## Quiz Answers

### Multiple Choice Questions

1. **Which function will select the lowest expansion node at first for evaluation?**
- **Answer:** a. Greedy best-first search

2. **Which search uses problem-specific knowledge beyond the definition of the problem?**
- **Answer:** a. Informed search

3. **A process that is repeated, evaluated and re-defined is called:**

- **Answer:** d. iterative

4. **Which of the following is not done by a Goal-based agent?**

- **Answer:** a. Conclusion

5. **A perceptron is a:**

- **Answer:** a. Feed-forward neural network

6. **An algorithm is complete if:**

- **Answer:** c. It terminates with a solution when one exists

7. **Which of the following is a component of an expert system?**

- **Answer:** d. all of the mentioned

8. **The following task/tasks Artificial Intelligence could not do yet:**

- **Answer:** d. All of the mentioned

9. **Which particular generation of computers is associated with artificial intelligence?**

- **Answer:** b. Fourth

10. **In which of the following situations might a blind search be acceptable?**
- **Answer:** c. small search space

11. **Computers normally solve problems by breaking them down into a series of yes-or-no
decisions represented by 1s and 0s. What is the name of the logic that allows computers to
assign numerical values that fall somewhere between 0 and 1?**
- **Answer:** c. Fuzzy logic

12. **In language understanding, the levels of knowledge that do not include:**
- **Answer:** d. Semantic

13. **What is state space?**

- **Answer:** a. The whole problem
14. **Face recognition system is based on:**
- **Answer:** a. applied AI

15. **The performance of an agent can be improved by:**

- **Answer:** a. Learning

16. **External actions of the agent are selected by:**

- **Answer:** d. Actuator

17. **A completely automated chess engine (learn from previous games) is based on:**
- **Answer:** a. Strong Artificial Intelligence approach

18. **What kind of environment is strategic in artificial intelligence?**

- **Answer:** a. Deterministic

19. **Agents' behavior can be best described by:**

- **Answer:** b. Agent function

20. **Which search is implemented with an empty first-in-first-out queue?**

- **Answer:** b. Breadth-first search

21. **Strategies that know whether one non-goal state is "more promising" than another are
called:**
- **Answer:** d. Informed & Heuristic Search

22. **In AI problem definition, the property that describes the result of each action taken in a
particular state is known as:**
- **Answer:** a. Transition model

23. **If a machine learning model output involves target variable, then that model is called:**
- **Answer:** b. predictive model

24. **Data used to build a data mining model:**

- **Answer:** a. Training data

25. **Of the following examples, which would you address using a supervised learning
algorithm?**
- **Answer:** a. given email labeled as spam or not spam, learn a spam filter

26. **Following are the types of supervised learning:**

- **Answer:** a. classification

27. **What is Gini index?**

 - **Answer:** b. it is a measure of purity

28. **Which one of these is not a tree-based learner?**

- **Answer:** c. Bayesian classifier

29. **What is Decision Tree?**

- **Answer:** c. flow-chart like structure in which internal node represents test on an attribute,
each branch represents outcome of test and each leaf node represents class label

30. **ML techniques that involve the usage of both labeled and unlabeled data is called:**
- **Answer:** b. semi-supervised

### Fill in the Blanks

31. **Turing Test** is a proposed means of testing the intelligence of a machine by **evaluating
its ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a
human**.

32. **Search algorithms** find solutions for a program by trying different sequences of
actions/operators until a solution is found.

33. In AI, the representation of a problem in terms of states and operators that change states is
known as **state-space representation**.

34. The area of AI that investigates methods of facilitating communications between humans
and computers is called **Natural Language Processing**.

35. **Cognitive Science** is a field that investigates the mechanics of human intelligence.

36. The Professor at Stanford University that coined the word 'artificial intelligence' in 1956 at a
conference held at Dartmouth College is **John McCarthy**.

37. The embodiment of human intellectual capabilities within a computer is the category AI
called **Strong AI**.

38. The conference that launched the AI revolution in 1956 was held at **Dartmouth College**.

39. **Common sense reasoning** is a term used for describing the judgment or common sense
part of problem-solving.

40. The action of the Simple reflex agent completely depends upon **current percept**.

41. In terms of observability, the crossword puzzle can be classified as **partially observable**.
42. An agent consists of architecture and **agent program**.

43. A search algorithm takes **problem state** as an input and returns **solution state** as an
output.

44. The **Traveling Salesman Problem** is a touring problem in which each city must be visited
exactly once. The aim is to find the shortest tour.

45. The **binary tree** is a special tree structure in which each node branches into exactly two
paths below it.

46. In the tree structure, the **depth** of a node is the length of the path from the root to the
node.

### True or False Statements

47. **True** - Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the
moment, people can do better.

48. **True** - Artificial intelligence does not necessarily imply understanding.

49. **True** - A heuristic is a way of trying to discover something or an idea embedded in a

problem.

50. **True** - In an Unsupervised learning specific output values are not given.

51. **False** - If a hypothesis says it should be positive, but in fact it is negative, we call it false
negative hypothesis.

52. **True** - A statement is satisfiable if there is some interpretation for which it is true.

53. **True** - Good data structures are likely to affect the performance of learner systems.

54. **True** - Perception involves sights, sounds, smell, touch and acting.

55. **True** - A natural language generation program must decide what to say.

56. **False** - The action of the Simple reflex agent completely depends upon current percept,
not perception history.

57. **True** - A basic line following robot is based on weak artificial intelligence approach.

58. **True** - Humans are examples of intelligent agents.

59. **False** - Performance Measures are not fixed for all agents.

60. **True** - An omniscient agent knows the actual outcome of its actions and can act
accordingly; but omniscience is impossible in reality. Rational Agent always does the right thing;
but Rationality is possible in reality.

61. **False** - The game of Poker is not a single agent game; it involves multiple agents.

62. **True** - A problem in a search space is defined by the initial state.

63. **False** - Solution quality is measured by the path cost function, and an optimal solution
has the **lowest** path cost among all solutions.

64. **True** - The run time of an algorithm is the time taken for the algorithm to solve a decision
problem.

## Theory Questions

### 1. The Wolf-Goat-Cabbage Problem

**a)** **Describe the PEAS:**

- **Performance Measure:** Successfully transport the wolf, goat, and cabbage across the river
without any of them being eaten.
- **Environment:** A riverbank with a boat, a wolf, a goat, and a cabbage on one side of the
river.
- **Actuators:** The boat can move across the river, and the person can choose what to take in
the boat.
●​ - **Sensors:** The person can observe the positions of the wolf, goat, and cabbage, as
well as the boat's location.

**b)** **Formulate the problem in terms of state space:**

- **State Space Representation:** Each state can be represented by the locations of the wolf,
goat, cabbage, and the person (either on the left bank or the right bank). The possible actions
include moving the person alone, or taking one of the three (wolf, goat, or cabbage) across the
river.

### 2. Definitions in Relation to AI

**a)**
- **Agent:** An entity that perceives its environment through sensors and acts upon that
environment through actuators.
- **Agent Function:** A mapping from the percept history to an action, defining the behavior of
the agent.
- **Agent Program:** The implementation of the agent function, typically as a software program
that executes the agent's decisions.

**b)**
- **Performance Measure:** A criterion used to evaluate the success of an agent in achieving its
goals.
- **Rationality:** The quality of an agent's actions being aligned with the best possible outcome
based on its knowledge and performance measures.
- **Autonomy:** The degree to which an agent can operate independently of human
intervention, making its own decisions based on its perceptions.

**c)**
- **Reflex Agent:** An agent that selects actions based on current percepts, without considering
the history of past percepts.
- **Goal-based Agent:** An agent that acts to achieve specific goals, using its knowledge of the
environment to make decisions.
- **Model-based Agent:** An agent that maintains an internal model of the world to keep track of
the current state and make informed decisions.

### 3. Turing Test

**a)**
- **Describe the Turing Test:**
- The Turing Test is a measure of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
indistinguishable from that of a human. A human evaluator interacts with both a machine and a
human without knowing which is which. If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the
human based on their responses, the machine is said to have passed the Turing Test.

**Diagram Explanation:**
- You can visualize the Turing Test with three entities: a human evaluator, a human respondent,
and a machine. The evaluator asks questions to both the human and the machine. If the
evaluator cannot distinguish between the two based on their answers, the machine is
considered intelligent.

**b)**
- **Do you believe this is an adequate test for machine intelligence? Justify your answer:**
- **Answer:** The Turing Test is a foundational concept in AI but may not be adequate as the
sole measure of machine intelligence. While it assesses conversational ability, it does not
account for other aspects of intelligence, such as reasoning, understanding, or emotional
intelligence. A machine could simulate conversation without truly understanding the content,
which suggests that additional criteria should be considered to evaluate machine intelligence
comprehensively.
**c)**
- **Differentiate between supervised learning and reinforcement learning:**
- **Supervised Learning:** Involves training a model on a labeled dataset, where the correct
output is provided for each input. The model learns to map inputs to outputs based on this
training data.
- **Reinforcement Learning:** Involves training an agent to make decisions by taking actions in
an environment to maximize cumulative reward. The agent learns through trial and error,
receiving feedback in the form of rewards or penalties based on its actions.