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Memory Management Assignment CA2 JAN2205

Modern operating systems utilize various memory management techniques including contiguous memory allocation, paging, segmentation, virtual memory, demand paging, and swapping to optimize performance and resource utilization. Paging and segmentation improve memory allocation efficiency and modularity, while virtual memory allows processes to exceed physical memory limits. Demand paging enhances efficiency by loading pages only as needed, supported by page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, and Optimal.

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2 views2 pages

Memory Management Assignment CA2 JAN2205

Modern operating systems utilize various memory management techniques including contiguous memory allocation, paging, segmentation, virtual memory, demand paging, and swapping to optimize performance and resource utilization. Paging and segmentation improve memory allocation efficiency and modularity, while virtual memory allows processes to exceed physical memory limits. Demand paging enhances efficiency by loading pages only as needed, supported by page replacement algorithms like FIFO, LRU, and Optimal.

Uploaded by

Kashish
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Assignment: CA-2 JAN 2205

1. Explain the various memory management techniques used in modern operating systems

Modern operating systems use several memory management techniques to optimize performance

and resource utilization. These techniques include:

1. **Contiguous Memory Allocation**: Allocates a single contiguous block of memory to each

process. It's simple but leads to fragmentation issues.

2. **Paging**: Divides memory into fixed-size pages and divides processes into pages of the same

size. Physical memory is divided into frames, allowing non-contiguous allocation, reducing

fragmentation.

3. **Segmentation**: Divides the process into segments like code, data, and stack. Each segment

has a base and limit, offering logical division of memory.

4. **Virtual Memory**: Allows execution of processes that may not be completely in main memory. It

uses disk space as an extension of RAM, enabling larger programs to run.

5. **Demand Paging**: Loads pages into memory only when they are needed, reducing memory

usage and improving efficiency.

6. **Swapping**: Temporarily moves inactive processes from RAM to disk to free up memory for

active processes.

These techniques help ensure efficient memory utilization, support multitasking, and prevent

memory leaks and overflows.


2. Discuss the concepts of paging, segmentation, virtual memory, and explain how demand paging

1. **Paging**: A memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation.

Memory is divided into fixed-size pages and frames, making it easier to allocate memory efficiently

and avoid fragmentation.

2. **Segmentation**: Divides memory into variable-sized segments based on the logical divisions of

a program. Each segment is addressed separately, improving modularity and protection.

3. **Virtual Memory**: A technique that uses disk space to extend the apparent memory capacity. It

allows processes to use more memory than physically available by swapping parts of processes in

and out of RAM.

4. **Demand Paging**: A method where pages are loaded into memory only when they are needed.

It reduces memory usage and load time. When a page not in memory is accessed, a page fault

occurs, and the required page is fetched from disk.

5. **Page Replacement Algorithms**: When memory is full and a new page needs to be loaded,

page replacement algorithms decide which page to remove:

- **FIFO (First-In-First-Out)**: Removes the oldest page.

- **LRU (Least Recently Used)**: Removes the least recently accessed page.

- **Optimal**: Replaces the page that will not be used for the longest time in future (theoretical).

These mechanisms together enhance system performance and memory management in

multitasking environments.

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