal plants when the total
load is 800MW without line losses and with the following generator limits (in MW)
(b) Verify the results using MATLAB Program.

Program
alpha =[500; 400; 200];
beta = [5.3; 5.5; 5.8]; gama=[.004; .006; .009];
PD=800;
DelP = 10; % Error in DelP is set to a high value
 lambda = input('Enter estimated value of Lambda = ');
fprintf('\n ')
disp([' Lambda P1 P2 P3 DP'...
' grad Delambda'])
iter = 0; % Iteration counter
while abs(DelP) >= 0.001 % Test for convergence
iter = iter + 1; % No. of iterations
P = (lambda - beta)./(2*gama);
DelP =PD - sum(P); % Residual
J = sum( ones(length(gama), 1)./(2*gama)); % Gradient sum
Delambda = DelP/J; % Change in variable
disp([lambda, P(1), P(2), P(3), DelP, J, Delambda])
lambda = lambda + Delambda; % Successive solution
end
totalcost = sum(alpha + beta.*P + gama.*P.^2)

Answer
Enter estimated value of Lambda = 6

Lambda P1 P2 P3 DP grad Delambda

6.0000 87.5000 41.6667 11.1111 659.7222 263.8889 2.5000

8.5000 400.0000 250.0000 150.0000 0 263.8889 0

totalcost =

6.6825e+003

9. A 2220 MVA, 24KV and 60 Hz synchronous machine is connected to an infinite bus through
transformer and double circuit transmission line, as shown in fig. The infinite bus voltage
V=1.0 p.u .The direct axis transient reactance of the machine is 0.30 p.u, the transformer
reactance is 0.20 p.u, and the reactance of each the transmission line is 0.3 p.u,all to a base of
the rating of the synchronous machine. Initially, the machine is delivering 0.8 p.u real power
and reactive power is 0.074 p.u with a terminal voltage of 1.0 p.u. The inertia constant
H=5MJ/MVA. All resistances are neglected. A three phase fault occurs at the middle of one
line is cleared by isolating the faulted circuit simultaneously at both eds. The fault is cleared
in 0.3 second. Obtain the numerical solution of the swing equation for 1.0 second using
modified euler method with a step size of ∆t =0.001 second. From the the swing curve,
determine the system stability.
 EXAMPLE 11.6

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE SWING EQUATION (ONE MACHINE SYSTEM)

MATLAB SIMULINK Change the clrearing time of faut

Pm = 0.8 to find the critical clearing time

X2' x1 delta
1 x2 1
pi*60/5 180/pi
s s
Step
Sum integ1 integ2
delta
60*pi/H Rad. to Degree

Pe
1.4625*sin(u)

Fault cleared

0.65*sin(u)
Pe_
tc = 0.3 During fault

To change the clearing time of fault open the switch

dialog box and change the Threshold setting.

STABLE CONDITION
UNSTABLE CONDITION
10. To study the operation of an over current relay and analyze the effects of Plug Setting
Multiplier (PSM) and Time Setting Multiplier (TSM) using a virtual lab simulation. For
example, observe how relay trip time changes with different fault currents and TSM values.
11. To study the operation of andistance relay and analyze the effects of Plug Setting Multiplier
(PSM) and Time Setting Multiplier (TSM) using a virtual lab simulation. For example, observe
how relay trip time changes with different fault currents and TSM values
12. To obtain the bests possible estimate of state of the power system for the given set
ofmeasurement by weighted least squares method.

Internal Examiner HoD/EEE