Overview of Control Systems and

Sensors in Modern Electric Vehicles

Author: Aleksandar Micić
Faculty of Technical Sciences, Kosovska Mitrovica
April 2025
Table of Contents
1. 1. Introduction
2. 2. Fundamentals of Electric Vehicle Operation
3. 3. Overview of Control Systems in EVs
4. 4. Sensor Technologies in Modern EVs
5. 5. Architecture of Control Units
6. 6. Sensor-to-Control Unit Communication
7. 7. Battery Management Systems (BMS)
8. 8. Motor Control and Inverter Integration
9. 9. Environmental and Proximity Sensors
10. 10. Communication Protocols in EVs
11. 11. ADAS and Autonomous Driving Sensors
12. 12. Safety and Redundancy Systems
13. 13. AI and Machine Learning in EV Control
14. 14. Diagrams and System Layouts
15. 15. Tables and Technical Comparisons
16. 16. Case Studies: Tesla, Bosch, BYD
17. 17. Challenges and Research Gaps
18. 18. Future Trends in EV Sensor and Control Technology
19. 19. Conclusion
20. 20. References
1. Introduction
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 1.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 1.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
2. Fundamentals of Electric Vehicle Operation
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 2.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 2.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
3. Overview of Control Systems in EVs
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 3.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 3.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
4. Sensor Technologies in Modern EVs
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 4.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 4.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
5. Architecture of Control Units
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 5.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 5.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
6. Sensor-to-Control Unit Communication
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 6.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 6.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
7. Battery Management Systems (BMS)
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 7.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 7.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
8. Motor Control and Inverter Integration
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 8.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 8.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
9. Environmental and Proximity Sensors
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 9.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 9.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
10. Communication Protocols in EVs
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 10.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 10.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
11. ADAS and Autonomous Driving Sensors
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 11.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 11.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
12. Safety and Redundancy Systems
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 12.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 12.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
13. AI and Machine Learning in EV Control
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 13.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 13.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
14. Diagrams and System Layouts
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 14.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 14.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
15. Tables and Technical Comparisons
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 15.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 15.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
16. Case Studies: Tesla, Bosch, BYD
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 16.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 16.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
17. Challenges and Research Gaps
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 17.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 17.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
18. Future Trends in EV Sensor and Control Technology
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 18.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 18.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
19. Conclusion
This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

This section covers an important aspect of EV systems where sensor technology interacts
with real-time control strategies. Sensors provide feedback on electrical, mechanical, and
environmental conditions. These signals are processed by ECUs to optimize energy
efficiency, propulsion, thermal stability, and driving safety. Integration of AI and robust
communication protocols ensures adaptability and predictive decision-making in dynamic
environments.

[Figure 19.1 – Control diagram, sensor map, or subsystem flowchart]

[Table 19.1 – Comparison of sensor types, control unit specs, or integration methods]
20. References
21. 1. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 'Sensor Systems for EV Control',
2022.
22. 2. SAE Technical Paper Series, 'Modern EV Architectures', 2021.
23. 3. Bosch Mobility Solutions, 'Vehicle Motion and Control Systems', 2023.
24. 4. Tesla Autonomy AI and Sensor Integration Reports, 2020–2024.
25. 5. ISO 26262: Functional Safety for Road Vehicles, International Standard.
26. 6. ScienceDirect, 'Communication Protocols in Intelligent EV Networks', 2022.
27. 7. NVIDIA DRIVE Platform Documentation, 2023.
28. 8. McKinsey & Company, 'EV Sensor Trends and Supply Chain Forecasts', 2024.
29. 9. Kalman, R. E., 'Linear Filtering and Prediction', 1960.
30. 10. MIT OpenCourseWare, 'Intelligent Control Systems in Mobility', 2023.