CONTENTS

Page

1. Special Constants.. ............................................................. 1

2. Special Products and Factors .................................................... 2

3. The Binomial Formula and Binomial Coefficients ................................. 3

4. Geometric Formulas ............................................................ 5
5. Trigonometric Functions ........................................................ 11
6. Complex Numbers ............................................................... 21
7. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions ......................................... 23
8. Hyperbolic Functions ........................................................... 26
9. Solutions of Algebraic Equations ................................................ 32
10. Formulas from Plane Analytic Geometry ........................................ 34
11. Special Plane Curves........~ ................................................... 40
12. Formulas from Solid Analytic Geometry ........................................ 46
13. Derivatives ..................................................................... 53
14. Indefinite Integrals .............................................................. 57
15. Definite Integrals ................................................................ 94
16. The Gamma Function ......................................................... ..10 1
17. The Beta Function ............................................................ ..lO 3
18. Basic Differential Equations and Solutions ..................................... .104

19. Series of Constants..............................................................lO 7

20. Taylor Series...................................................................ll 0
21. Bernoulliand Euler Numbers ................................................. ..114
22. Formulas from Vector Analysis.. ............................................. ..116
23. Fourier Series ................................................................ ..~3 1
24. Bessel Functions.. ............................................................ ..13 6
2s. Legendre Functions.............................................................l4 6
26. Associated Legendre Functions ................................................. .149

27. Hermite Polynomials............................................................l5 1

28. Laguerre Polynomials .......................................................... .153
29. Associated Laguerre Polynomials ................................................ KG

30. Chebyshev Polynomials..........................................................l5 7

 Part I

FORMULAS
 THE GREEK ALPHABET

Greek Greek tter

Greek
name G&W name Lower case Capital

Alpha A Nu N

Beta B Xi sz

Gamma l? Omicron 0

Delta A Pi IT

Epsilon E Rho P

Zeta Z Sigma 2

Eta H Tau T

Theta (3 Upsilon k

Iota 1 Phi @

Kappa K Chi X

Lambda A Psi *

MU M Omega n
1.1

1.2
= natural base of logarithms

1.3 fi = 1.41421 35623 73095 04889..

1.4 fi = 1.73205 08075 68877 2935. ..

1.5 fi = 2.23606 79774 99789 6964.. .

1.6 h = 1.25992 1050.. .

1.7 & = 1.44224 9570.. .

1.8 fi = 1.14869 8355.. .

1.9 b = 1.24573 0940.. .

1.10 eT = 23.14069 26327 79269 006.. .

1.11 re = 22.45915 77183 61045 47342 715.. .

1.12 ee = 15.15426 22414 79264 190.. .

1.13 logI,, 2 = 0.30102 99956 63981 19521 37389. ..

1.14 logI,, 3 = 0.47712 12547 19662 43729 50279.. .

1.15 logIO e = 0.43429 44819 03251 82765.. .

1.16 logul ?r = 0.49714 98726 94133 85435 12683. ..

1.17 loge 10 = In 10 = 2.30258 50929 94045 68401 7991.. .

1.18 loge 2 = ln 2 = 0.69314 71805 59945 30941 7232. ..

1.19 loge 3 = ln 3 = 1.09861 22886 68109 69139 5245.. .

1.20 y = 0.57721 56649 01532 86060 6512. .. = Eukr's co%stu~t

1.21 ey = 1.78107 24179 90197 9852.. . [see 1.201

1.22 fi = 1.64872 12707 00128 1468.. .

1.23 6 = r(&) = 1.77245 38509 05516 02729 8167.. .

where F is the gummu ~ZLYLC~~OTZ
[sec pages 101-102).

1.24 II’(&) = 2.67893 85347 07748.. .

1.25 r(i) = 3.62560 99082 21908.. .

1-26 1 radian = 180°/7r = 57.29577 95130 8232.. .O

1.27 1” = ~/180 radians = 0.01745 32925 19943 29576 92. .. radians

1
 4 THE BINOMIAL FORMULA AND BINOMIAL COElFI?ICIFJNTS

PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFiClEblTS

3.6

This leads to Paseal’s triangk [sec page 2361.

3.7 (1) + (y) + (;) + ... + (1) = 27l

3.8 (1) - (y) + (;) - ..+-w(;) = 0

3.9

3.10 (;) + (;) + (7) + .*. = 2n-1

3.11 (y) + (;) + (i) + ..* = 2n-1

3.12

3.13

3.14
-d

MUlTlNOMlAk FORfvlUlA

3.16 (zI+%~+...+zp)~ = ~~~!~~~~~..~~!~~1~~2...~~~

where the mm, denoted by 2, is taken over a11 nonnegative integers % %, . . , np fox- whkh
q+n2+ ... +np = 72..
1

4 GEUMElRlC FORMULAS
&

RECTANGLE OF LENGTH b AND WIDTH a

4.1 Area = ab

4.2 Perimeter = 2a + 2b

b
Fig. 4-1

PARAllELOGRAM OF ALTITUDE h AND BASE b

4.3 Area = bh = ab sin e

4.4 Perimeter = 2a + 2b

1
Fig. 4-2

‘fRlAMf3i.E OF ALTITUDE h AND BASE b

4.5 Area = +bh = +ab sine

ZZZI/S(S - a)(s - b)(s - c) *

where s = &(a + b + c) = semiperimeter

b
4.6 Perimeter = u+ b+ c Fig. 4-3

L,“Z n_
., :

.,, ‘fRAPB%XD C?F At.TlTUDE fz AND PARAl.lEL SlDES u AND b

4.7 Area = 3h(a + b)

4.8 Perimeter = a + b + h Y&+2 /c-

C sin 4
= a + b + h(csc e + csc $)
1
Fig. 4-4

/
-
6 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

REGUkAR POLYGON OF n SIDES EACH CJf 1ENGTH b

COS(AL)
4.9 Area = $nb?- cet c = inbz-
sin (~4%)

4.10 Perimeter = nb

7,’
Fig. 4-5

0.’
CIRÇLE OF RADIUS r

0
4.11 Area = &

4.12 Perimeter = 277r

Fig. 4-6

SEClOR OF CIRCLE OF RAD+US Y

4.13 Area = &r% [e in radians]

T 8
4.14 Arc length s = ~6
0
A
T

Fig. 4-7

RADIUS OF C1RCJ.E INSCRWED tN A TRtANGlE OF SIDES a,b,c

*

&$.s- U)(S Y b)(s -.q)

4.15 r=
s
where s = +(u + b + c) = semiperimeter

Fig. 4-6

RADIUS- OF CtRClE CIRCUMSCRIBING A TRIANGLE OF SIDES a,b,c

abc
4.16 R=
4ds(s - a)@ - b)(s - c)

where e = -&(a.+ b + c) = semiperimeter

Fig. 4-9
 G FE OO RM M7E UT

3 6 0 °
4 A =. & sr s 1= n
+ ise n 7 r
n ni a 2r n 2

4 P . = 2e s 1 = 2 nr s i y 8 n ri i n r mn z e t e

Fig. 4-10

4 A =. n t rZ = 1 n r t a eL T 9 r 2 a n a! 2 n T ! ! ?
n n I T
:
4 P . = 2e t 2 = 2 nr t a 0 n ri a n r m nk e? t e

0
F 4 i - g 1

SRdMMHW W C%Ct& OF RADWS T

4 A o .s pr f=2 h + ( -ae s e) 1 a r e ra i d2 tn e d
e
T r

tz!?

Fig. 4-12

4 A =. r r 2 a e 2 b a
7r/2

4 P . = e 5
4a 2 4 1 - kz rs e c3 ii l m
+ @ e t e
0

= 27r@sTq [ a p p r o

w k = ~/=/a.h See p e254 f n a r to u g e ar m e b F 4e l i -r e g 1i

4 A =. $ab r 2 e 4 a

4 a + @ T
4 A l . ABC r = e -&2dw c +n E5 gl tn h
1 ) AOC
b

Fig. 4-14

- f
8 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED OF LENGTH u, HEIGHT r?, WIDTH c

4.26 Volume = ubc

4.27 Surface area = Z(ab + CLC

+ bc)

Fig. 4-15

PARALLELEPIPED OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA A AND HEIGHT h

4.28 Volume = Ah = abcsine

Fig. 4-16

SPHERE OF RADIUS ,r

4.29 Volume = +
1
,------- ---x .
4.30 Surface area = 4wz

Fig. 4-17

RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER OF RADIUS T AND HEIGHT h

4.31 Volume = 77&2

h
4.32 Lateral surface area = 25dz

Fig. 4-18

CIRCULAR CYLINDER OF RADIUS r AND SLANT HEIGHT 2

4.33 Volume = m2h = ~41 sine

2wh
4.34 Lateral surface area = 2777-1 = z = 2wh csc e

Fig. 4-19
 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS 9

CYLINDER OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA A AND SLANT HEIGHT I

4.35 Volume = Ah = Alsine

4.36 Lateral surface area = pZ = GPh -- ph csc t

Note that formulas 4.31 to 4.34 are special cases.

Fig. 4-20

RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE OF RADIUS ,r AND HEIGHT h

4.37 Volume = jîw2/z

4.38 Lateral surface area = 77rd77-D = ~-7-1

Fig. 4-21

PYRAMID OF BASE AREA A AND HEIGHT h

4.39 Volume = +Ah

Fig. 4-22

SPHERICAL CAP OF RADIUS ,r AND HEIGHT h

4.40 Volume (shaded in figure) = &rIt2(3v - h)

4.41 Surface area = 2wh

Fig. 4-23

FRUSTRUM OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE OF RADII u,h AND HEIGHT h

4.42 Volume = +h(d + ab + b2)

4.43 Lateral surface area = T(U + b) dF + (b - CL)~

= n(a+b)l
Fig. 4-24
10 GEOMETRIC FORMULAS

SPHEMCAt hiiWW OF ANG%ES A,&C Ubl SPHERE OF RADIUS Y

4.44 Area of triangle ABC = (A + B + C - z-)+

Fig. 4-25

TOW$ &F lNN8R RADlU5 a AND OUTER RADIUS b

4.45 Volume = &z-~(u+ b)(b - u)~

w
4.46 Surface area = 7r2(b2- u2)

4.47 Volume = $abc

Fig. 4-27

PARAWlO~D aF REVOllJTlON
T.

4.4a Volume = &bza

Fig. 4-28
 5 TRtGOhiOAMTRiC WNCTIONS

D OE T FF R F l I FU A R N G T
ON I l O R
RC G T N I T

Triangle ABC bas a right angle (9Oo) at C and sides of length u, b, c. The trigonometric functions of
angle A are defined as follows.

opposite B
5 . of A
sintz = sin A 1= : =
hypotenuse

adjacent
5 cosine
. of A = ~OSA 2= i =
hypotenuse

opposite
5 tangent . of A = tanA 3= f = -~
adjacent

adjacent
5 c . of A = o cet A 4= k = t c z n g
opposite A

hypotenuse
5.5 secant of A = sec A = t = -~
adjacent

hypotenuse Fig. 5-1

5 cosecant . of A = csc A 6= z =
opposite

E TX A W OT N M 3 HG
E G A TE I R
N9L Y H C E
S0 E A H A
I ’

Consider an rg coordinate system [see Fig. 5-2 and 5-3 belowl. A point P in the ry plane has coordinates
(%,y) where x is eonsidered as positive along OX and negative along OX’ while y is positive along OY and
negative along OY’. The distance from origin 0 to point P is positive and denoted by r = dm.
The angle A described cozmtwcZockwLse from OX is considered pos&ve. If it is described dockhse from
OX it is considered negathe. We cal1 X’OX and Y’OY the x and y axis respectively.
The various quadrants are denoted by 1, II, III and IV called the first, second, third and fourth quad-
rants respectively. In Fig. 5-2, for example, angle A is in the second quadrant while in Fig. 5-3 angle A
is in the third quadrant.

Y Y
II 1 II 1

III IV III IV

Y’ Y’

Fig. 5-2 Fig. 5-3

11

f
12 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

For an angle A in any quadrant the trigonometric functions of A are defined as follows.

5.7 sin A = ylr

5.8 COSA = xl?.

5.9 tan A = ylx

5.10 cet A = xly

5.11 sec A = v-lx

5.12 csc A = riy

RELAT!ONSHiP BETWEEN DEGREES AN0 RAnIANS

N
A radian is that angle e subtended at tenter 0 of a eircle by an arc
MN equal to the radius r. 1 r
Since 2~ radians = 360° we have e
M
0 r
5.13 1 radian = 180°/~ = 57.29577 95130 8232. . . o

5.14 10 = ~/180 radians = 0.01745 32925 19943 29576 92.. .radians B

Fig. 5-4

REkATlONSHlPS AMONG TRtGONOMETRK FUNCTItB4S

5.15 tanA = 5 5.19 sine A + ~OS~A = 1

~II ~ 1
COSA
5.16 &A zz - 5.20 sec2A - tane A = 1
tan A sin A
1
5.17 sec A = ~ 5.21 csceA - cots A = 1
COS
A

5.18 1
cscA = -
sin A

SIaNS AND VARIATIONS OF TRl@ONOMETRK FUNCTIONS

+ + + + + +
1
0 to 1 1 to 0 0 to m CCto 0 1 to uz m to 1

II + - - +
1 to 0 0 to -1 -mtoo oto-m -cc to -1 1 to ca
- + +
III
0 to -1 -1 to 0 0 to d Ccto 0 -1to-m --COto-1
- + - + -
IV
-1 to 0 0 to 1 -- too oto-m uz to 1 -1 to --
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 1 3

E V X F A
T A O RL FC R IU O
UT V GE FN
A A O
S C
N R N TG I

Angle A Angle A
sin A COSA tan A cet A sec A csc A
in degrees in radians

00 0 0 1 0 w 1 cc

15O rIIl2 #-fi) &(&+fi) 2-fi 2+* fi-fi &+fi

300 ii/6 1 +ti *fi fi $fi 2

450 zl4 J-fi $fi 1 1 fi fi

60° VI3 Jti r1 fi .+fi 2 ;G

750 5~112 i(fi+m @-fi) 2+& 2-& &+fi fi-fi

900 z.12 1 0 *CU 0 km 1

105O 7~112 *(fi+&) -&(&-Y% -(2+fi) -(2-&) -(&+fi) fi-fi

120° 2~13 *fi -* -fi -$fi -2 ++

1350 3714 +fi -*fi -1 -1 -fi \h

150° 5~16 4 -+ti -*fi -fi -+fi 2

165O llrll2 $(fi- fi) -&(G+ fi) -(2-fi) -(2+fi) -(fi-fi) Vz+V-c?

180° ?r 0 -1 0 Tm -1 *ca

1950 13~112 -$(fi-fi) -*(&+fi) 2-fi 2 + ti -(&-fi) -(&+fi)

210° 7716 1 - 4 & 6 l f 3 i - g -2 f i

225O 5z-14 -Jfi -*fi 1 1 -fi -fi

240° 4%J3 -# -4 ti &fi -2 -36

255O 17~112 -&&+&Q -&(&-fi) 2+fi 2-6 -(&+?cz) -(fi-fi)

270° 3712 -1 0 km 0 Tm -1

285O 19?rll2 -&(&+fi) *(&-fi) -(2+6) -@-fi) &+fi -(fi-fi)

3000 5ïrl3 -*fi 2 -ti -*fi 2 -$fi

315O 7?rl4 -4fi *fi -1 -1 fi -fi

330° 117rl6 1 *fi -+ti -ti $fi -2

345O 237112 -i(fi- 6) &(&+ fi) -(2 - fi) -(2+6) fi-fi -(&+fi)

360° 2r 0 1 0 T-J 1 ?m

For tables involving other angles see pages 206-211 and 212-215.

f
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 19

5.89 y = cet-1% 5.90 y = sec-l% 5.91 y = csc-lx

I Y
_--/
T /A--

/’

/
,
--- -77
--
//
,

Fig. 5-14 Fig. 5-15 Fig. 5-16

RElAilONSHfPS BETWEEN SIDES AND ANGtGS OY A PkAtM TRlAF4GlG ’

The following results hold for any plane triangle ABC with
sides a, b, c and angles A, B, C. A

5.92 Law of Sines

a b c 1
-=Y=-
sin A sin B sin C
C
5.93 Law of Cosines /A f

cs = a2 + bz - Zab COS C
with similar relations involving the other sides and angles.

5.94 Law of Tangents

a+b tan $(A + B)
-a-b = tan i(A -B)
with similar relations involving the other sides and angles. Fig. 5-1’7

5.95 sinA = :ds(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)

where s = &a + b + c) is the semiperimeter of the triangle. Similar relations involving angles
B and C cari be obtained.
See also formulas 4.5, page 5; 4.15 and 4.16, page 6.

Spherieal triangle ABC is on the surface of a sphere as shown

in Fig. 5-18. Sides a, b, c [which are arcs of great circles] are
measured by their angles subtended at tenter 0 of the sphere. A, B, C
are the angles opposite sides a, b, c respectively. Then the following
results hold.

5.96 Law of Sines

sin a
-z-x_ sin b sin c
sin A sin B sin C
5.97 Law of Cosines
cosa = cosbcosc + sinbsinccosA
COSA = - COSB COSC + sinB sinccosa
with similar results involving other sides and angles.
2 0 T R F I U G N O C N T O

5 L o. T a f
9 a w 8 n g e n t s
t & + B a t( $ ) + n
b aA ( ) n u
t & - B a= t( ) n a
A n i (

w s ri i i et o mn s sh
a t ai v i u n h nl o d l d e a
g l e t r rl v s s e i

5 . 9 9

w s = & h 1+ c S( e r) u
i hr f e. o m
+ ose o sa t a i l i r u
n h n l dd ld e g a e t r lr s

5 . 1 0 0

w S = + h+ B + C ( Se r) A i rh f e. o meos o sa t a i l i r un h n l dd ld e ga e t r lr

S a f e 4l op 1e .s ra 0 4o m
g . 4 eu , l a

NAPIER’S RlJlES FGR RtGHT ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIANGLES

E f r x a o C it c na rf , gh
p e gor s i ha
e p t lef pv Atr t rwe he i Z
aet ih ei f t r3s o a i n
r h rC r nc
a g i F s ii wn i b -va b i c gB e le, , u , . . 9n A l , d
a

C O

F 5 i - g 1 . 9 F 5 i - g 2 .

S t uq h a pu a e ri p aar c s a en io nr Fi 5e s nws t a ir w - a ehi ngc t e 2p t et Cg.l h 0r t ri O

ee e
[ c i ot hn m oc ayd a p A a
npi B n l ndoc g
. c dta l
m et ee ni n s
A o o t n p n of th y ac e fi hce ri a m s ia p rt ti tsl ancs hd wl pv le ead eoc a
-ei rl da frg
a p da t a
t rj n h w
r p ea d a e c to a om
c r a ps r p ea Te laN t
p xi hr r l aao s tn eu t e p sr i n
sl di ie

5 T s. o a h m i1 fp n ee i n0 t a p y q d eo1 ht r rt u d f oeh t oa a a l f eph dn d l e ae ug j s r ce a

5.102 T s o a h m i fp n ee i n t a p y q d eo ht r rc u d fo eht t ooo a l f p eh dsp l e ae uip s r n

co

E S x C = 9i a- O C n0= m
9A -- O w c° h 0p, B
A - e e a °l , B ve e:

s a = t b it ( a na C
o n s n = rOt i -a n Bn a )b

s ( = C
i C
a C ( nO Oo O C ~ AS =-r SC OaOs B A O - S
i ) SB n

T c o ch ba o f oe a er fb uts rl i rt 5 rhe o es p oa 1. s e n os a mi 99 e ug n .7 l e e
 A complex number is generally written as a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i, called the
imaginaru unit, has the property that is = -1. The real numbers a and b are called the real and ima&am
parts of a + bi respectively.

The complex numbers a + bi and a - bi are called complex conjugates of each other.

6.1 a+bi = c+di if and only if a=c and b=cZ

6.2 (a + bi) + (c + o!i) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

6.3 (a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i

6.4 (a+ bi)(c+ di) = (ac- bd) + (ad+ bc)i

Note that the above operations are obtained by using the ordinary rules of algebra and replacing 9 by
-1 wherever it occurs.

21
22 COMPLEX NUMBERS

GRAPH OF A COMPLEX NtJtWtER

A complex number a + bi cari be plotted as a point (a, b) on an

p,----. y
xy plane called an Argand diagram or Gaussian plane. For example
in Fig. 6-1 P represents the complex number -3 + 4i.

A eomplex number cari also be interpreted as a wector from

0 to P.
- X
0
*

Fig. 6-1

POLAR FORM OF A COMPt.EX NUMRER

In Fig. 6-2 point P with coordinates (x, y) represents the complex

number x + iy. Point P cari also be represented by polar coordinates
(r, e). Since x = r COS6, y = r sine we have

6.6 x + iy = ~(COS
0+ i sin 0)
L - X

called the poZar form of the complex number. We often cal1 r = dm

the mocklus and t the amplitude of x + iy.
Fig. 6-2

tWJLltFltCATt43N AND DtVlStON OF CWAPMX NUMBRRS 1bJ POLAR FtMM ilj

0”

6.7 [rl(cos el + i sin ei)] [re(cos ez + i sin es)] = rrrs[cos tel + e2) + i sin tel + e2)]

V-~(COSe1 + i sin el)

6.8 ZZZ 2 [COS(el - e._J + i sin (el - .9&]
rs(cos ee + i sin ez)

DE f#OtVRtt’S THEORRM

If p is any real number, De Moivre’s theorem states that

6.9 [r(cos e + i sin e)]p = rp(cos pe + i sin pe)

. ”

RCWTS OF CfMMWtX NUtMB#RS

If p = l/n where n is any positive integer, 6.9 cari be written

1
e + 2k,, e + 2kH
6.10 [r(cos e + i sin e)]l’n = rl’n ~OS- + i sin ~
L n n

where k is any integer. From this the n nth roots of a complex number cari be obtained by putting
k=O,l,2 ,..., n-l.
 In the following p, q are real numbers, CL,t are positive numbers and WL,~are positive integers.

7.1 cp*aq z aP+q 7.2 aP/aqE @-Q 7.3 (&y E rp4

7.4 u”=l, a#0 7.5 a-p = l/ap 7.6 (ab)p = &‘bp

7.7 & z aIIn 7.8 G = pin 7.9 Gb =%Iî/%

In ap, p is called the exponent, a is the base and ao is called the pth power of a. The function y = ax
is called an exponentd function.

If a~ = N where a # 0 or 1, then p = loga N is called the loga&hm of N to the base a. The number
N = ap is called t,he antdogatithm of p to the base a, written arkilogap.

Example: Since 3s = 9 we have log3 9 = 2, antilog3 2 = 9.

The fumAion v = loga x is called a logarithmic jwzction.

7.10 logaMN = loga M + loga N

7.11 log,z ; = logG M - loga N

7.12 loga Mp = p lO& M

Common logarithms and antilogarithms [also called Z?rigg.sian] are those in which the base a = 10.
The common logarit,hm of N is denoted by logl,, N or briefly log N. For tables of common logarithms and
antilogarithms, see pages 202-205. For illuskations using these tables see pages 194-196.

23
24 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

NATURAL LOGARITHMS AND ANTILOGARITHMS

Natural logarithms and antilogarithms [also called Napierian] are those in which the base a = e =
2.71828 18. . . [sec page 11. The natural logarithm of N is denoted by loge N or In N. For tables of natural
logarithms see pages 224-225. For tables of natural antilogarithms [i.e. tables giving ex for values of z]
see pages 226-227. For illustrations using these tables see pages 196 and 200.

CHANGE OF BASE OF lO@ARlTHMS

The relationship between logarithms of a number N to different bases a and b is given by

hb iv
7.13 loga N = -
hb a

In particular,

7.14 loge N = ln N = 2.30258 50929 94.. . logio N

7.15 logIO
N = logN = 0.43429 44819 03.. . h& N

RElATlONSHlP BETWEEN EXPONBNTIAL ANO TRl@ONOMETRlC FUNCT#ONS ;;

7.16 eie = COS

0 + i sin 8, e-iO = COS 13 - i sin 6

These are called Euler’s dent&es. Here i is the imaginary unit [see page 211.
eie- e-ie
7.17 sine =
2i

eie+ e-ie
7.18 case =
2

7.19

7.20

2
7.21 sec 0 = &O + e-ie

2i
7.22 csc 6 = eie - e-if3

7.23 eiCO+2k~l = eie k = integer

From this it is seen that @ has period 2G.

 E XA L PN OF OD GU N AN 25 E RC N

POiAR FORfvl OF COMPLEX NUMBERS EXPRESSE$3 AS AN EXPONENTNAL

T p f o h a co o n fe oxl + i r c u b w m
a ym
i a tm e or rpe n re b [if lx 6 pi r e 2 st a ep . a mr 2 et s x o6 g

7 . 2 4 6 + i sin 0) = 9-ei0
x + iy = ~(COS

OPERATIONS WITH COMPLEX ffUMBERS IN POLAR FORM

F 6 t o 6 .o hp r 2 a. e7n ra m 2 t 1r t q f og u o 0eh uo ue l e il g a vl h s ao

7.27 (q-eio)Pzz q-P&mJ [ M t D o h e i e v o r

7.2B (reiO)l/n E [~&O+Zk~~]l/n = rl/neiCO+Zkr)/n

LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

7.29 l ( = l r n
+ iT + 2 n k e=e i k @n z ) t - e i
 DEIWWOPI OF HYPRRWLK FUNCTIONS .:‘.C,

# - e-z
8.1 Hyperbolic sine of x = sinh x =
2

ez + e-=
8.2 Hyperbolic cosine of x = coshx =
2

8.3 Hyperbolic tangent of x = tanhx = ~~~~~~

ex + eCz
8.4 Hyperbolic cotangent of x = coth x = es _ e_~

2
8.5 Hyperbolic secant of x = sech x =
ez + eëz

8.6 Hyperbolic cosecant of x = csch x = &

RELATWNSHIPS AMONG HYPERROLIC FUWTIONS

sinh x
8.7 tanhx = a

1 cash x
coth z = - = -
tanh x sinh x

1
sech x = -
cash x

1
8.10 cschx = -
sinh x

8.11 coshsx - sinhzx = 1

8.12 sechzx + tanhzx = 1

8.13 cothzx - cschzx = 1

FUNCTIONS OF NRGA’fWE ARGUMENTS

8.14 sinh (-x) = - sinh x 8.15 cash (-x) = cash x 8.16 tanh (-x) = - tanhx

8.17 csch (-x) = -cschx 8.18 sech(-x) = sechx 8.19 coth (-x) = -~OUIS

26
 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 27

AWMWM FORMWAS

0.2Q sinh (x * y) = sinh x coshg * cash x sinh y

8.21 cash (x 2 g) = cash z cash y * sinh x sinh y

8.22 tanhx f tanhg

tanh(x*v) =
12 tanhx tanhg

8.23 coth z coth y 2 1

coth (x * y) =
coth y * coth x

8.24 sinh 2x = 2 ainh x cash x

8.25 cash 2x = coshz x + sinht x = 2 cosh2 x - 1 = 1 + 2 sinh2 z

2 tanh x
8.26 tanh2x =
1 + tanh2 x

HAkF ABJGLR FORMULAS

8.27 sinht = [+ if x > 0, - if x < O]

cash x + 1
8.28 CoshE = -~
2 2

cash x - 1
8.29 tanh; = k [+ if x > 0, - if x < 0]
cash x + 1
sinh x
Z ZZ cash x - 1
cash x + 1 sinh x

.4 ’ MUlTWlE A!Wlfi WRMULAS

8.30 sinh 3x = 3 sinh x + 4 sinh3 x

8.31 cosh3x = 4 cosh3 x - 3 cash x

3 tanh x + tanh3 x
8.32 tanh3x =
1 + 3 tanhzx

8.33 sinh 4x = 8 sinh3 x cash x + 4 sinh x cash x

8.34 cash 4x = 8 coshd x - 8 cosh2 x -t- 1

4 tanh x + 4 tanh3 x
8.35 tanh4x =
1 + 6 tanh2 x + tanh4 x
2 8 H YF PU E N R C B T

P O HO FY& W P J E E f R R K Sl

8 . 3 s 6= &i c 2 - 4 na x hs zh x

8 . 3 c 7= 4 oc 2 + $ sa x hs zh x

8 . 3 s x 8= &i s 3 - 2 sn i xx ihn nsh h

8 . 3 c x 9= &o c + 2 cs o x ahs ssh h3 x

8 . 4 s 0= 8i - 4 c 2 n+ 4 ca 4x h as % 4 sh x h

8 . 4 c 1= #o + + c 2 s+ & ca 4x h as x 4 sh x h

S D U AI F A NFO W
R & DFF F O
P E UR
D R kR
U

8 . s 4+ s i = 2 si2 &
n + y cn
i $ hx - y) anh (x ) s hy x h

8 . 4s - s 3i = 2 ci n& + y s an $ hx - Y) i sh (x ) n hy x h

8 . 4c + c 4o = 2 co is + y c as #(h - Y) a sh xxx ) s hy h

8 . 4c - c 5o = 2 so $s + y s is $ (h - Y) i nh ( xx ) n hy x h

8 . 4s x s y 6i= * i n {- n c h c ho o s s h h (

8 . 4c x c y 7 a= + a s {+ s c h c ho o s s h h (

8 . s x 4c y i= + a 8( n+ y {- s s x @ h- ) Y sl h i ) -i n } n h h

E OX H FP FY !R UPT O ‘ E NEE
N F OSC
RR T SB

I t f n hw oa x e>e 0 ls I x < 0 u. l s t f a s ou h s p a e i wme i p b s fn i e g r 8y o dn n o . rig

t 8 .o 1 9 .

s x = u i c = u n o t = uh s a c x = 1h n o s x =1 xu h t e c x = xwh c s h c

t
s x i n h

c x a s h

t x a n h

c x o t h

s x e c h

c x s c h
 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 29

GRAPHS OF HYPERBOkfC FUNCltONS

8.49 y = sinh x 8.50 y = coshx 8.51 y = tanh x

Fig. S-l Fig. 8-2 Fig. 8-3

8.52 y = coth x 8.53 y = sech x 8.54 y = csch x

Y
/i y
\

1
10
X
0
X
0
L X

7
-1

Fig. 8-4 Fig. 8-5 Fig. 8-6

iNVERSE HYPERROLIC FUNCTIONS

If x = sinh g, then y = sinh-1 x is called the inverse hyperbolic sine of x. Similarly we define the
other inverse hyperbolic functions. The inverse hyperbolic functions are multiple-valued and. as in the
case of inverse trigonometric functions [sec page 171 we restrict ourselves to principal values for which
they ean be considered as single-valued.
The following list shows the principal values [unless otherwise indicated] of the inverse hyperbolic
functions expressed in terms of logarithmic functions which are taken as real valued.

8.55 sinh-1 x = ln (x + m ) -m<x<m

8.56 cash-lx = ln(x+&Z-ï) XZl [cash-r x > 0 is principal value]

8.57 tanh-ix = -l<x<l

X+l
8.58 coth-ix = +ln - x>l or xc-1
( x-l )

8.59 sech-1 x O<xZl [sech-1 x > 0 is principal value]

8.60 csch-1 x = ln(i+$$G.) x+O

30 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

8.61 eseh-] x = sinh-1 (l/x)

8.62 seeh- x = coshkl (l/x)

8.63 coth-lx = tanh-l(l/x)

8.64 sinhk1 (-x) = - sinh-l x

8.65 tanhk1 (-x) = - tanh-1 x

8.66 coth-1 (-x) = - coth-1 x

8.67 eseh- (-x) = - eseh- x

GffAPHS OF fNVt!iffSft HYPfkfftfUfX FfJNCTfGNS

8.68 y = sinh-lx 8.69 y = cash-lx 8.70 y = tanhkl x

Y Y l

X -1
\
\
\
\
\
\
‘-.

Fig. 8-7 Fig. 8-8 Fig. 8-9

8.71 y = coth-lx 8.72 y = sech-lx 8.73 y = csch-lx

L L
Y
Y Y
l
l
l

X -x
x

7
Il

3
-ll 0 11 0 0
/
I
,
,

I
I’

Fig. 8-10 Fig. 8-11 Fig. 8-12

 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 31

8.74 sin (ix) = i sinh x 8.75 COS(iz) = cash x 8.76 tan (ix) == i tanhx

8.77 csc(ix) = -i cschx 8.78 sec (ix) = sechz 8.79 cet (ix) == -<cothx

8.80 sinh (ix) = i sin x 8.81 cash (ix) = COSz 8.82 tanh (iz) = i tan x

8.83 csch(ti) = -icscx 8.84 sech (ix) = sec% 8.85 coth (ix) = -icotz

In the following k is any integer.

8.86 sinh (x + 2kd) = sinh x 8.87 cash (x + 2kd) = cash x 8.88 tanh(x+ kri) = tanhx

8.89 csch (x +2ks-i) = cschx 8.90 sech (x + 2kri) = sech x 8.91 coth (S + kri) = coth z

8.92 sin-1 (ix) = i sinh-1 x 8.93 sinh-1 (ix) = i sin-1 x

8.94 Cos-ix = 2 i cash-1 x 8.95 cash-lx = k i COS-~x

8.96 tan-1 (ix) = i tanh-1 x 8.97 tanh-1 (ix) = i tan-1 x

8.98 cet-1 (ix) = - i coth-1 x 8.99 coth-1 (ix) = - i cet-1 x

8.100 sec-l x = *i sech-lx 8.101 sech-* x = *i sec-l x

8.102 C~C-1 (iz) = - i csch-1 z 8.103 eseh- (ix) = - i C~C-1 x

 9 S o O
A Ef L Q G
U

QUAURATIC EQUATION: uz2 + bx -t c = 0

-b 2 ~/@-=%c-
9.1 S o lx = u t i o n
2a

I a b, c a r fa , i Dr = eb2 - n
4 f i te a d
a s ht
discriminant, l t cr aeh h o re e o en t

( r a u i ei Dn > 0n ) af d e l q u a l
( r a e i i e D =n 0 q i f a d u) l a l
( c c i o i D <o 0i mf n i p j ) l u e g x a

9.2 I x a t fr r t r h
x + ox , = -bla
h e are oex x =e c n tr s nl d sx a ,s .

3a2 - a; 9 - 2 - 2a 7 ar a fa s s
L e Q t = R= - - , - - - -
9 ’ 5 4

Xl = S + T - + a 1

9.3 Solutions: x = - 2 & $ + + S a Ti + 1 )f T i ) ( - S

iL = - x -- +3 - + & a T/ S 1 )Z + ( T S ) -

I a a a a rf ra 2 i s Dr = eQ3 +, nR2, f i te a d s ht
discriminant, l eh e n
( o r i ri an to cs )e nce wo o i a D >do 0 ot mf l n p j l u e
( a r a i r 1a o a l r i et 1a
n o et e e )i awD = rd0t q a f l o e s u s a t l
( a r a i r 1a o u r i ei 1n =C
D o 0.
n e i af dt e ) l s q u a

I D < 0, c f i so b u
s im
o t y s mfp r e pu i l tg i ao

Xl = 2 C ( a O @ S )
9.4 Solutions if D < 0: x2 = 2 C ( + 1m O +w 2C e =S -RI&@
Th 0 O e ’ S r )

x = 2 3 C ( + 2G O + 4 S e 0 ’ )

9.5 xI + x2 + xs = - x + Ca + x r = Qr r x s x = - ,s , r z s ax x r ss 2

w x x x ah t rt 2 ar r e h ,h , o er e r o e e t e s .

32
 SOLUTIONS OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
3 3

QUARTK EQUATION: x* -f- ucx3 + ctg9 + u + a 3

= 0 4 $

Let y1 be a real root of the cubic equation

9.7 Solutions: The 4 roots of ~2 + +{a1 2 a; -4uz+4yl}z + $& * d-1 = 0

If a11 roots of 9.6 are real, computation is simplified by using that particular real root which produces
a11 real coefficients in the quadratic equation 9.7.

where xl, x2, x3, x4 are the four roots.

-
 FURMULAS fram
10 Pt.ANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

DISTANCE d BETWEEN TWO POINTS F’&Q,~~) AND &(Q,~~)

10.1 d=

Fig. 10-1

Y2 -
10.2
Y1
mzz-z tan 6
F2 - Xl

EQUATION OF tlNE JOlNlN@ TWO POINTS ~+%,y~) ANiI l%(cc2,1#2)

Y - Y1 Y2 - Y1
10.3 m cjr Y - Y1 = mb - Sl)
x - ccl xz - Xl

10.4 y = mx+b

XZYl - XlYZ
where b = y1 - mxl = is the intercept on the y axis, i.e. the y intercept.
xz - 51

EQUATION OF LINE IN ‘TEMAS OF x INTERCEPT a # 0 AN0 3 INTERCEPT b + 0

a 2

Fig. 10-2

34
 FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 35

ffQRMAL FORA4 FOR EQUATION OF 1lNE

10.6 y
x cosa + Y sin a = p

where p = perpendicular distance from origin 0 to line ,

P/
and a 1 angle of inclination of perpendicular with ,
L
positive z axis.
LX
0
I
Fig. 10-3

GENERAL EQUATION OF LINE

10.7 Ax+BY+C = 0

KIlSTANCE FROM POINT (%~JI) TO LINE AZ -l- 23~ -l- c = Q

where the sign is chosen SO that the distance is nonnegative.

ANGLE s/i BETWEEN TWO l.lNES HAVlNG SlOPES wsx AN0 %a2

m2 - ml
10.9 tan $ =
1 + mima

Lines are parallel or coincident if and only if mi = ms.

Lines are perpendicular if and only if ma = -Ilmr.

Fig. 10-4

AREA OF TRIANGLE WiTH VERTIGES AT @I,z& @%,y~), (%%)

Xl Y1 1
1
10.10 Area = *T ~2 ya 1

x3 Y3 1 (.% Yd
z= *; (Xl!~/2 + ?4lX3 + Y3X2 - !!2X3 - YlX2 - %!43)

where the sign is chosen SO that the area is nonnegative.

If the area is zero the points a11 lie on a line.

Fig. 10-5
36 FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES INVGisVlNG PURE TRANSlAliON

1
l Y’

1
x = x’ + xo x’ x x - xo
or l
10.11 y’ x
Y = Y’ + Y0 Y - Y0 l
where (x, y) are old coordinates [i.e. coordinates relative to
xy system], (~‘,y’) are new coordinates [relative to x’y’ sys-
tem] and (xo, yo) are the coordinates of the new origin 0’
relative to the old xy coordinate system.

Fig. 10-6

TRANSFORMATION OF COORDIHATES INVOLVING PURE ROTATION

Y
1 = x’ cas L - y’ sin L x’ z x COSL + y sin a \Y!
or ,x’
10.12 yf z.z y COSa - x sin a \ /
-i y = x’ sin L + y’ cas L \ /
/
\ ,
where the origins of the old [~y] and new [~‘y’] coordinate ,
\
systems are the same but the z’ axis makes an angle a with \o/ L
the positive x axis. , CL!
, ’
, \
,
, \

Fig. 10-7

TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES lNVGl.VlNG TRANSLATION ANR ROTATION

1 /
02 = x’ cas a - y’ sin L + x.
10.13
y = 3~’sin a + y’ COSL + y0

1
\

1
x’ ZZZ
(X - XO) cas L + (y - yo) sin L
or ,‘%02
y! rz (y - yo) cas a - (x - xo) sin a \
where the new origin 0’ of x’y’ coordinate system has co-
ordinates (xo,yo) relative to the old xy eoordinate system
and the x’ axis makes an angle CYwith the positive x axis.

Fig. 10-8

POLAR COORDINATES (Y, 9)

A point P cari be located by rectangular coordinates (~,y) or

polar eoordinates (y, e). The transformation between these coordinates
is
x = 1 COS 0 T=$FTiF
10.14 or
y = r sin e 6 = tan-l (y/x)

Fig. 10-9
 FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 37

RQUATIQN OF’CIRCLE OF RADIUS R, CENTER AT &O,YO)

10.15 (a-~~)~ + (g-vo)2 = Re

Fig. 10-10

RQUATION OF ClRClE OF RADIUS R PASSING THROUGH ORIGIN

10.16 T = 2R COS(~-a) Y

where (r, 8) are polar coordinates of any point on the

circle and (R, a) are polar coordinates of the center of
the circle.

Fig. 10-11

CONICS [ELLIPSE, PARABOLA OR HYPEREOLA]

If a point P moves SO that its distance from a fixed point

[called the foc24 divided by its distance from a fixed line [called
the &rectrkc] is a constant e [called the eccen&&ty], then the
curve described by P is called a con& [so-called because such
curves cari be obtained by intersecting a plane and a cane at
different angles].
If the focus is chosen at origin 0 the equation of a conic
in polar coordinates (r, e) is, if OQ = p and LM = D, [sec
Fig. 10-121

P CD
10.17
T = 1-ecose = 1-ecose

The conic is
(i) an ellipse if e < 1
(ii) a parabola if e = 1
(iii) a hyperbola if c > 1. Fig. 10-12
38 FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

10.18 Length of major axis A’A = 2u

10.19 Length of minor axis B’B = 2b

10.20 Distance from tenter C to focus F or F’ is

C=d--

E__
10.21 Eccentricity = c = - ~ 0
a a

10.22 Equation in rectangular coordinates: Fig. 10-13

(r - %J)Z + E = 3
a2 b2

a2b2
10.23 Equation in polar coordinates if C is at 0: re zz
a2 sine a + b2 COS~6

a(1 - c2)
10.24 Equation in polar coordinates if C is on x axis and F’ is at 0:
r = l-~cose

10.25 If P is any point on the ellipse, PF + PF’ = 2a

If the major axis is parallel to the g axis, interchange x and y in the above or replace e by &r - 8 [or
9o” - e].

PARAR0kA WlTJ4 AX$S PARALLEL TU 1 AXIS

If vertex is at A&,, y,,) and the distance from A to focus F is a > 0, the equation of the parabola is

10.26 (Y - Yc? = 4u(x - xo) if parabola opens to right [Fig. 10-141

10.27 (Y - Yo)2 = -4a(x - xo) if parabola opens to left [Fig. 10-151

If focus is at the origin [Fig. 10-161 the equation in polar coordinates is

2a
10.28 T
= 1 - COSe

Y Y

-x

0 x

Fig. 10-14 Fig. 10-15 Fig. 10-16

In case the axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange x and y or replace t by 4~ - e [or 90” - e].
 FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 39

Fig. 10-17

10.29 Length of major axis A’A = 2u

10.30 Length of minor axis B’B = 2b

10.31 Distance from tenter C to focus F or F’ = c = dm

10.32 Eccentricity e = ; = -
a

(z - 2# (y - VlJ2
10.33 Equation in rectangular coordinates: os -7= 1

10.34 Slopes of asymptotes G’H and GH’ = * a

a2b2
10.35 Equation in polar coordinates if C is at 0:
” = b2 COS~e - a2 sin2 0

10.36 Equation in polar coordinates if C is on X axis and F’ is at 0: r = Ia~~~~~O

10.37 If P is any point on the hyperbola, PF - PF! = 22a [depending on branch]

If the major axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange 5 and y in the above or replace 6 by &r - 8
[or 90° - e].
 Y
11.1 E i p qc n o uo l ao a tA
r r i d\ o i nn
\ , j
\ ,
r = a c 2 2 2 a 0 s

1 E 1 i r q . cn e u 2 o c a o t t r a i d n- o i xg n
( + y = C S - y* G s) ( )! & 2
, \
,
1 A b1 An o A
e. a B
xga r t’=3 4 n ’lx B
w 5d e iA e ’ sl ’ eB, / n

1 A o 1o l r= &f . n o e a 4e o a 2 p F 1 i 1 g-

C Y C l O

11.5 E i p q fn a u o r a r a tY m m i : e o t n
[ C
= CE L- (s + + i ) n

1y = a - C ( O 1 S # )

1 A o 1o a r = 3f . n r e = 6e c a a h 2

1 A l 1 o o r ae .= 8f nc rn 7 a e c g h t h

T i a c dh s bu a p ei F o ya
r c o ss o r n v i ic f a er nr d c ti i l b u
a r a x ao l x
l o li n is g n. F 1 g i 1 g -

HYPOCYCLOID ViflTH FOUR CUSf’S

1 E 1 i r q . cn e u 8 o c a o t t r a i d n o i g n
% + y 2 Z a Z / Z 2 f 3 Z l 3 3

1 E 1 i p q . fn a u 9o r a r a t m m i : e o t n
x = a C O S 3 9

y = a s 0 i n z

11.10 A b brc o = & yeu u a ar n 2 v d e e d

11.11 A l o e r ec f= n6 c nu ta gr i tv r he e
T i a c dh s bu a p ei P o ya
r c o ss o r n v i ic f a er nr d c ti i l b u
F 1 i 1 g -
u a i r o /t si t o o an c4h n o rl f ai e s f al r. i sd c d i l e u e s

40
 .

SPECIAL PLANE CURVES 41

CARDIOID

11 .12 Equation: r = a(1 + COS0)

11 .13 Area bounded by curve = $XL~

11 .14 Arc length of curve = 8a

This is the curve described by a point P of a circle of radius

a as it rolls on the outside of a fixed circle of radius a. The
curve is also a special case of the limacon of Pascal [sec 11.321.

Fig. 11-4

CATEIVARY

11.15 Equation: Y z : (&/a + e-x/a) = a coshs

This is the eurve in which a heavy uniform cham would

hang if suspended vertically from fixed points A anda. B.

Fig. 11-5

THREEdEAVED ROSE

11.16 Equation: r = a COS39 \ ‘Y

\
The equation T = a sin 3e is a similar curve obtained by \
\
rotating the curve of Fig. 11-6 counterclockwise through 30’ or \
~-16 radians. \
, a X

In general v = a cas ne or r = a sinne has n leaves if /

n is odd. ,/
/
+ ,
Fig. 11-6

FOUR-LEAVED ROSE

11.17 Equation: r = a COS20

The equation r = a sin 26 is a similar curve obtained by

rotating the curve of Fig. 11-7 counterclockwise through 45O or
7714radians.
In general y = a COSne or r = a sin ne has 2n leaves if
n is even.

Fig. 11-7
42 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES

11.18 Parametric equations:

X = (a + b) COSe - b COS

Y = (a + b) sine - b sin

This is the curve described by a point P on a circle of

radius b as it rolls on the outside of a circle of radius a.
The cardioid [Fig. 11-41 is a special case of an epicycloid.

Fig. 11-8

GENERA& HYPOCYCLOID

11.19 Parametric equations:

z = (a - b) COS@ + b COS

Il = (a- b) sin + - b sin

This is the curve described by a point P on a circle of

radius b as it rolls on the inside of a circle of radius a.
If b = a/4, the curve is that of Fig. 11-3.

Fig. 11-9

TROCHU#D

x = a@ - 1 sin 4
11.20 Parametric equations:
v = a-bcos+
This is the curve described by a point P at distance b from the tenter of a circle of radius a as the
circle rolls on the z axis.
If 1 < a, the curve is as shown in Fig. 11-10 and is called a cz&ate c~cZOS.
If b > a, the curve is as shown in Fig. ll-ll and is called a proZate c&oti.
If 1 = a, the curve is the cycloid of Fig. 11-2.

Fig. 11-10 Fig. ll-ll

 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES 43

TRACTRIX

x = u(ln cet +$ - COS#)

11.21 Parametric equations:
y = asin+

This is the curve described by endpoint P of a taut string

PQ of length a as the other end Q is moved along the x
axis. Fig. 11-12

WITCH OF AGNES1

8~x3
11.22 Equation in rectangular coordinates: u =
x2 + 4a2

x = 2a cet e
11.23 Parametric equations:
y = a(1 - cos2e)
Andy -q-+Jqx

In Fig. 11-13 the variable line OA intersects y = 2a

and the circle of radius a with center (0,~) at A
respectively. Any point P on the “witch” is located oy con- l
structing lines parallel to the x and y axes through B and
A respectively and determining the point P of intersection. Fig. 11-13

FOLIUM OF DESCARTRS

Y
11.24 Equation in rectangular coordinates:
x3 + y3 = 3axy \

11.25 Parametric equations:

1
3at
x=m 1

3at2
y = l+@

11.26 Area of loop = $a2 \

11.27 Equation of asymptote: x+y+u Z 0 Fig. 11-14

INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE

il.28 Parametric equations:

x = ~(COS+ + @ sin $J)

I y = a(sin + - + cas +)
This is the curve described by the endpoint P of a string
as it unwinds from a circle of radius a while held taut.

jY!/--+$$x

. I

Fig. Il-15
 44 S P P C L E U A C R N I V E A

EVOWTE OF Aff ELLIPSE

11.29 E i r q cn e u o c a o t t r a i d n o i g
(axy’3 + (bvp3 = tu3 - by3

11.30 P e a q r u a a m t e i t o
c = ( - b z 8
COS3 C s z G )
- b ys 6a i n s
1b = ( 2 2 )

T c i t he u so h t i n r tf the s eov v o he lre e e lm l i oa p pi

x + y = 1e s z d /i h lF 1a a
nb o i 1s 2 s wg -h n. 1e 6d
F 1 i 1 g -

O V
OF CASSINI A L S

1 1 P e 1 of + qa4 . 2 l~i 2 u 3= ba aO e a 4 W rS t i o

_---
-

\
T i t c hd s h u
b a pie Pe s yr t sos t p u v h o i cih d r c e a f nrt e t i o hf trp t is ws d i oo b
[ 2 a d i a c a p ib s o a 2s n .r t s t a t ] n a c n
T c i a ih F u 1 s so nFe i r1 1 a r i g va1 - b <c a og .1 e>
s- a1 rc r. 1 7 eo 8 sr
I b = u t cf i , a Zh u s[ e1e r F m
1 v i -k e g 1c . 1a

!---
++Y
F 1
P

i 1

LIMACON
X

g -

OF PASCAL
. 1 F 17 i 1 g - .

11.32 P e o r = qb l u+ a aa r tc io os
L O b a l ej Q eo i 0to t a rp n Q ioo an c io eo dnn y i gai p f ii t r in a0 aTn h c nt s. m
hg r
t c i t h
l u o a s ph oe P rs f 1t oe Pc = vub 1h i Q u . ec a n s h t t s
T c i a ih F u 1 s os nFe i 1r 1 a r i g a1v -b >c a og .b s<
-e a1 r c r. 2 I9 e o1 = a t 0 f sr , h
c i a c u [ s a1 r F r 1 v id - e ig 4 o . 1 i . d

F 1 i 1 g - . 1 F 1 9 i 1 g-
 SPECIAL PLANE CURVES 45

C OF Ll BS IS OO C

11.33 Equation in rectangular coordinates:

x 3
y ZZZ 2
2a - x

11.34 Parametric equations:

x = 2a sinz t

2a sin3 e
?4 =-
i COSe

This is the curve described by a point P such that the

distance OP = distance RS. It is used in the problem of
duplicution of a cube, i.e. finding the side of a cube which has
twice the volume of a given cube. Fig. 11-21

SPfRAL OF ARCHIMEDES

Y
11.35 Polar equation: Y = a6

Fig. 11-22
 FORMULAS fromSCXJD
12 APJALYTK GEOMETRY

Fig. 12-1

RlRECTlON COSINES OF LINE ,lOfNlNG FO!NTS &(zI,~z,zI) AND &(ccz,gz,rzz)

% - Xl
12.2
Y2 - Y1 22 - 21
1 = COS L = ~ m = COS~ = d, n = c!o?, y = -
d ’ d
where a, ,8, y are the angles which line PlP2 makes with the positive x, y, z axes respectively and
d is given by 12.1 [sec Fig. 12-lj.

RELATIONSHIP EETWEEN DIRECTION COSINES

12.3 cosza+ COS2

p + COS2
y = 1 or lz + mz + nz = 1

DIRECTION NUMBERS

Numbers L,iVl, N which are proportional to the direction cosines 1,m, n are called direction numbws.
The relationship between them is given by

L M N
12.4 1 = m= n=
dL2+Mz+ N2’ dL2+M2+Nz’ j/L2 + Ar2 i N2

46
 FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 47

EQUATIONS OF LINE JOINING ~I(CXI,~I,ZI) AND ~&z,yz,zz) IN STANDARD FORM

x- x, Y- Y1 z - .z, x - Xl Y - Y1 2 - Zl
12.5 ~~~~ or =p=p
% - Xl Y2 - Y1 752 - 21 1 m n
These are also valid if Z, m, n are replaced by L, M, N respeetively.

EQUATIONS OF LINE JOINING I’I(xI,~,,zI) AND I’&z,y~,zz) IN PARAMETRIC FORM

12.6 x = xI + lt, y = y1 + mt, 1 = .zl + nt

These are also valid if 1, m, n are replaced by L, M, N respectively.

ANGLE + BETWEEN TWO LINES WITH DIRECTION COSINES L,~I,YZI AND h ,

12.7 COS
$ = 1112
+ mlm2 + nln2

GENERAL EQUATION OF A PLANE

12.8 .4x + By + Cz + D = 0 [A, B, C, D are constants]

EQUATION OF PLANE PASSING THROUGH POINTS (XI, 31, ZI), (a,yz,zz), (zs,ys, 2s)

x - X Y- Y1l 2 - .zl

12.9 xz - Xl Y2 - Y1 22 - 21 = cl

x3 - Xl Y3 - Y1 23 - Zl
or

Y2 - Y1 c! - 21 ~x _ glu + z2 - Zl % - Xl ~Y _ yl~ + xz - Xl Y2 - Y1
12.10 (z-q) = 0
Y3 - Y1 z3 - 21 23 - 21 x3 - Xl x3 - Xl Y3 - Y1

EQUATION OF PLANE IN INTERCEPT FORM

12.11 z+;+; z 1

where a, b,c are the intercepts on the x, y, z axes

respectively.

Fig. 12-2
48 FOkMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

E OQ L T FU I ( H A N x R T E o O I , U
A P N E T PD R Ax O+ By
L + C.z
P + L =A 0 E N N E

x - X” Y- Yn P - 2 ”
z - z -
or x = x,, + At, y = yo + Bf, z = .z(j + ct
A B C

N t t d o h n h i ft a al u ep r oe ti mt et e pr nA b
o +rhB c +l C + eDx =e p
0ey at a z r e ir n
A B C , , .

D F I P R( S y O T O
xP T , I AZO + eM
By
L A ,+ Cz
N + L ~
=A N0, T ,NC
~

A + B + C q+ D y z , , , ,
1 2 . 1 3
k d A + B
w t s i hc h S it s teh d e Ogh i nhro i nas oees s t n e t n na e

N F O F EO R O OQ R
P M R FUM
L A A A L T N

1 2 x cas L + y COS,8
. i- z COSy =1 p 4

w p = p h de ef 0 i tr p r r a s op l eo t t e a m a n n n d e
P a C/ y a an Xb3 r On d a ,e,p e Pxg y nz to ,l , d ws e ei s et
a x e s .

Fig. 12-3

T R O C A F O IN ON
PS T RV
UF R DO
RO A l

22 = x’ + x() x’ c x - x ( J

1 2y = y’ + yo . o y’ ZZZ
1Y -r Y0 5
z = d + z ( J

w ( a h o c% r e [l oc , e rird oy e.e ro, el dr~ .a d

i)
t t r s i (o y z y a v n a c z’ ’ s r e e[ ? o , ) t e rw , o e e r m l d ]
t t x s i oa ’ ( y vz a n yt q c s0 ee r d ’ h , o t, ) e ze o e ’ r m d ]
o t n o f 0h r e r t t ’ e o e wq i c o h l l z go e da io t nr i d
s y s t e m .

‘ X

Fig. 12-4
 FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 49

TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES INVOLVING PURE ROTATION

x = 1 + & + 1 1 y 3 x ! % 1 * ’
\ % ’
12.16 y = WQX’+ wtzyf+ r n p ? \
\ , ?/‘
, ,
2 = n + n l+ n 2 x 3 y ' z ' ' \
\ ,
, Y ’
\
X = Z +' m +I T 1 X z y l Z \
\ 1 ’

3 ’
O y' l= 1 + m ? +2 n 2 x p y .
~ Y
x = z +' m +z ? a x % y g z
i

where the origins of the Xyz and x’y’z’ systems are the
same and li, ' n 1 mm nl 1 2 m 2 l n 2 ; are the
3, 3 , , sdirection
; , , ,,/
X
cosines of the x’, ,y’, z’ axes relative to the x, y, .z axes
respectively.
Fig. 12-5

TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES INVOLVING TRANSLATION AND ROTATION

z = Z + & + l& I x.
+ y X ’ ’ z
F’
12.17 y = miX’ + mzy’ + ma%’ + yo ' \
, y 1
\ ,
2 = n + n l+ n 2+ zX 3 y .' z ' ' l
\ , / '

o r $ "
X = 4 -' X +t m d- y x I+ n -d z t l d y b l

or y! zz &z(X- Xo) + mz(y - yo) + n& - 4

/
x’ = &(X - X0) + ms(y - Y& + 42 - zO) / - Y
i
/
where the origin 0’ of the x’y’z’ system has coordinates ‘X’
(xo, y,,, zo) relative to the Xyz system and Zi,mi,rri;
la, mz, ‘nz; &,ms, ne are the direction cosines of the
X’, y’, z’ axes relative to the x, y, 4 axes respectively.

Fig. 12-6

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES (r, 0,~)

A point P cari be located by cylindrical coordinates (r, 6, z.)

[sec Fig. 12-71 as well as rectangular coordinates (x, y, z).

The transformation between these coordinates is

x = r COS0
12.18 y = r sin t or 0 = tan-i (y/X)

z=z

Fig. 12-7
50 FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

SPHERICAL COORDINATES (T, @,,#I)

A point P cari be located by spherical coordinates (y, e, #)

[sec Fig. 12-81 as well as rectangular coordinates (x,y,z).
The transformation between those coordinates is

= x sin .9 cas .$J

12.19 = r sin 6 sin i$

= r COSe

x2 + y2 + 22

or $I = tan-l (y/x)

e = cosl(ddx2+y~+~~)
Fig. 12-8

EQUATION OF SPHERE IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

12.20 (x - x~)~ + (y - y# + (,z - zo)2 = R2

where the sphere has tenter (x,,, yO, zO) and radius R.

Fig. 12-9

EQUATION OF SPHERE IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

12.21 rT - 2x0r COS(e - 8”) + x; + (z - zO)e = R’2

where the sphere has tenter (yo, tio, z,,) in cylindrical coordinates and radius R.

If the tenter is at the origin the equation is

12.22 7.2+ 9 = Re

EQUATION OF SPHERE IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES

12.23 rz + rt - 2ror sin 6 sin o,, COS(# - #,,) = Rz

where the sphere has tenter (r,,, 8,,, +0) in spherical coordinates and radius R.

If the tenter is at the origin the equation is

12.24 r=R
 FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY 51

E OQ E FW
U L C tA (L E A TTx I S N N HI ~P
a Eb T D O, ,S M, E N
y O dI

Fig. 12-10

E C L W Y A
L A I xL A X
I ST I X PI H N I S
T D S I

1 2 . 2 6

w a I a sh , o re ee c fs e l mr r e l ie o c i - s t p a s i t x
I b = a i b f ac t e c io r c y u rf a o l . c d mi u i en l u sd

Fig. 12-11

E C L W AO L A I z A XN J ST X IE P H I S T S I

1 2 . 2 7

Fig. 12-12

H Y O O S P F N H E E E R E B

1 2 $ . z+ 1 2 $ 8 _ $

Fig. 12-13
5 2 FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

H YO T S IF W H ’ O E E E

Note orientation of axes in Fig. 12-14.

Fig. 12-14

E P L A L R I A P

1 2 . 3 0

Fig. 12-15

H PY AP RE AR

1 2 xz
--- y2
.
= _z 3 1
a2 b2 C

Note orientation of axes in Fig. 12-16.

X
-

Fig. 12-16
 D OE A D FF E t R N t l V

If y = f(z), the derivative of y or f(x) with respect to z is defined as

13.1 ~ = lim f(X+ ‘) - f(X) = a f + A - fi ( ~ (r ~ ) ~

d hX +h O Ax-.O Ax

where h = AZ. The derivative is also denoted by y’, dfldx or f(x). The process of taking a derivative is
called di#e~eAiatiotz.

G R E O D l N F t t E F k R F E A E S

In the following, U, v, w are functions of x; a, b, c, n are constants [restricted if indicated]; e = 2.71828. . .

is the natural base of logarithms; In IL is the natural logarithm of u [i.e. the logarithm to the base e] where
it is assumed that u > 0 and a11 angles are in radians.

1 g(e) =3 0 . 2

1 &x) =
3 c . 3

1 3 . 4

1 3 . 5

1 & =
3 c . c 6 gu )

1 & 3= u v . u 7 gv g ) +
1 $-(uvw)
3 = uv- 2 + .
uw-
dv
dx
+ vw-
du
dx
8

du _ v(duldx) - u(dv/dx)
1 3 . 9
dx v V Z
-H -

1 - 3z & & z n $ . j 1 0

du _ dv du
1 3
- -(Chai?
. rule) 1 1
ijii - du dx

du
-=- 1
1 3 . 1 2
dx dxfdu

dy dyidu
1 3 . 1 3
z = dxfdu

5 3
54 DERIVATIVES

AL”>. 1

_. .i ” .,

d du du
13.14 -sinu = 13.17 &cotu = -csck&
dx cos YG

13.15 $cosu = -sinu$ 13.18 &swu = secu tanus

13.16 &tanu = sec2u$ 13.19 -&cscu = -cscucotug

13.20 -& sin-1 u

=$=$
-%< sin-‘u < i
1
13.21 &OS-~, = -1du
[O < cos-lu < z-1
qciz dx

13.22 &tan-lu = LJ!!+

1 + u2 dx C
-I < tan-lu < t
1
13.23 &cot-‘u = +& [O < cot-1 u < Tr]

1 du if 0 < set-lu < 7712

13.24 &sec-‘u =
ju/&zi zi = if 7712 < see-lu < r
I

1
- if 0 < csc-l u < 42
13.25 & csc-124 =
+ if --r/2 < csc-1 u < 0

d l’Xae du
13.26 -log,u = ~ - a#O,l
dx u dx

13.27 &lnu = -&log,u = ig

13.28 $a~ = aulna;<

13.29 feu = d"

TG

du dv
fPlnu-&[v lnu] = vuv-l~ + uv lnu-
dx

13.31 gsinhu = eoshu:: 13.34 2 cothu = - cschzu ;j

du
13.32 &oshu = sinh u dx 13.35 f sech u = - sech u tanh u 5
dx

13.33 $ tanh u = sech2 u 2 13.36 A!- cschu = - csch u coth u 5

dx dx
 DERIVATIVES 55

d
13.37 - sinh-1 u = ~
dx

1
d + if cash-1 u > 0, u > 1
13.38 -dx cash-lu = ~ - if cash-1 u < 0, u > 1

d 1 du
13.39 -tanh-1 u = -- [-1 < u < 11
dx 1 - u2 dx

13.40 -coth-lu
d = -- 1 du
dx dx [u > 1 or u < -11
1 _ u2

1
13.41 -&sech-lu = 71 du [ - if sech-1 u > 0, 0 < u < 1
+ if sech-lu<O, O<u<l
u-z
13.42 - d csch-‘u = -1 du
[- if u > 0, + if u < 0]
dx

HIGHER DERtVATlVES

The second, third and higher derivatives are defined as follows.

13.43 Second derivative = d dy d’y = f”(x) = y”

ZTz 0 =a

13.44 Third derivative = &

13.45 nth derivative f’“‘(x) II y(n)

LEIBNIPI’S RULE FOR H26HER DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCTS

Let Dp stand for the operator & so that D*u = :$!& = the pth derivative of u. Then

13.46 D+.w) = uD% + ; (D%)(D”-2~) + ... + wDnu

0
where 0n 0n are the binomial coefficients [page 31.
1 ’ 2 ‘...
As special cases we have

13.47

13.48

DlFFERENT1ALS

Let y = f(x) and Ay = f(x i- Ax) - f(x). Then

AY f(x + Ax) - f(x) = f/(x) + e =
13.49
x2= Ax
where e -+ 0 as Ax + 0. Thus
13.50 AY = f’(x) Ax -t rzAx

If we call Ax = dx the differential of x, then we define the differential of y to be

13.51 dv = j’(x) dx
56 DERIVATIVES

RULES FOR DlFFERENf4ALS

The rules for differentials are exactly analogous to those for derivatives. As examples we observe that

13.52 d(u 2 v * w -c . ..) = du?dvkdwe...

13.53 d(uv) = udv + vdu

d2 = vdu - udv
13.54
0 V 212

13.55 d(e) = nun- 1 du

13.56 d(sinu) = cos u du

13.57 d(cosu) = - sinu du

i” _^.1
I

:“” _
PARTIAL DERf,VATIVES

Let f(x, y) be a function of the two variables x and y. Then we define the partial derivative of f(z, y)
with respect to x, keeping y constant, to be

13.58 af lim fb + Ax, Y) - f&y)

az= Ax-.0 Ax

Similarly the partial derivative of f(x,y) with respect to y, keeping x constant, is defined to be

13.59 2 - lim fb, Y + AY) - fb, Y)

dY AY'O AY

Partial derivatives of higher order can be defined as follows.

@f a af a2f a af
13.60 -= a1/2=
a22 TGFG'
0 7~ 0 ay

a2f a df a2f a af
13.61 -=---
axay ax 0 ay 9 -=ayiG
ayax 0
The results in 13.61 will be equal if the function and its partial derivatives are continuous, i.e. in such
case the order of differentiation makes no difference.
The differential of f(x,y) is defined as

df = $dx + $dy
where dx =Ax and dy = Ay.
Extension to functions of more than two variables are exactly analogous.
 If 2 = f(z), then y is the function whose derivative is f(z) and is called the anti-derivative of f(s)
or the indefinite integral of f(z), denoted by f (4 dx. Similarly if y = f (4 du, then $ = f(u).
s S
Since the derivative of a constant is zero, all indefinite integrals differ by an arbitrary constant.
For the definition of a definite integral, see page 94. The process of finding an integral is called
integration.

In the following, u, v, w are functions of x; a, b, p, q, n any constants, restricted if indicated;

e = 2.71828. . . is the natural base of logarithms; In u denotes the natural logarithm of u where it is assumed
that u > 0 [in general, to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace In u by In ]u]]; all angles
are in radians; all constants of integration are omitted but implied.

14.1 adz = ax
S

14.2 uf(x) dx = a f(x) dx

S S

14.3 (ukz)kwk . ..)dx = _(‘udx ” svdx * .(‘wdx * ...

S

14.4 udv = WV - vdu [Integration by parts]

S S

For generalized integration by parts, see 14.48.

14.5
Sf(m) dx =
aSf(u) du
1
-

F(u)
14.6 F{fWl dx = S
F(u)2 du = f’(z) du where u = f(z)
S S

.&a+1
14.7 undu = - n#-1 [For n = -1, see 14.81
S n-t 1’

du
14.8 -= In u if u > 0 or In (-u) if u < 0
S U

= In ]u]

14.9 eu du = eu
S

eUl”Ll
14.10
s audu =
S @Ina& = -=-
In a
au
In a ’
a>O, a#1

57
58 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.11 sinu du = - cos u

I‘

cosu du = sin u

14.13 tanu du = In secu = -In cosu

I‘

14.14 cot u du = In sinu

14.15 see u du = In (set u + tan u) = In tan

14.16 csc u du = ln(cscu- cotu) = In tan;

I‘

14.17 sec2 u du = tanu

.I'

14.18 * csc2udu = -cotu

I

14.19
S tanzudu = tanu - u

14.20
S cot2udu = -cotu - u

S
U sin 2u
14.21 sin2udu = - - - = #u - sin u cos u)
2 4

sin 2u
14.22 ' co532u du = ;+T = j&u + sin u cos u)
s

14.23
S secutanu du = secu

14.24 cscucotudu = -cscu

s

14.25
S sinhu du = coshu

14.26
I‘ coshu du = sinh u

14.27
I‘ tanhu du = In coshu

14.28 J coth u du = In sinh u

14.29
S sechu du = sin-1 (tanh u) or 2 tan-l eU

14.30
S csch u du = In tanh; or - coth-1 eU

14.31 J sechzudu = tanhu

14.32
I‘ csch2 u du = - coth u

14.33 tanh2u du = u - tanhu

s
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 59

14.34
S cothe u du = u - cothu

14.35
S sinheudu =
sinh 2u
---
4
u
2
= +(sinh u cash u - U)

14.36
S coshs u du =
sinh 2u
___
4 i- t = Q(sinh u cash u + U)

14.37
S sech u tanh u du = - sech u

14.38 csch u coth u du = - csch u

s

14.39
S ___
du
u’ + CL2
=

14.40
S u2 >a2
14.41 S - = u2 < a2

14.42 s
du
14.43 ___ = ln(u+&Zi?) 01‘ sinh-1 t
s @T7

14.44

14.45

14.46

14.47

14.48
S f(n)g dx = f(n-l,g - f(n-2)gJ + f(n--3)gfr - . . . (-1)” s fgcn) dx

This is called generalized integration by parts.

Often in practice an integral can be simplified by using an appropriate transformation or substitution

and formula 14.6, page 57. The following list gives some transformations and their effects.

14.49
S F(ax+ b)dx =
1
-
a S F(u) du where u = ax + b

14.50
S F(ds)dx = i
S u F(u) du where u = da

14.51
S F(qs) dx = f
S u-1 F(u) du where u = qs

14.52
S F(d=)dx =
S a F(a cos u) cos u du where x = a sin u

14.53
S F(dm)dx =
S a F(a set u) sec2 u du where x = atanu
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.54 F(d=) dx = a F(a tan u) set u tan u du where x = a set u

I‘ s

14.55 F(eax) dx = $
I‘ s

14.56 F(lnx) dz = F(u) e” du where u = In 5

s s

14.57 s F (sin-l:) dx = oJ F(u) cosu du where u = sin-i:

Similar results apply for other inverse trigonometric functions.

14.58 du
F(sin x, cosx) dx = 2 - where u = tan:
s 1 + u?

Pages 60 through 93 provide a table of integrals classified under special types. The remarks given on
page 5’7 apply here as well. It is assumed in all cases that division by zero is excluded.

dx
14.59 ‘, In (ax + a)
s as=

xdx X b
14.60 - = - - ;E- In (ax + 5)
ax + b a

(ax + b)2
2b(az3+ b, + $ In (ax + b)
--ix---

x3 dx (ax + b)s 3b(ax + b)2 + 3b2(ax + b) _ b3

14.62
S i&T-%$- ---m---- 2a4 a4
2 In (ax + b)

dx
14.63
S z(az =

dx
14.64
S x2(ax + b) =

dx
14.65
I‘ x3(ax+ b) =

dx -1
14.66
S ~(ax + b)2 = a(ux + b)

14.67
S ~(ax
x dx
+ b)2
= a2(af+ b)+ $ In(ax+ b)
14.68 x2 dx ax + b b2
Sm = --- a3 a3(ax + b)
- $ In (ax + b)

dx (ax + b)2 _ 3b(ax + b) + bs

S (ax
x3
14.69 ~ = + z In (ax + b)
+ b)2 2a4 a4 aJ(ax + b)

dx
14.70
S x(ax + b)2

S
dX
14.71
xqax + by
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 61

dx (ax + b)2 + 3a(az + b) _ 3

14.72
s x3(az+ b)2 = -2b4X2 b4x b4(:3c+ b)
dx -1
14.73
s ~(ax + b)3 = 2(as+ b)2
x dx -1 b
14.74 ~ =
s (ax + b)3 a2(as + b) + 2a2(ax + b)2

14.75
S x2 ~
dx
(ax + b)a
= 2b
a3(az+ b) -
b2
2a3(ax+ b)2
+ +3 In (as + b)

S
x3 dx 3b2 b3
14.76 - 2 In (ax + b)
~(ax + b)3 = 5- u4(ux + 6) + 2u4(ax+ by

dx 6x2 2ux
14.77
x(ax + bJ3 = 2b3(ux + b)2 - b3(ax + b)

S
dx 2u
14.78
x2@ + bJ3 = 2b2(u;a+ b)2 - b3(ux + b)

14.79
S
dx
x3(ux + bJ3 =
a4x2
2b5(ux + b)2 -
4u3x
b5(ux + b) -

14.80
S (ax+ b)ndx =
(ax + b)n+l
(n+l)a *
If n = -1, see 14.59.

14.81
S x(ux + b)ndx =
(ax + b)n+2
~-
(n + 2)u2
- b(ux + b)n+l
(n+l)u2 ' nZ-1*--2

If n = -1, -2, see 14.60, 14.67.

14.82
SX~(UX + b)n dx =
(n
(ax + b)n+3
+ 3)a3
_ 2b(ux +. b)n+2
(n+ 2)u3
+ b2(ux + b)n+’
(nfl)u3
If n = -l,-2,-3, see 14.61, 14.68, 14.75.

S
xm+l(ax + b)n + nb
xm(ux + b)n-1 dx
m+n+l mfnfl
14.83
S x”‘(ux t b)” dx = xm(ux
(m + n
+ b)n+’
+ 1)~
_ mb
(m + n + 1)~ .f
xm--l(ux + b)“dx

-xm+l(ux+b)n+l
(n + 1)b
+
(n S
m+n+2
+ 1)b
xm(ux + b)“+’ dx
62 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.89 dzbdx = “7
s

14.90 xd-6 dx = 2(3a;z; 2b’ l&a@

s

14.91 x%/G dx = 2(15a’x2 ;$a;bx + 8b2) ,,m3

s

‘&zT dx
14.92 dx = 2d&3 + b [See 14.871
J s x&zz
&dx = &zTT dx
14.93 +; [See 14.871
s x2 X s X&iZT
2LlFqz 2mb
14.94
s &T” = (2m + 1)~ - (2m + 1)a s dXGb dx

dx \/azfb _ (2m - 3)a

14.95 = -
s X+GT3 (m - l)bxm-1 (2m - 2)b s x-l:=

14.96 xmd= dx = t2;$8,, (as + b)3’2 - c2;“+b3,a X~-QL-TTdX

s s

&iTx &&x5
14.97
.(‘ Xm dx = - (m-l)xm-’ + 2(mf 1) s
x--l:LTT
l/zT-ii -(ax + b)3/2 _ (2m - 5)a &GTT
14.98 -----dx =
s Xm (m - l)bxm-’ (2m - 2)b s gm--1 dx

14.99 2(ax + b)(“‘+z)lz

c (ax + b)m’2 dx =
a(m + 2)

14.100 = 2(ax + b)(“‘+Q/z 2b(ux + b)(m+z)/z

x(ax + b)““z dcv
s a2(mf4) - aym + 2)

= 2(ax + b)(m+s)lz _ 4b(ux + b)(m+4)/2 + 2b2(ax + b)(“‘+2)‘2

14.101 z2(ax + b)m’2 dx
s u3(m -I- 6) a3(m+ 4) u3(m+ 2)

(as +xbP”2 dx = ~(CLX + b)““z + b (ax + b)(m-2)/2 dx

14.102
s m s X

S S
(ax + b)m’z (ax + b)(m+2)‘2 (ax + b)m’2
14.103 dx = - +z dx
X2 bx X

S S
dx 2 1 dx
14.104
x(ux + b)m/2 = (m - Z)b(ax + b)(m-2)/2 ’ 5 x(ax + b)(“‘--2)/z

>:“:
INTEGRALS INVOLVfNC c&z + b AND p;z! + q

dx
14.105
(ax + b)(w + d
x dx
14.106 = & g In (ax+ b) - % In (px+ q)
. (‘ (ax + b)(px + d

14.107
S dx
(ax + b)2bx + d

14.108
S xdx
(ax + b)2(px + 4

x2 ds
b(bp ,Z 2uq) In (uz + b)
14’109 j- (ax + b)z(px + q) = (bp - aq;&ux+ b) + (b- ’ ad2
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
63

dx -1 1
14.110
I’ (ax + bpqpx + qp = (Yz - l)(bp - aq) (ax + b)+l(pz + q)“-’
1
+ a(m+n-2) dx
s (ax + bpqpx + q)n-1
ax + b
14.111 -dds = 7 + yh(px+q)
s PX + Q

-1 (ax + bp+’
(N - l)(bp - uq) (px + q)“-l + (x-m - va ,E++q;!Tl dx
1 s
>
(ax + bp
14.112 -1 (ax + bp (ax + b)m- 1
s (px+ q)n dx = (m - m - l)p (px + q)n-l + m@p - aq)
{ s (px+ 4” dx
>

I
(n--:)p
i
(ax + ap
(pxtqy-1 - mu S (ax + by-1
(px + qy- l dx1
\

14.113
S -E!C&.Y
d&zT
dx = 2(apx+3aq-2bp)Gb
3u2

14.114
s (Px + 9) &ii-G
dx

14.115 Jgdx =

2(px + q)n+ l d&T?

14.116 (px + q)” dn~ dx = I b - aq (Px + q)” dx
s (2n + 3)P (2n + 3)P s dn

S dx daxi-b
14.117 dx
(px + 9)” &z-i = (n - l)(aq - bp)(px + q)n-l + 2(n ‘“^I),;)” bp) s
(px + q)n-1 &-TT

S
2(px + q)n &iTT
14.118 -bx + dn dx = + 2n(aq - W * (px + q)“- l dx
da (2n + 1)u (2n + 1)a s &ii%
&zTiT -&m 1
14.119 Smdx = dx
(n - l)p(pz + qy- l + 2(n ” 1)p s
(px + qp-’ ~GzT

INTEBRAES INVOLVING ds AND J/K

&ln(dGFG+~)
14.120
S, dx
(ax + b)(w + q')
ZI

xdx dbx + b)(px + 4 dx

14.121 = b + w
(ax + b)(px + q) UP --x&T-
(ax + b)(w + q)
64 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

dx
14.122 (ax + b)(px + q) dx =
. (ax + b)(px + 4

14.123 .(' j/sdx = ‘@‘+ y(px+q) + vj- (ax+;(px+q)

2&izi
14.124
(aq - W d%=i

lNTEGRALS INVOLVtNO x’ + a2

14.125 s--$$ = $I-'~

14.126 J-$$$ = + In (x2 + a2)

14.127 J$$ = x - a tan-13c a

14.128 s& = $ - $ln(x2+az)

‘4-l 30 J x2(x?+ ($2) =

---
six
+3 tan-l:

--
1
14.131 J x3(x?+a2) = 2a2x2

14.132 J (x2d;Ga2)2 = 2a2(xf+ a2) + &3 tan-':

14.137
dx --- 1 x -- 2:5 tan-l:
S x2(x2 + c&2)2 = a4x 2a4(x2 + a2)
dx -~ 1 - 1
14.138 2a4x2 2a4(x2 + u2)
S x3(x2 + a2)2 =
2n - 3 dx
= S
X
14.139
S (x2d+za2)n 2(n - l)a2(x2 + a2)%-* + (2n- 2)a2 (x2 + a2)n-1

xdx -1
14.140
S (~2 + a2)n= 2(n - 1)(x2 + a2)n-1
dx 1 dx
14.141
S x(x2 + a2)” = 2(12 - l)a2(x2 + uy--1
+ $ S x(x2 + a2)n-1
xm dx xm--2 dx x*--2 dx
14.142
. (x2+ a2)" = S (x2 + a2)n-l - a2 S (x2 + a2)"
dx 1 dx -- 1 dx
14.143 2 S 33x2 + a2)n--1 a2 S xme2(x2 + a2)”
S x9z2+a2)n =
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 65

:INTEORAES INVOLVlNO ix2 - a’, z2 > a2

I.

dx 1
14.144 m= or - a coth-1 ;
*

14.145 ~ xdx = Jj In (x2 - ~22)

s x2 - a2

14.146
x2 dx
s n--

x3 dx
14.147 $ + $ In (x2 - a2)
s m--

dx
14.148
s x(x2 - a2) =

dx
14.149
s x2(x2 - a2) =

dx __ 1 -
14.150
s x3(x2-a2) = 2a2x2

14.151 Lln z
s (x2?a2)2 = 2a2(sta2) - ~~3
( >

14.152 xdx -1
s (x2 - a2)2 = 2(x2-a2)

14.153 x2 dx
s (x2--2)2 = 2(xFTa2) + &ln

-a2
14.154 ' x3dx + i In (x2 - a2)
(,Zya2)2 = 2(x2 - a‘9

14.155 dx
s x(x2 - a2)2 =

dx -- -
14.156 x2(x2-a2)2 =
s

14.157
S x3(x2-a2)2
dx
= --- 1
2~~4x2 2a4(xi-a2) + $5'"

14.158 S (x2 -
dx
a2)n
=
2(n - 1)u2(x2 - a2)n-1
--x - 2n - 3 s
(2~2 - 2)a2 (x2 -
dx
a2p- 1

14.159 xdx -1
s (X2-a2)n = 2(n - 1)(x2 - a2)n--1

14.160
S - = x(x2
dx
u2)n
-1
2(n - l)dyx2 - dy-1 -
1
az S x(x2- a2)n--1
dx

14.161
S --a?)"
=S(x2
xm dx x77-2 dx
(x2-a2)n-1 + S
a2
xm--2 dx
(x2-a2)n

14.162
S S dx
Xm(X2qp= ,z
1
xm-2(x2
dx
- u2p-S
a? 1
xm(x2-
dx
u2)n-l
66 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

IWTEGRALS tNVOLVlNO u~--~, xz<aa

14.163 ~ dx = or i tanh-I$
S a2 - x2

x dx
14.164 __ = - f In (a2 - x2)
S a2 - x2

x2 dx
14.165
S g-z-p-

x3 dx x2
14.166
Sm = ---2 $ In (a2 - x2)

dx
14.167
S x(a2 - 22)

dx
14.168
S 22(d - 22) =
22
14.169J x3(,Ex2) = -&+ &lln
(
__
a2 - 22>

14.170 S dx 5
(a2-x2)2 = 2a2(a2 - x2)

14.171 S x dx 1
(a2 - x2)2 = 2(a2--x2)

14.172
22 dx
S (&-x2)2 = 2(Lx2) -

x3 dx a2
14.173 + i In (a2 - x2)
S (CL2- x2)2 = 2(&-x2)

14.174 S

14.175 S

14.176 S
- dx
14.177 S - x2)n
(a2 dx = qn- l)a2(;2-x2)n-l + (2n2n - 2)a2
3 S (a2 - x2)n-l

xdx 1
14.178
S (a2 - x2)n = 2(n - l)(a2 - x2)n-1

dx - 1 dx
14.179
S x(a2 - x‘p - 2(n - l)a2(a2 - x2)n-1 +f S x(u2 - xy--1

5”’ dx xm -2dx x*-2dx

14.180
S (,2-x2p = a2
S (a2 - x2p - s (a2- x2)n-l

14.181 j- xmc,~xp)n
= +2s xm(a2?z2)n-~ +$f x--$-x2)n
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.182 In (x + &&?) or sinh-1s

a
x dx
14.183 ___ II
S ~~

x2 dx x 7 2 +a
14.184 - = -- a2
2 In(x+@Tz)
S lfzT-2 2

x3 dx (x2 + a2)3/2
14.185 - a2&GZ
S ~I2xz = 3

14.186
S
J/X-
14.187
S .2&F&i = - a22

dx = ~~ a+&3T2
14.188 + k3 In
s x3~~5 -2a2x2 X >

14.189
S + $l(x+~W)

14.190 xdmdx = (x2 + a2)3/2

S 3

x(x2 + a2)312 a2x&T2 a4

14.191 x%jmdx = sln(x+j/~)
s 4 - 8

14.192 ad-g-q dx = (x2 + a2)5/2 _ a2(x2 + a2)3/2

=&qgwalIn
S 5 3

14.193
s
&T = --&G-G
14.194
S-dx X2
+ ln(z+drn)

S
&s-T-z a-l-&372
14.195 - $a In
x3 X

dx
14.196
S (x2 + a2)3/2 =
x dx
14.197
s (%2 + a2)3/2 = &is
x2 dx
14.198
.f (x2 + a2)3/2 = d& + ln(x + d&i7)

x3 dx
14.199
s (x2 + a2)3/2 = im+a2
@TTP

14.200 dx 1 a+JZ2
s x(x2 + a2)3/2 = - f In
a2&SiZ ( 2

dx ~~ x
14.201 x2(x2 + a2)3/2 = - ~ a4x -
S a4&FS
S dx -1 3 3 a+&-TS
14.202 -
x3(x2 + a2)3/2 = + s5ln 2
2a2x2&GT 2a4&FiZ
68 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.203
S (x2 + a~)312 dx =
x(x2 +
4
u2)3/2
+ 3&q/~
8
+~a4ln(x+~2TTq

14.204
S x(x2 + u2)3/2 dx = (x2 +
5
u2)5/2

14.205
S x2(x2 + ~2)3/2 ds =
x(x2 +

6
u2)5/2 _ u2x(x2

24
+ u2)3/2

-
u4x@TF2

16
-- ~~ln(~+~2xq

14.206
S x3(x2 + u2)3/2 dx =
(22 +
7
~247’2
-
~2(~2 +
5
~2)5/2

S (x2 + u2)3/2 dx = (x2+ u2)3’2 CL+@-TT?

14.207 + u2@T2 - a3 In
X 3 x >

14.208
S (x2 + UT’2
x2
ds = _ (x2 + u2)3’2 + 3x-
x 2
+ 3a2 ln (x + q-&-T&)
2

14.209
S (x2 +

x3
U2)3’2
dx = -
(x2 +
2x2
a2)3/2 U-kdlXS

x >

14.210
s In (x + j/277),
S
5 P--x-a
14.211
S ~ x2 dx
&G=z
=
2

’ x3dx
14.212

14.213
s G= 1 5 x2- u2
asec-l
I
X
U I

14.214

@=2
14.215
S = + k3 see-l xU
x3(& 2u2x2 I I
14.216
s dndx = x
7
x2-a -$ln(x+dm)

S
(x2 _ u2)3/2
14.217 xda~dx =
3
- a2)3/2
cAq/m~
Sx2@73
x(x2 -- “8” ln(x
14.218 dx = + + +2TS)
4 8
14.219
S ,“d~ dx = cx2 -
5
~2)5/2 + ~2(~2 -
3
~2)3/2

14.220 s-dx = dm- a see-l I;1-

 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 69

14.224

14.225
S 22 dx (~2 - a2)3/2 =
-~
&z
+ ln(x+&272)

14.226
S x3 dx
(22 - a2)3/2 = GTZ- - dx2aLa2
14.227
S 4x2 - a2P2
dx
=
-1
a2@qp
1
-- a3 set-1 2
IaI

14.228
S z2(s2
dx
- a2)3/2 = -_
lJZ2
a4x -
a+iGZ
x

14.229
S x3(x2
dx
- a2)3/2 =
1 3 -- 3
2a5 see-l :
Ia I

14.230 (~2 - &)3/z & z

x(x2 - a2)3/2 3a2x&iF2
+ :a4 In (5 + &372)
S 4 - 8
*
(x2 - a!2)5/2
14.231 x(52 - a2)3/2 dx =
I 5

14.232 x2(99 - a2)3/2 dx =

2(x2 - a2)5/2 a2x(x2 - a2)3/2 - a4x&FS
+ + $ In (z + $X2 - a2 )
S 6 24 16
(22 - a2)7/2
14.233 x3(52 - a2)3/2 dx = + az(x2 - a2)5/2
S 7 5

S
@2 _ a2)3/2
14.234 dx = tx2 - a2)3'2 - a2da + a3 set-' c
X 3 I I

S
(x2 _ a2)3/2
14.235 dx = - (x2 -xa2)3'2 + 3xy _ ia ln (1 + da)
X2

S
@2 - a2)3/2
14.236 ,jx = _ (x2;$33'2 + "y _ ga sec-' [El
x3 a

1NtEORAtS lNVC)LVlNG <%=??

14.237
Sda& = sin-l:

14.238 ____
xdx
= -dGi
@G?
x 7 a-x
14.239
S ___x2 dx
).lm
= -
2

14.240
sjlzz x3 dx
____ = (a2 - x2j312 _
3
a2dpz3i

14.241
a+&KG
X

14.242
Sx743x5 dx

-~ a + I/-X;
14.243 - &3 In
2a2x2 5
70 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.244 + $f sin-l:
s

14.245 xqTF-2 dx =
-ta2 -x2)3/2
s 3

x(a2- x2)3/2 + a2xF + g sin-l g

14.246 x+s-?5 dx = -
s 4 8 8 a

(a2 - x2)5/2 _ a2(a2- x2)3/2

14.247 x3dmdx =
s 5 3

S
@=z a+@=-2
14.248 -dx = ~~-CLln
( 1

14.249
&AT
s ~ x2
dx= _~ _sin-1:
a
x
Wdx= &GT2 a+@=2
14.250
S~ x3
-~
2x2
+ &In
( X >

14.251
S dx
@2ex2)3/2 =
.3Lz2
X

14.252
S xdx
(,2mx2)3/2 =
&A?

14.253
S x2 dx
(a2 ex2)3/2 = * - sin-l-
2
a

14.254
S x3 dx
(a2-x2)3/2 = daz_,Z+d&

S dx a+&GS
14.255 - i31n
x(a2- x2)3/2 = a2&z ( X >

dx diFT1 x
14.256 x2(a2-x2)3/2 =
s 614x a4&iGz

S dx -1 3 a+@?
14.257 x3(a2-x2)3/2 = + - &51n
2a2x2@T2 2a4&FG ( X >

14.258
S($2 - x2)3/2 dx= x(a2 -
4
x2)3/2 + 3a2x&Ci3
8
+ ia4 sin-l:

Sx(&-43/2& = -
(a2-x2)5/2
14.259
5

Sx2(& - &)3/2 ,&= -

x(a2 - x2)5/2 + a2x(a2--2)3/2 + a4xjliGlF a6 . x
14.260 + igsin-l;
6 24 16

14.261
S x2)3/2 dx=
x3(&2 -
(a2 -
7
x2)7/2 _ a2(a2-
5
x2)5/2

14.262 s (a2 -xx2)3'2 dx = (a2 -3x2)3'2 + a2dm - a3 ln (a + y)

S
3x&z%
14.263
(a2- x2)3/2 dx = -(a2-x2)3/2 _ 2 _ ;a2sin-1~
x2 X a

14.264 s la2 -x;2)3’2 dx = _ ta2 ;x;2)3’2 _ “7 a+&PZ

+ gain
X >
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 71

INTEOiRALS LNVULWNG ax2 f bz + c

2
&LFiP
dx
14.265
s ax2+ bx + c =
2ax + b - \/b2--4ac
$-z In
i( 2ax + b + dn :i
If b2 = 4ac, ax2 + bx + c = a(z + b/2a)2 and the results on pages 60-61 can he used. If b = 0 use
results on page 64. If a or c = 0 use results on pages 60-61.

xdx dx
14.266 = & In (ax2 + bx + c) - $
s ax2 + bx + c s ax2 + bx + c

14.267 x2 dx = --X b2 - 2ac dx

ax2 + bx + c
&ln(ax2+bx+c) + T
s a s ax2 + bx + c

S
x”’ dx x”-2 dx -- b ~“-1 dx
x?T-l C
14.268 --
s ax2-t bx+c = (m-l)a a s ax2 + bx + c a ax2 + bx + c

14.269
S x(ax2
dx
+ bx + c)
= $1,
( ax2 + bx + c )
X2 -- b
2c
J
dx
ax2 + bx + c

14.270
s xz(ax2
dx
+ bx + c)
= &ln
(
ax2 + bx + c
X2
>
_ 1
cx
I b2 - 2ac
23 S dx
ax2 + bx + c

14.271
S xn(ax2
dx
+ bx + c) = -(n - l)cxn-l
1 -- b
c S x”-l(ax2
dx
+ bx + c)
-- a
c S xnp2(ax2
dx
+ bx + c)

14.272
S dx
(ax2 + bx + c)2 = (4ac -
2ax + 6
b2)(ax2 + bx + c)
+-
2a
4ac - b2, f
dx
ax2 + bx + c

14.273
S x dx
(ax2 + bx + ~$2 = - (4ac -
bx + 2c
b2)(ax2 + bx + c) -4ac
b
S
dx
ax2 + bx + c

14.274
S $2 dx
(ax2 + bx + c)2 =
(b2 - 2ac)x + bc
a(4ac - b2)(ax2 + bx + c)
f-
2c
4ac - b2 S dx
ax2 + bx + c

14.275
S x”’ dx
(ax2 + bx f CP = - (2n - m - l)a(ax2
xWL-l
+ bx + c)n--l ’
(m - 1)~
(2n-m- 1)a s
~“‘-2 dx -
(ax2 + bx + c)n

- (n - m)b xm-1 dx
(2n - m - 1)a s (ax2 + bx + c)fl

14.276
s +bx+c)n= $S(a392f~~3~~)“-I - $S(ax:";;:!+
(m2
x2n--1 dx
-iS x2n-2

(ax2 + bx -t- c)n

dx

14.277
S dx
x(ax2 + bx f c)~ S = S 1
2c(ax2 + bx + c)
-- b
2c
dx
(ax2 + bx + c)2
+$
dx
x(ax2 + bx + c)

14.278
S dx
x2(ax2 f bx + c)~ S = S - cx(ax2
1
+ bx + C)
-- 3a
c
dx
(ax2 + bx + c)2
-- 2b
c x(6x2
dx
+ bx + c)2

14.279
.I xn(ax2
dx
f bx $ c)~ = S -(m - l)cxm-l(ax2
1
+ bx + c)n--l -
(m+2n-3)a
(m - 1)c x-~(ux~
dx
+ bx + c)”

Sx~-~(ccx~
_ (m+n-2)b dx
(m - 1)~ + bx + c)n
 72 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

In the following results if b2 = 4ac, \/ ax2 + bx + c = fi(z + b/2a) and the results on uaaes 60-61 can
be used. lf b = 0 use the results on pages 67-70. If a = 0 or c = d use the results on pages 61-62.

$ In (2&dax2 + bx + e + 2ax + b)
ax a
14.280 =
ax2+bx+c
-&sin-l (J;rT4ic) or & sinh-l(~~~c~~2)

14.281

x2 dx
14.282
s, ax2+bx+c

14.283

dx
14.284 = -
ax2 + bx + c

(2ax+ b) ax2+ bx+c +4ac-b2 dx

14.285 ax2+bx+cdx =
4a 8a . ax2 + bx + c

14.286 (ax2 + bx + c)3/2 b(2ax + b) dp

= ~ ax2+ bx+c
3a - 8a2
- b(4ac - b2) dx
16a2 axz+bx+c

14.287 = 6az4a25b (ax2 + bx + c)~/~ + “““,,,“” J d ax2f bx+c dx

S“
ax2+bx+c
14.288
X

ax2+bx+c
14.289
X2

14.290
S dx
(ax2 + bx + c)~‘~ (4ac - b2)
2(2ax + b)
ax2 + bx + c

14.291
S x dx
(ax2 + bx + ax2~)3’~
(b2 - 4ac) \/
2(bx + 2c)
+ bx + c

14.292
Scax2 x2 dx
+ bx + 43’2
(2b2 - 4ac)x
a(4ac - b2)
+ 2bc
1~x2 + bx + c
dx
ax2+bx+c

14.293
S+x2+%+c)3’2 = cdax2 : bx+e+: SJ x
dx
axz+bx+c S +ifif+
(QX~ 4312

s Scax2
dx ax2 + 2bx + c b2 - 2ac dx
14.294
x2(aX2 + bx + c)~‘~ = - &?xdax2 + bx + c + 26 + bx + 43’3

S, -- 3b
2c2 x
dx
ax2+bx+c

14.295
S (ax2 + bx + c)n+1/2dx = (2ax + b)(ax2 + bx + c)n+ 1~2
4a(nf 1)

S
+ (2% + 1)(4ac- b2)
(a&+ bx + c)n-1’2dx
8a(n+ 1)
 .

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 73

14.296
S x(uxz + bx + C)n+l/z dx = (ax2 + bx + C)n+3'2
cq2n+ 3)
_ $
.
s
(ax2 + bx + ~)~+l’zdx

14.297
s’(ax2-t dX
bx + ~)n+l’~ =
2(2ax
(2~2 - 1)(41x - b2)(ax2 + bx + +--1/z
+ b)

8a(n- 1) dx
+ (2~2 - 1)(4ac - b2). (‘ (61.x2 + bx + c)n--1E
dx 1
14.298
s x(ux2 + bx + ++I’2 = (2~2 - l)c(ux’J + bx + c)n--1’2
dx -- dx
s x(ux2 + bx + c)“-~‘~ 2”~ s (ax2 + bx + c),+ l/i

JPJTEORALS JNVOLVING 3ea+ a3

Note that for formulas involving x3 - u3 replace a by --a.

dx
14.299 ~ =
s X3 + u3 x2 - ax + cl2

14.300 ~ x dx = x2 - ax + c-9 2x-u

x3 + a3 + 1 tan-l 7
s (x + c-42
a\/3 43

14.301 __x2 dx = $ In (x3 + ~3) 14.302 dx

s x3 + CL3 s x(x3+u3) =
ClX 1 1 x2 - ax + u2
14.303 - +3tanP1 F
G-4 In
-- -
s x2(x3 + u3) = a32 (x + a)2

X (xfcp + 2 2x-u
14.304 '(z3yu3)2 = - tan-l -
.( 3u3(s3 +a3) + &In x2 - ax + a2 3u5fi a \r 3

x2 - ax + a2 2x - a
14.305 ' xdx x2 + &n
s (x3 + c&3)2 = 3a3(x3 + a3) (x + a)2 + 3utfi3 tan-’ 3
x2 dx 1
14.306
s (x3+ u3)2 = - 3(x3 + US)
dx 1
14.307
s %(X3 + a3)2 = &,3(x3 + as)

dx -- 1 - x2 -4-.--- x dx
14.308 [See 14.3001
s x2(x3 + u3)2 = CL62 3a6(x3 + u3) 3u6 s x3 + u3
x-’ dx xm-2 xm-3 dx
14.309 ~ = - - a3 ~
s x3 + u3 m-2 x3 + a3
dX -1 -2 dx
14.310 +
s x9x3+ a3) = c&3@- 1)x+-’ u3 s xn-3(x3 u3)

JNTEORALS INVOLYJNG c?+* a*

dx 1 x2 + axfi + a2 1
14.311 - = - In -- tan-1 -!!tC-LT
I' x4 + a4 4u3fi x2 - uxfi + c&2 2aqi 22 - CL2

14.312
S ~
x4
xdx
+ u4
= & tan-l $

x2 - axfi + a2 1
-L In -- tan-1 -!!G!- 6
4ufi x2 + ax& + u2 2ckJr2 x2 - a2

14.314
S ~
x3
x4 + a4
dx
= $ In (x4 + a4)
74 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

dx
14.315
s x(x4 + d)

14.316 s dx 1 CiXfi
+- tan-l ___
x2(x4 + u4) =
2a5& x2 - a2

14.317 dx
. x3(x4 + a4) =

14.322

14.323

14.324

dx
14.325 &nlnz
.I’ x(xn+an) = xn + an

14.326 fs = ‘, In (29 + an)

xm dx xm--n dx x”’ --n dx

14.327 (xn + (yy-l - an s
S (x”+ c&y = s (xn + an)T

dx 1 dx 1 dx
14.328
I’ xm(xn+ an)’ = 2 s xm(xn + IP)~--~ an
-s xmpn(xn + an)r

x”’ dx xm--n dx xm--n dx

14.332 (xn-an)r-l
s-- (xn - an)’ = an S (~“-a~)~ + s

14.333 =

dx = m..?wcos-~
14.334
S !qfzGG m/z
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 75

xp-1 dx 1 x + a cos [(2k - l)d2m]

14.335
I‘----=xzm + azm ma2m-P
a sin [(2k - l)r/2m]

x2 + 2ax cosv + a$!

where 0 < p 5 2m.
m-1
xv- 1 dx 1 ka
14.336 cos kp7T In x2 - 2ax ~0s; + a2
s X2m - a2m = PI2
2ma2m-P k=l m

m-1
1 km x - a cos (krlm)
-&pFz x sin m tan-l
k=l a sin (krlm) >

+ 2* {In (x - 4 + (-lJp ln (x + 4)
where 0 < p 5 2m.

14.337 (’ x2m+l
xP-ldX
+ a2m+l
.
2(-l)P--1 m sin&l x + a cos [2kJ(2m + l)]
tan-l
= (2m + l)a2m-P+1k?l a sin [2krl(2m + l)]
m
- (-1p-1 cossl In x2 + 2ax cos -$$$+a2
(2m + l)az”-“+‘k?l
+ (-l)p-l In (x + a)
(2m + l)a2m-P+ l
where O<pSim+l.

xp-1 dx
14.338 x2m+l - a2m+l
s 77,
2kpr x - a cos [2krl(2m + l)]
1
(zrn+ l)a22m-P+l kzlSin 2m + 1 Iian-’ a sin [2k7;/(2m + l)] >
m
cos& In x2 - 2ax cos a2
+ (2m + 1)ta2m-p+ ‘,li,
In (x-a)
+ (2m + l)a2m-n+1
where O<pS2m+l.

INTEGRALS lNVOLVlNC3 sin ax

14.339 sinaxdx = -- cos ax

s a
x cos ax
14.340 ‘ssinaxdx = y- ___
a

14.341 = %sinax+ cos ax

14.342 = (T- -$)sinax + (f-f&--$) cosax

14.343 siyxdx = ax-(aX)3+(a2)5-...

s 3*3! 5*5!

14.344 sinx;x dx = sin ax + a [see 14.3731

s X S Ydx

14.345 dx =
S sin ax
xdx
14.346 - =
S sin ax

14.347 : _ sin 2ax

sin2 ax dx =
s 2 4a
76 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.348 x sin2 ax dx =
X2
- - x sin 2az -- cos 2ax
4 4a 8a2

14.349 sin3 ax dx =
_ cos ax cos3 ax
s -+-
a 3a
3x sin 2ax sin 4ax
14.350 sin4 ax dx = - - -+-t
8 4a 32a

14.351 ~ = - 1. cot ax
a

14.352 __ dx = - cos ax
s sin3 ax 2a sin2 ax

14.353 sin (p - q)x _ sin (p + q)x

sin px sin qx dx = [If p = *q, see 14.368.1
2(P - 4) 2(P + (I)

14.354 dx =
‘, tan
s 1 - sin ax

14.355

14.356

14.357

14.358

p tan *ax + q
ad&2 tan-’ @q
dx =

-
14.360
I‘ p + q sin ax ptan+ax+q--
a&2 In
( p tan +ax + q + dm )
If p = *q see 14.354 and 14.356.
1
dx q cos ax dx
14.361 t--J---p2 q2
s (p + q sin ax)2 = a(p2 - q2)(p + q sin ax) p + q sin ax
If p = *q see 14.358 and 14.359.

14.362
s dx
p” + q” sin2 ax

tan
-1 dm tanax
dx ap&2 P
14.363
s p2 - q2 sin2 ax 1 dn tan ax +
In
_ 2wdF7z ( dm tan ax -
1 m(m - 1)
m cos ax mxm--l sin ax xmp-2 sin ax dx
14.364 xmsinaxdx = -’ + -7
a a2 s

14.365 sijlnuxdx = - sin ax

+a =$ dx [see 14.3951
.I’ (n - 1)xn-l n-1 s
_ sinn--l ax cos ax 72-l
14.366 sinn ax dx = +- sinnp-2 ax dx
s an n s

14.367

14.368
s - dx
sinn ax

~ xdx
=

=
- cos ax
a(n - 1) sin”-’
-x cos ax
ax sin”-”
dx

1
ax

+-
n-2 xdx
sinn ax a(72 - 1) sinn--l ax - az(n - l)(n - 2) sinnez ax n-1 sinnP2 ax
 .

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 77

14.369 ' cosax dx = *

a

14.370 xcosaxdx = -cos ax ~x sin ax

s a2 + a

14.371 - xzcosaxdx = $,,,a. + sin ax

14.372 ' x3 cosax dx = (T---$)cosax + ($-$)sinax

14.373 Fdx = Ins-- (axY --kd4 -+(axF ...

s 2*2! + 4*4! 6*6!

14.374 ";,' dx = - cos ax _ a 'y dx [See 14.3433

X S'

14.375 --GE-= $ In (see ax + tan ax) =

cos ax

S x dx En(ax)2n +2
14.376 - =
cos ax (2n-k2)(2n)! + ...

sin 2ax
14.377 co532ax dx = f+-
s 4a

14.378 x sin 2ax cos 2ax

x co9 ax dx = -+-
4a 8cG

14.379 cos3 ax dx = -sin ax - sin3 ax

s a 3a

14.380 cos4 ax dx =

14.381 ___dx = -tan ax

s COG ax a

dx
14.382 - =
cos3 ax

14.383 sin (a - p)x + sin (a + p)x

cos ax cos px dx = [If a = *p, see 14.377.1
2(a - P) 2(a + P)
dx =
14.384
s 1 - cosax

x dx -- x cot E 2
14.385 + - In sin ax
s 1 - cos ax = a 2 a2 2

dx =
14.386
1 + cosax

14.387 xdx =
1 + cos ax

dx
14.388 JtI _
cos ax)2 =

dx
14’389 S (1 + cosax)2 =
 78 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

I
ad-2tan-’ dt/(p - Mp + 4 tan ?px
dx [If p = *q see
14.390
s p+qcosax = 14.384 and 14.386.1
tan *ax + d(q + dl(q -PI
&j&2 In
! tan &ax - d(q + dl(q - P)

dx q sin ax P dx [If p = *q see

14.391 --
s (p + q cos ax)2 = a($ - $)($I + q cos ax) 42 - P2 s p + q cos ux 14.388 and 14389.1

dx 1 tan-l P tan ax
14.392
s p2 + q2 cos2 ax =
w/FS dn7

+ tan-l E

14.393
s dx
p2 - q2 cos2 ax
=
ap p2-

1
q2

In ptanax-dm
I WdFT2 ( ptanax+dv >

14.394 xm cos ax dx = xm sin ax mxm--l cos ax - mtm - 1)

+- xm-2 cos ax dx
s a a2 a2 S

ydx = - cos ax -- a
14.395 sdx [See 14.3651
s (n - 1)x*- 1 n-1 S’

14.396 co@ ax dx = sin ax cosn--I ax +?Z-1

- s co@-2ax dx
s an n

.-AL= sin ax +n-2 dx

14.397
s co@ ax a(n - 1) co@--I ax n-l
-s COP-2 ax
xdx x sin ux 1 +n-2 xdx
14.398 -COP ax = -
S a(n - 1) COP--I ax a2(n - l)(n - 2) cosnP2 ax n-1
-s cosn-2 ax

sin2 ax
14.399 sinax cosax dx = -
S 2a

14.400 sin px cos qx dx = _ cos (P - q)x _ cos (P + q)x

S VP - 4 VP + 9)

sinn + 1 ax
14.401 sinn ax cos ax dx = [If n = -1, see 14.440.1
s (n + 1)~

-cosnflax
14.402 COP ax sin ax dx = [If n = -1, see 14.429.1
S (n + 1)a

14.403 sin2 ax cos2 ax dx =

X
- -
sin 4ax
-
S 8 32a

14.404 dx =1 a In tan ax
S sin ax cos ax

14.405 dx = A In tan 1
S sin2 ax cos ax a a sin ax

14.406 dx =1 ;lntan y + &

S sin ax ~052 ux

14.407 dx = -2cot2ax
S sin2 ax cos2 ax a
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 79

14.408
s

14.409
s
dx = i 1
14.410
cos ax(1 C sin ax) 2a(l f sin ax)

dx 1
14.411 - k
. sinax(1 2 cosax) - 2a(l * cos ax)

dx
14.412 L In tan
S sin ax rfr cos ax = a&

sin ax dx =
14.413 I T $a In (sin ax * cos ax)
sin ax * cos ax

cos ax dx =
14.414 2: + +a In (sin ax C cos ax)
s sin ax f cos ax

sin ax dx
14.415 - $ In (p + q cos ax)
p+qcosax =

cos ax dx
14.416 $ In (p + q sin ax)
p+qsinax =

sin ax dx 1
14.417
S (p + q cos axy = aq(n - l)(p + q cos axy-1

cos ax dx -1
14.4 18
s (p + q sin UX)~ = aq(n - l)(p + q sin UX)~--~

dx ax + tan-l (q/p)
14.4 19 = adi+ q2 In tan
p sin ax + q cos ax 2

2 p + (r - q) tan (ax/z)
a&2-p2-q2tan-1 T2 - p2 - q2
dx
14.420
p sin ax + q cos ax + T = 1 ln p - dp2 + q2 - r2 + (r - q) tan (ax/2)-
aVp2 + q2 - ~-2 p + dp2 + q2 - r2 + (T - q) tan (ax/2)

If r = q see 14.421. If ~~ = p2 i- q2 see 14.422.

dx
14.421 q + p tan 5
I‘ p sin ax + q(1 + cos ax) =

dx ax + tan-’ (q/p)
14.422 2
psinax+qcosax*~~

dx
14.423
S p2 sin2 ax + q2 cos2 ux

dx = p tanax - q
14.424 1 In
p2 sin2 ax - q2 COG ax 2apq p tan ax + q

- sinmP1 ax co@+ l ax
+-
m-l
sinm-2 ux cosn ax dx
a(m + n) mfn
14.425 sinm uz COP ax dx =
I‘ sin” + l ax cosnwl ax + n-l
sinm ax COS”-~ ux dx
a(m + n) m+n s
80 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

sinm-l ax
a(n - 1) co??--1 ax -
m-l
-n-l S sinme ax
cos”-!2ax dx
sinm + 1 ax m--n+2
14.426 _r’s dx = c;;:;;x dx
a(n - 1) cosn--1 ax n-l .s
- sinme ax
I a(m - n) cosnel ax
f-
m-l
m-n S sic”;;z;x dx

- cosn-l
a(n - 1) sinn--l
ax
ax
-- m-l
72-l S z;;:;;z dx

_ m-n+2
S
-coSm+lax
14.427 Ed, = s;;;” 2”zx dx
a(n - 1) sinn--l ax n-l s
COP-~ ax
I a(m - n) sinn--l ax
+-
m-l
m-n S ‘;?&l,az dx

1
~(72 - 1) sinmP1 ax cosn--l ax
+
m+n-2
S dx

S dx n-1 sinm ax cosnw2 ax

14.428 =
sinm ux co@ a5 -1
1 a(m - 1) sinm--l ax ~0.9~~~ ux
+
mtn-2
m-l S sinm-2
dx
ax COP ux

INTtkRAlS INVOLVING tamuzc

S
1 1
14.429 tan ax dx = -ilncosax = ‘-, lnsec ax

14.430
S tanzax dx = tan ax
a
x

14.431
S tan3 ax dx =
tan2 ax
2a + $ In co9 ax

14.432
S tann ax sec2 ax dx = tarP + 1 ax
(n + 1)a

14.433 edx = ilntanax

s

14.434
S dz=
tan ax
i In sin ax

S I . . . + 22922n-
1 (ax)3 I (ax)5 I 2(ax)7 l)B,(ax)*~+'
14.435 xtanaxdx = + ...
;Ei 1 3 15 105 (2n + 1) !

S (ad3 ~(cLx)~ 2*n(22n - 1)B,(ax)2n-1

14.436 ydx = a~+~+~+-+
(2n- 1)(2n)! + *”

14.437 xtanzaxdx = -2 tan ax + $ In cos uz - f

s a

14.438
Sp dx
+ q tanax =
PX
p2 + 42
+
ah2 + q2)
Q In (q sin ux + p cos ax)

14.439
s
tann ax dx =
tan”-’
(n _ l)a
ax
-
S tann--2 ax dx
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 81

14.440 cot ax dx = i In sin ax

s

14.441 cotzaxdx = -- cot ax - x

s a

14.442 cot? ax dx = - -
cots ax -
1 In sin ax
s 2a a

14.443
S cotn ax csc2 ax dx = -cotnflax
(n + 1)~

14.444
S sdx = -iIncot ax

14.445
S -
dx
cot ax
= --a Incas ax

14.446
S zcotaxdx = 1
a2
ax 2w3n(ux)~~
(2n+l)!
+1
- .**

S
22nBn(ax)2n--1
14.447 +%dx = -~-!$%-i!?%..,-
ax 135 (2n-1)(2n)! - ...

14.44%
S x cot2ax dx = - -
x cot ax
a + -$ln sin ax - g

14.449
S p+
dx
qcotax =
--
p2’Tq2
Q
a(p2 + 92)
In (p sin ax + q cos ax)

14.450
S cotn ax dx = - cot--l S
(n-1)a
ax
-
cotn--2 ax dx

14.451 set ax dx = i In (set ax + tan ax) =

S

14.452 sec2 ax dx =
tan ax
-
S a

14.453 set ux tan ax

sec3 ax dx = + & In (set a2 + tan ax)
S 2a

14.454 se@ ux
se@ ax tan ax dx = -
S na

dx
14.455 - = -sin ax
S set ax a

(ax)2 + (ax)4 + 5(ax)6 + E,(ax)2n +2

14.456 x secax dx = -
S 8 - 144 **. + (2n+2)(2n)! + .”

W2 5(ax)4 Gl(ax)s + . . . + E,(ax)2”

14.457 ydx = lnx+T+-gg-f-
S 4320 2n(2n)! + **’

14.458
S x sec2 ax dx = E tan ax + 5 In cos ax
82 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

S dx =x --- P dz
14.459
q + p set ax Q Q s p + q cos ax

secne2 ax tan ax n-2

14.460 se@ ax dx = +- se@--2 ax dx
s a(n - 1) n-1 s

;
1NTEQRALS INVOLVING cm az

14.461 csc ax dx = k In (csc ax - cot ax) = $ In tan 7

s

14.462
s
csc2ax dx = -- cot a
ax

14.463
S csc3 ax dx = - csc CL5
2a
cot c&x
+ z
1
In tan T
UX

14.464 _ cscn ax
CSC” ax cot ax dx = -
s na

dx
14.465 - = -- cos ax
s csc r&x a

14.466 - x csc ar ,jx = $ ax + k$ + !k$ + . . . + 2(22n-’ - 1)B,(ax)2n+’ + . . .

.l
f (2n + 1) !

14.467
S ?%!!?
5
dx = _ & + $? + !&I?$ + ... + 2’22’;;n-m1$$;‘2’- ’ + ...

14.460
S csc2 x ax dx = - ~x cot a
ax
+ $ In sin ax

14.469
S q + p csc ax
dx = E-I?
Q P S dx
p + q sin ax
[See 14.3601

14.470
s
CSC” ax dx = -
CSC~-~ ax cot ax
a(n - 1)
+-
n-2
n-1 S csc”-2 ax dx

INTEORALS lNVotVlN@ IRZVRREiZ TR100NQMETRfC fl&CtlONS “’

14.471
S sin-1 Ed%
U
= 5 sin-l ZZ + dm
a

X&Z?
14.472 ‘xsin-lzdx = sin-l z +
a 4

(x2 + 2a2) &K2

14.473 39 sin-1 z & = x3
j- sin-l z +
s a 9

14.474 S sin-l
5
(x/a) dx = z+- (x/aj3
2*3*3 +
1 * 3(x/a)5
2.4.5.5
1 3 5(x/a)7
+ 2*4*6*7*‘7
l l + ...

14.475 dx = - sin-1 (x/u) a-kdG2

- $l
X X

2
14.476 - 2x + 2dm sin-l z
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
83

14.477 cos-1 :dx = x cos-1% - @?2

.(‘ a

zc,,-l~& = cos-ls _ xr a -5
a 4

14.479 39 cos-l : ,& = i?3 (x2 + 2a2) &i72

cos-1 fj -
a 9

cos-1 (x/a) sin-1 (x/a)

14.480 dx = ;lnx - dx [See 14.4741
x x

14.481 cos-;;xln) dx = _ cos-1 (x/a) a+~~~

+ iln
s x X >

ds = z ( cos-1 xa)2 - 2x - 2dz&os-'~

tan-1Edx = xtan-1E - zIn(xzfa2)

a

14.484 x tan-1 Edx = &(x2+ a2) tan-1 x - 7

a

x2 tan-1 z dx =

14.486 tan-~(xiu) dx = (x/u)3

; _ 32 + (xla)5
~ _ -(x/a)772
+ *.*

14.487
.

14.488 cot-‘?dx = x cot-l z + % In (x2 + a2)

a

14.489 x cot-’ zdx = 4(x” + a2) cot-1 E + 7

52 cot-’ ; dz = ;

cot-* (x/u) tan-’ (x/a) dx

14.491 dx = g In x - [See 14.4861
X X

14.492 cot-1 (x/a) dx = _ cot-' (x/a)

x2 X

14.493
s see-*z
a
dx =
!
2 set-l

x set-*
z -

z + a In (x + dm)
a In (x + &?C3) o<sec-*:<;

5 < set-* 2 < i7

2 see-lE - a 7x-a 0 < set-1 z < i

14.494
S x set-1 z dx =
x2
z see-* f + t < set-* t < T
2

x3 ax&F2
,secelz - - $In(x + dZ72) 0 < see-1 i < g
14.495 6
x2 see-1: ds =
s a
X3 ax&2G3
ysec-1 z + -t $ln(x+da) i < set-11 < T
i 6
84 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

set-l (x/a) 1~3(cLlX)5 + 1*3*5(a/2)7 + ...

14.496 dx = ;1nx + ; + w3 +
.I’ X . . 2-4-5-5 2-4.6-7-7

_ see-l (x/u) + &GFG

0 < set-lz < i
set-l (da) dx =
14.497
s X2
_ sec-lx(xiu) &ikS
5 < set-1 t < T
1 X ax

x csc -1: + aIn(x+@=2) 0 < csc-1; < ;

14.498 * csc-1 2 dx =
s a
xcsc-1: - uln(x+~~) -5 < csc-1 z < 0

X2 a 7 x-a
2 csc-1 E + 0 < csc-1; < ;
14.499 x csc-1: dx =
s a
22
y csc-l % - 2 -5 < ,se-1; < 0

x3 X
3 csc-l ; +
x2 csc-1 f dx =
X3 X
3 csc-1 a - -5 < csc-1; < 0

14.501 s * w-1 (x/a) dx = _ E , (dx)3 I 1 ’ 3(a/x)5 + 1 ’ 3 5(a/x)7

l + ...
X X 2-3-3 204-5.5 2*4*6*7-T

CSC-~ (x/a)
_ csc-1
X
(x/u) - 0 < w-1 z < ;
14.502 dx =
.s
; < csc-1:< 0
X2
- csc-1 (x/u)
+
X

Xlnfl
xm sin--l 5 dx = ___
a mt1 s

14.505 xm tan-1 x dx = Stan-l: - &Jsdz

I' a

14.506 xm cot-1 f dx = -$+eot-l~ + -&.I'=""

s

xm+l set-l (x/u) 0 < s,1: < 5

mfl
xm see-1 z dx =
xm+l see-1 (x/a) + - a ~ xm dx i < set-l% < T
mS1 m+l s d=

14.508 ' x"'tzsc-1: dx =

xm+l csc-1(x/u)
m+l
I
m+1
a
S xm dx
@qr
0 < csc-1 E < ;

xm+l csc-1 (x/a) -;<cse-$<O

i mfl
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 85

14.509 eaz dx = e""

s a

xeaz dx = e”” 1
14.510 X--
s a ( a>

14.511 Z2eaz dx = "" %2-&+Z

s a
( a a2
>

14.512 Pea2
---
n
xneaz dx = xn--leaz dx
s a a S

eaz n(n - 1)xn-2

=- xn---+
nxnel - . . . ~(-l)%! if n = positive integer
a ( a a2 an

14.513 Fdx = Inx + la;, I taxJ2 I taxj3 t ...

S - . Z-2! 3*3!

-eaz a
14.514 $dx z --ssdx
S (n - 1)x”-’ + n-l

dx X
14.515 ~ = - - & In (p + qeaz)
S P + waz P

dx 1
14.516 ;+ - $2 In (p + qeaZ)
S (p + qeaz)2 = a& + WY

1
- tan-l 2?em
dx adiG w Q >
14.517 peaz + qe-a.% =
S
1 eaz - jLjFp
___ In
1 2&G eaz + &G&

14.518 eaz(a sin bx - b cos bx)

e” sin bx ds =
S a2 + b2

eQz(a cos bx + b sin bx)

14.519 eaz cos bx dx =
S a2 + b2

14.520 xem sin bx & = xeaz(a si~2b~~2b ‘OS bx) _ ea((a2 - b2) sin bx - 2ab cos bx}
S (a2 + b2)2

xeax(a cos bx + b sin bx) _ eaz((a2 - b2) cos bx + 2ab sin bx}
14.521 xeax cos bx dx =
S a2 + b2 (a2 + b2)2

e”lnx
--- 1
14.522 eaz In x dx = 5 dx
S a a S

n(n - l)b2
14.523 eu sinn bx dx = e”,2s~~2’,~ in sin bx - nb cos bx) + eu sin”-2 bx dx
S a2 + n2b2 S

em COP--~ bx n(n - l)b2

14.524 eaz co@ bx dx = (a cos bx + nb sin bx) + a2 + n2b2 em cosn--2 bx dx
S a2 + n2b2 S
86 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

HWEOiRA1S 1NVOLVfNO Inx

14.525 lnxdx = xlnx - 2

s

14.526
S xlnxdx = $1 nx-4)

14.527
S xm lnx dx = --$ti
(
lnx -
m+1
1
[If m = -1 see 14.528.1

14.528
S$Qx = ;lnzx

14.529
s
P
14.530 1+x dx = x ln2x - 2x lnx + 2x
J

14.531 ~Inn x dx = -lP+lx [If n = -1 see 14.532.1

s X nfl

14.532
S -
xln
dx
x
= In (lnx)

14.533
Sf& = In (lnx) + lnx + $$
* .
+ s
l .
+ .*a

14.534
S xm dx
-
In x
= ln(lnx) + (m+l)lnx + (m+2t)Iyx + (m+3!)~~x + a**

14.535
S lnnx dx = xlnnx - n
S Inn-1 x dx

14.536
S xmlnnxdx = xm+l Inn x --
m+1 m+l
n
s
xm Inn-1 x dx

If m = -1 see 14.531.

14.537
S In (x2 + ~2) dx = x ln(x2+&) - 2x + 2a tan-1 z

14.538
S In (x2 - ~2) dx = x In (x2 - u2) - 2x + a In

14.539 xm In (x2 f a9 dx =
xm+l In (x2*
m+l
&) --
m+1
2
S Y$gz c-lx

INTEGRALS !NVOLVlNO sinh (cx

14.540
S sinh ax dx = ~
cash ax
a

14.541
S x sinh ux dx =
x cash ax -- sinh ax
U u2

14.542
S x2 sinh ax dx = coshax - $sinhax
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 87

14.543 sinLard = ax I jJ$: / 05 ,. . . .

s * . 5*5!

sinizax dx = * I a
'14.544 [See 14.5651
s x s =Fdx

S
dx
14.545 - = i In tanh 7
sinh ax

14.546 - xdx = 1 ax
s sinh ax az

14.547 sinhz ax dx = sinh ax cash ax -- X

s 2a 2

14.548 x sinha ax dx = x sinh 2ax cash 2ax x2

,I' 4a -~-- 8a2 4

14.549 ~ dx = -- coth ax
I‘ sinh2 ax a

14.550 sinh ax sinh px dx = sinh (a + p)x sinh (a - p)x

.I' %a+p) - aa - P)
For a = *p see 14.547.

14.551 ' sinh ax sin px dx = a cash ax sin px - p sinh ax cos px

I c&2+ p2

14.552 ' sinh ax cos px dx = a cash ax cos px + p sinh ax sin pz

.( a2 + p2

14.553 dx 1 ax+p--m
s p + q sinhax = ad~2
qeaz + p + dm >

S
14.554
dx - q cash ax +”
dx
s (p + q sinh ax)2 = a(p2 + q2)(p + q sinh ax) P2 + 92 p + q sinh ax

14.555
S p2 +
dx
q2 sinh2 ax =

14.556
I‘ p” -
dx
q2 sinh2 ax
=
2apGP
1 In p + dm
p - dm
tanh ax
tanh ax

14.557
S xm sinh ax dx =
xrn cash
a
ux -- m
a I’
xm--l cash ax dx [See 14.5851

14.558 ’ sinh” ax dx = sinhn--l ax coshax _ -n-1 sinhnP2 ax dx

an n S
sinh ax - sinh ax a cash ax
14.559 - dx = (n _ l)xn-’ + -n-l [See 14.5871
S Xn S QFr dx

dx - cash ax -- n-2 dx
14.560 ~ =
S sinhn ax a(n - 1) sinhnP1 ax 92-l S sinh*--2 ax

14.561 ~ x dx = - x cash ax 1 -- n-2 ~- x dx

.I’ sinhn ax a(n - 1) sinhn--l ax - as(n - l)(n - 2) sinhnP2 ax n-l S sinhnP2 ax
88 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

INTEGRALS INVOLVING cash ax

14.562 cash ax dx =
sinh ax
-
a

14.563 x cash ax dx =
x sinh ax -- cash ax
. a a2

14.564 x2 cash ax dz = - 22 cash ax +

. a2

cash
-& ax z lnz+$!!@+@+- (axP
14.565 + . . .
s X * . 4*4! 6*6!

14.566 cos&ax dx = cash ax ; a [See 14.5431

s X s

14.567 - dx =
s cash ax
(ad4 + 5(ax)6 + . . . + (-UnE,@42n+2
- - - -
8 144 (2%+2)(272)! + ***

14.569 sinh ax cash ux

cosh2 ax dx = ;+
s 2a

14.570 xcosh2axdz =
X2
4+
x sinh 2ax cash 2ax
s 4a -8a2
dx
14.571 - = ~tanh ax
s cosh2 ax a

14.572
S cash ax cash px dx =
sinh (a - p)z + sinh (a + p)x
2(a - P) %a + P)

a sinh ax sin px - p cash ux cos px

14.573 cash ax sin px dx =
s a2 + p2

a sinh ax cos px + p cash ax sin px

14.574 cash ax cos px dx =
s a2 + p2

dx
14.575 = $tanhy
s cash ax + 1

14.576 dx = -+cothy
s cash ax - 1

xdx
14.577 !? tanh 7 - -$lncosh f
s cash ax + 1 = a
x dx
14.570 --$coth 7 + -$lnsinh 7
cash ax - 1 =

S
dx = &tanhy - &tanh3y
14.579
(cash ax + 1)2
dx
14.580 = & coth 7 - & coths y
s (cash ax - 1)2

S dx =
tan-’ s

14.581
p + q cash ax ln war + p - fi2
( qP + p + @GF )

S
dx q sinh ax -- P dx
14.582 p + q coshas
s (p + q cash ax)2 = a(q2 - p2)(p + q cash as) 42 - P2
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 89

1 In p tanh ax + dKz

dx 2apllF3 p tanh ax -
14.583 =
s p2 - q2 cosh2 ax

!
1 p tanh ax + dn
In
dx 2wdFW p tanh ax - dni >
14.584 =
s p2 + q2 cosh2 ax 1 --1 p tanhax
tan
dF2 l.h=7

14.585 xm sinh ax _ m
xm cash ax dx = xn--l sinh ax dx [See 14.5571
. a a s

14.586 coshn ax dx = coshn--l ax sinh ax n-1

f- coshn--2 ax dx
s an n S
14.587 coshnax dx = -cash ax I a ?$!? ,jx [See 14.5591
s (n - l)xn-1 n-1 s
sinh ax dx
a(n - 1) coshn--l ax coshnPz ax
x sinh ax n-2 ~- xdx
a(n - 1) coshn--l ax + (n- l)(n - 2,‘a2 coshn--2 ax ’ -n-l J coshn--l: ax

INTEGRALS INVOLVCNG sinh ax AND c&t USG .:,".'

14.590 sinh2 ax
sinh ax cash ax dx = ~
,(' 2a

14.591 cash (p + q)x + cash (p - q)x

sinh px cash qx dx =
s 2(P + 9) 2(P - 9)

14.592 sinhn ax cash ax dx = sinhn + 1 ax

[If n = -1, see 14.615.1
s (n + 1)a

14.593 coshn ax sinh ax dx = coshn+ l ax

[If n = -1, see 14.604.1
s (n + 1)a

14.594 sinh 4ax -- x

sinh2 ax cosh2 ax dx = ~
s 32a 8

14.595 dx = 1 In tanh ax
S sinh ax cash ax a

14.596 dx = _ t tan - 1 sinh ax _ csch ax

S sinh2 ax cash ax a

14.597 ______ dx zz -sech a2 + klntanhy

S sinh ax cosh2 ax a

dx = - 2 coth 2ax
14.598
sinh2 ax cosh2 ax a

z dx = sinh - i tan-1 sinh ax

14.599
S a
14.600 ;s,hh2;; dx = cash ax + ilntanhy
S a

14.601 dx
S cash ax (1 + sinh ax)
90 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.602 S dX
sinh ux (cash ax + 1)
= klntanh 7 +
1
2a(cosh ux + 1)

14.603 S sinh ax (cash

dX

ux - 1)
= -&lntanhy - 1
2a(cosh ux - 1)

14.604
S tanhax dx = i In cash ax

14.605
S tanhe ax dx = x tanhax
a

14.606
S tanhs ax dx = k In cash ax - tanh2
7 ax

14.607
S tanhn ax sech2 ax dx =
tanhn + 1
(72 + 1)a
ax
14.608
S edx = ilntanhax

14.609
S ~
dx
tanh ax
= ‘, In sinh ax

bxJ5
+ (-l)n--122n(22n - l)B,(ax)2n+ 1
S
1
1 -2k47 - ... + ...
(ax)3
14.610 xtanhaxdx = 2 3 - -
15 105 (2n + 1) ! >

S x tanh ax + -$ In cash ax
X2
14.611 xtanhzaxdx = - -
2 a

(-l)n--122n(22n - l)B,(ax)2n-’
14.612
S tanh ax dx
___
X
= ax _ k!$ + ?k$ _ ...
(2% - 1)(2?2) !
-t . . .

14.613
S p+qtanhax
dx
=
- PX
P2 - 42
-
dP2 - q2)
Q In (q sinh ax + p cash as)

14.614
S tanhn ax dx =
- tanhn--l ax +
a(?2 - 1) S tanhnw2 ax dx

14.615
S cothax dx = i In sinh ax

14.616
S coth2 ax dx = x -
coth ax
-
a

14.617 coths ax dx = i In sinh ax - -coth2 ax

s 2a

14.618
S cothn ax csch2 ax dx = -
cothn + 1 ax
(n + 1)a

14.619
S s dx = - i In coth ax

14.620
S - dx
coth ax
= $ In cash ax
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 91

1 ax
14.621 x coth ax dx =
s i-2

14.622 x coth2 ax dx =
x2 -
- x coth ax + +2 In sinh ax
s 2 a

14.623 cothaxdx 1 -$+7-v b-d3 + . . . (-l)n22nBn(ux)2n--1

X 135 (2n- 1)(2n)! + ---

14.624
S p+
dx
qcothax =
- PX
P2 - !I2
- 9
a(P2 - q2)
In (p sinh ax + q cash ax)

14.625
S cothn ax dx = - cothn--l ax +
a(n - 1)
cothn-2 ax dx

14.626
S sech ax dx = i tan-l eaz

14.627
S sech2 ax dx = tanh ax
___
a

14.628
S sech3 ax dx = sech ax tanh ux + &tan-lsinhax
2a

14.629
S sechn ax tanh ax dx = - ~sechn ax
na

14.630
S .A!-=
sech ax
sinh ax
a

S
+ 5(ax)s + . . . (-1)n~&X)2”+2 + ...
14.631 xsechaxdx = -
144 (2n + 2)(2n)!

14.632
S x sech2 ux da = x tanh ax
a
- $ In cash ux

14.633
S “e”h”“,-jx = lnx--m++-- (ad2 5(ax)4 Gus
4320
+ . . (-lP~,kP
2n(2?2)!
+
** *

14.634
Sq + p dx
sechas
= “-2
9 9 S dx
p+qcoshax
[See 14.5811

14.635
S sechn ax dx =
sechnP2 ax tanh ax + n-2
a(n - 1)
-
m-1
ssechnm2 ax dx

14.636
S csch ax dx = i In tanh y

14.637
S csch2 ax dx =
coth ux
- -
a

14.638
S csch3 ax dx = - csch ax coth ax -
2a
$lntanhy

14.639
S cschn ax coth ax dx = - -
cschn ax
na
92 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

14.640
S ds=
csch ax
i cash ax

S
1 ax
14.641 x csch ax dx =
2

x coth ax
14.642 x csch2 ax dx = - + -$ In sinh ax
s a
v*x)3 + . . . (-l)n2(22n-1 - 1)B,(ax)2n-1
14.643
S csch*xdx
X
= e&-y+-
1080 (272 - 1)(2n) !
+ ...

14.644
Sq + p dx
csch ax
= E-P
Q Q S p + q sinhax
dX
[See 14.5531

14.645
S cschnax dx = -
cschnm2 ax coth ax -- n-2
a(n - 1) n-l S cschn--2 ax dx

14.646
S sinh-1 g dx
a
= xsinh-1:
a - dm~

S $+f sinh-1; - x m x 4 +a
14.647 x sinh-1 z dx =
a

&FT2
( )

14.648
S x2 sinh-1 f dx = g sinh-1 z +
(2a2 - x2)
9
X
--- (xlaJ3 + 1 3(x/a)5l _ 1.3 l 5(x/a)’ + ...
1x1 < a
a 2.3.3 2.4~505 2*4*6*7*7

S sinh-1 (x/a) dx = ln2 (2x/a) -- (u/x)2 + 1. 3(a/x)4 _ 1 3 5(a/xY + ...

14.649 l l
x>a
X 2 2.2.2 2.4.4.4 2*4*6*6*6
- ln2 (-2x/a) + __
(a/~)~ - 1*3(a/x)4 + l-3 * 5(alx)6 _ ... x < -a
I 2 2.2.2 2*4*4*4 2*4*6*6*6

S sinh;~W*) dx = _ sinh-1 (x/a) *Jr&F2

14.650 - :In
X ( X )
x cash-1 (x/a) - d=, cash-1 (x/a) > 0
14.651
S cash-1 E dx
a
=
i x cash-1 (x/a) + d=, cash-1 (x/a) < 0

&(2x2 - a2) cash-1 (x/a) - ix@??, cash-1 (x/a) > 0

14.652
S x cash-’ ; dx =
i a(222 - a2) cash-1 (x/a) + $xdm, cash-1 (x/a) < 0

4x3 cash-1 (x/a) - 3(x2 + 2~2) dm, cash-1 (x/a) > 0

14.653
S x2 cash-1 E dx =
i $x3 cash-1 (x/a) + Q(x2 + 2a2) dm, cash-1 (x/a) < 0

14.654
S cosh-;W*) dx = f
C f ln2(2x/a) +(a/5)2
+ 292.2
1. 3(a/x)4
2-4-4-4
+ 1.3 * 5(a/x)6
2*4*6*6*6
+ ...
1
+ if cash-1 (x/a) > 0, - if cash-1 (x/a) < 0

[- if cash-1 (x/a) > 0,

S _ cash-1
cash;: (da) dx = (x/a) r 1 ln a + v
14.655
X a ( X + if coshk1 (x/a) < 0]

14.656
S tanh-1 E dx
a
= x tanh-1 z + % In (a2 - x2)

14.657
S x tanh-19 dx = 7 + # x2 - ~2) tanh-1: a
14.658 x2 tanh-1 z dx = F + $tanh-1: + $ln(a2-x2)
r Il.
 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
93

14.659 tanh-1 (z/a) dx = “+@$+&f$+...

s x a

14.660
S tanhi: (z/u) dx = _ tanh-1
X
(x/u)

14.661
S coth-’ !! dx
a
= xcoth-lx + tIn(xz-u2)

14.662
S x coth-’ ” dx
U
= 7 + +(x2 - ~2) coth-’ x
a

14.663
S x2 coth-1:
a
dx = F + fcoth-1: + $In(xZ--2)

14.664
S 'Oth-i (xia) dx = _ ;

14.665
S coth;~(xlu) dx = _ coth-1 (x/a)

x sech-1 (x/u) + a sin-l (x/u), sech-1 (x/u) > 0

14.666 ' sech-'2 dx =
.( a
r x sech-1 (z/u) - a sin-1 (x/u), sech-1 (x/u) < 0

S
&x2 sech-1 (x/u) - +a~~, sech-1 (x/u) > 0
14.667 x sech-1 J? dx =
U
+x2 sech-1 (x/u) + +ada, sech-1 (x/u) < 0

-4 In (u/x) In (4ulx) - a. - 1 * 3Wu)4 _ ...

’ sech--1 (s/u) > 0
S sech-1 (x/a) dx = . 2.4.4.4
14.668
X
4 In (a/x) In (4ulx) + -$$$ + ” 3(x’u)4 + f. ., sech-1 (x/u) < 0
. . 2.4.4.4
14.669
S csch-1 ” dz
U
= x csch-1 z k a sinh-1
U
E
U
[+ if x > 0, - if x < 0]

14.670
S x csch-’ x ds
a
= x2 csch-‘z
T
U
k
a&FTS
2
[+ if z > 0, - if x < 0]

4 In (x/u) In (4alx) + +@$.$ - 1. 3(d44 + ...

. . O<x<a
2-4.4-4
14.671
S csch-; (x/u) dx = + In (-x/a) ln (-x/4u) - $T$$
+ ' '3(x/u)4
-.... -u<x<O 2.404.4

i
-- z+-- (a/xl3
2.3.3
1. 3W45
2.4.5.5
+ ...
1x1 > a

14.672
S xm sinh-15
a
dx =
Xmfl
nz+lSinh-lE
a
- -

s
s cash-’ E - --&s$=+ dx
cash-1 (x/a) > 0
14.673 xm cash-’ s dx =
U @+l
m-tl cash-’ i + ~ cash-1 (x/u) < 10

14.674
S xm tanh-15
U
dx = 5 tanh-1 ?
U
- a
mt1 S x2 Zm+l
u2 -
dx

S SCL2- x2
xmfl
14.675 x”’ coth-’ 5 dx = mS-l coth-’ E - -J?- Zm+l dx
U m+l

~sp&l% + am + 1
S ~~
xm dx
seckl (da) > 0
14.676
S xm sech-1 : dx
a
=
xm+1
m+lswh-‘s - sech-1 (s/a) < 0
i U

S
xm+l
14.677 xm csch-’ : dx = m+l csch-1: c
U a
[+ if x > 0, - if x < 0]
 15 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

DEFINITION OF A DEFINITE INTEGRAL

(b - a)/n.
Let f(x) be defined in an interval
Then the definite integral
a 5 x 5 b. Divide
of f(x) between
the interval into n equal parts
z = a and x = b is defined as
of length Ax =

b
15.1 f(x)dx = lim {f(u) Ax + f(a + Ax) Ax f f(a + 2Ax) Ax + . . . + f(a + (n - 1) Ax) Ax}
s a n-m

The limit will certainly exist if f(x) is piecewise continuous.

If f(x) = &g(s), then by the fundamental theorem of the integral calculus the above definite integral
can be evaluated by using the result

S S
b b
b d
15.2 f(x)dx = -g(x) dx = g(x) = c/(b) - s(a)
a (I dx a

If the interval is infinite or if f(x) has a singularity at some point in the interval, the definite integral
is called an improper integral and can be defined by using appropriate limiting procedures. For example,

S S
b
15.3 m f(x) dx = lim f(x) dx
b-tm
a a

S S
b
15.4 Cc f(x) dx = iim f(x) dx
-m n-r--m
b-m a

S S
b b--c
15.5 f(x) dx = lim f(x) dx if b is a singular point
a t-0 a

S
b

S
b
15.6 f(x) dx = lim f(x) dx if a is a singular point
c-0 a+E
a

GENERAL F6RMULAS INVOLVING DEFINITE INTEGRALS

S S
b b
15.7 {f(x)“g(s)*h(s)*...}dx = f(x) dx * b g(x) dx * Sb h(x) dx 2 * **
a a s a a

S S
b b

15.8 cf(x)dx = c f (4 dx where c is any constant

a cl

15.9
Sa a
f(x) dz = 0

S S
b
15.10 f(x)dx = - a f(x)dx
a b

15.11
Sb a
f(x)dx = SC f(x)
a
dx + jb
c
f(x) dx

15.12
Sb a
f(z)dx = (b - 4 f(c) where c is between a and b

This is called the mearL vulzce theorem for definite integrals and is valid if f(x) is continuous in
aSxSb.

94
 DEFINITE INTEGRALS 95

15.13
sb f(x) 0) dx = f(c) fb g(x) dx
* a
where c is between a and b
a
This is a generalization of 15.12 and is valid if j(x) and g(x) are continuous in a 5 x Z b
and g(x) 2 0.

LEIBNITZ’S RULE FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF lNTEGRAlS

dlz(a) m,(a) aF
15.14 $
a S 6,(a)
F(x,a) dx =
S m,(a)
xdx f F($2,~) 2 - F(+,,aY) 2

APPROXIMATE FORMULAS FOR DEFINITE INTEGRALS

In the following the interval from x = a to x = b is subdivided into n equal parts by the points a = ~0,
Xl, 22, . . ., X,-l, x, = b and we let y. = f(xo), y1 = f(z,), yz = j(@, . . ., yn = j(x,), h = (b - a)/%.

Rectangular formula
b
15.15
S(I f (xl dx = h(Y, + Yl + Yz + ..*+ Yn-1)

Trapezoidal formula

S
b
15.16 j(x) dx i= $(Y, + 2yi + ZY, + ... + %,-l-t Y?J
a

Simpson’s formula (or parabolic formula) for n even

b
15.17 f(z) ; (y. + 4y, + 2Y, + 4Y, + . . . + 2Y,-2
I‘ a dz = + 4Yn-l f Yn)

DEFINITE INTEGRALS INVOLVING RATiONAl OR IRRATIONAL EXPRISS!ONS

x2 + a2
Som---z-g
15.18 dx

S~ =
15.19 y; xp-ldx
--?i O<p<l
1+x sin p7r ’
0

S = xmdx ,an+l-n
15.20 o<m+1<n
o ~ + an
xn = n sin [(m + 1),/n] ’

15.21
S o
-
1 + 2x
xm dx
cos p + x2 = sin mi7
77 sin m/3
sin /3

15.22

15.23 a ,,mdX = ?$
s 0

am+*+n~l?[(m+l)ln]~(p+l)
15.24
S 0
a xm(an - xn)p dx =
nl’[(m + 1)/n + p + l]
(-l)r--17ram+1-nrr[(m + 1)/n]
15.25 o<m+1<nr
n sin \(m + l)nln](r- l)! l’[(m + 1)/n - T + l] ’
96 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

DEFINITE IM’fEGRdiLS~JNVdLVSNO TR10ONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

All letters are considered positive unless otherwise indicated.

0 m, n integers and m f n
15.26 ii sin mx sin nx dx =
s 0 i r/2 m, n integers and m = n

0 m, n integers and m # n
15.27
S D cos mxcos nx dx =
0
i 7~12 m, n integers and m = n
0 m, n integers and m + n odd
15.28 TTsin mx cos nx dx II
S 0
2mf (m2 - 4) m, n integers and m + n even

S = ;
T/2 a/2
15.29 s sin2 x dx = cot325 dx
0 0

??I2 a/2
1.3.5...2rn-l1 m=1,2 )...
15.30 sin2mx dx = cos2”‘x dx =
s 0 S 0
2-4-6..* 2m 2’

n/2 n/2
2*4*6..*2m
15.31 s si$m+l x dx = co+“+12 dx = m=l,2,...
0 s 0 1.3.5 ... 2m+l’

15.32 jr12 sin2P-1 x cos29--1z dx = UP) r(4)

0 2 r(P + 9)

xl2 p > 0
15.33 "-dx = 0 p=o
s 0
X

-%-I2 p < 0

0 p>q>o
m sin px cos qx dx =
15.34 d2 0 < p < q
S 0
X

i iTI4 p = q > 0

m sin p:;in qx dx = apl2 0 <p 5 q

15.35
S 0
i uql2 p 2 q > 0

m sin2px dx = 9 15.41 m -dx

x sin mx = :e-ma
15.36
S 0
-
X2 2 S0

"l--osPxdx = 2 15.42 m sinmx dx = s(l-e-ma)l

15.37
s 0
x2 2 s o X(x2+ a2)

211
m cos px - cos qx dx = ln 9 dx
15.38 15.43
S 0
2 P S 0
a + b sin x

277
m~o~p~-/sq~ dx = 49 2- P) dx
15.39 15.44
S 0
S 0 a + b cos x

15.40 * ___ cosmx 15.45

ii/2
dx = cos-1 (ala)
S o x2 + u2 dx = ike-ma S 0 a + b cosx $2-3
 DEFINITE INTEGRALS 97

2r;
S S
27r
dX dX 227-a
15.46
o (a + b sin x)2 = o (a Jr b cos x)2 = (az- b’)312

S
257
15.47 dx 27r
O<a<l
l-2acosx+az = 1--’
0

15.48
S iT x sin x dx
o 1 - 2a cos x + a2
=i
(57/a) In (1 + a)

77 In (1 + l/a) Ial
laj < 1

> 1

S
Tr
15.49 cos mx dx ram a2 < 1, m = 0, 1,2, . .
o l-2acosx+a2 = l-a2
r
sin ax2 dx =
S 0
cos ax2 dx = i
II-
2

15.51
S 0
w sinaxn dx =
naYn
-
1
r(lln) sin & , n>l

15.52
S 0
m cos axn dx = ---& rfl/n) cos 2, n>l

15.53
S 0
jc sin
6
dx=
S m cos x
0
-
6
dx =

15.54
S 0
-@/dx =
2Iyp) Sk (pn/2) ’
O<p<l

15.55
S 0
-!?$i?dx =
2l3p) c,“, (pa/2) ’
O<p<l

15.56
S 0
m sin ax2 cos 2bx dx = k

15.57
S 0
m cos ax2 cos 2bx dx = i

15.58
S 0
* sin3 x
-
x3
&y = $f

15.60
S 0
* -tanxdx
x
= T
z

S
VT/2
dx =T
15.61
1 + tarP 2 4
0

?r/z
15.62
S 0

S
1
15.63 tan-' x dx = $ '+$A+...
_ 32
X
0

S
1
15.64 sin-'x dx = ;ln2
X
0

S S
ll-cosxdx _ m cos x
15.65 -dx = y
X X

15.66 s: (h - cosx)'$ = y

S
5, tan-l px - tan-lqx dx = p
15.67
X
0
 e-axcosbx dx = -
a
a2 + b2

15.69 m e-az sin bx dx b

= ~
s 0
a2 + b2

15.70
S 0
m e-az sin
X
bx dx = tan-l k

15.71
S 0
mC-az-
X
e-bz dx = In!!
a

15.72
S 0

15.73
S m ecaz2 cos bx dx =
5
1 b2/4a

S
0

15.74 e-(az2tbz+c) dz = erfc - b

-
0 2fi
where

co
15.75
S --m
cc
,-&tbztc) ds =

15.76 S 0
xne-azdx = Iyn + 1)
an+1

cc
r[(m + 1)/2]
15.77 Xme-azz dx =
2a(mfl)/Z
s 0

15.78
S 0
m e-k&+b/z2) dx = ;
d-
;e-
a 2'6

15.79
S 0
"-g+ = A+$+$+$+ *** = f

S
- xn-l
L+&+$+ . . .
15.80 s dx = l'(n) ln
( >
0

For even n this can be summed in terms of Bernoulli numbers [see pages 108-109 and 114-1151.

15.81
S- 0
m xdx
ez + 1 = --
12 1 $+$-$+ ..* = 9
12

S
m xn-l
15.82 - dx = r(n) $ -&+ &- ***
o eZ+l ( >
For some positive integer values of n the series can be summed [see pages 108-109 and 114-1151.

15.83
S 0
“cdl: = +coth; - &

15.85
S 0
co e-z2-e-*dx
X
= &

15.86
 DEFINITE INTEGRALS 99

m e-az _ @-bs
15.87
x set px

m e-~x _ e-bz
15.88 dx = tan-1 i - tan-l%
s x csc px
0

15.89 m e-“‘(lx; ‘OS ‘) ,jx = cot-l a - ; In (a2 + 1)

s 0

1
15.90 xm(ln x)” dx =
(--l)%! m > -1, n = 0, 1,2, . . .
s 0 (m + l)n+l
If n#0,1,2,... replace n! by r(n. + 1).

15.91
S o
l - lnx
1+x
dx = -$

& = -$

15.93
S 0
’ In (1 + x) dx
2
= $

15.94
S 0
’ ln(l-x)
x
dx = -?
6

S
1
572
15.95 In x In (1 + x) dx = 2-2ln2-12
0

S
1
15.96 In x In (l-x) dx = 2 - c
0

15.97
S 0
- 772WC pn cot pa O<p<l

’ F dx = In s

m
e-xlnxdx = -y

= -5(-y + 2 ln2)

dx = $

n/z
S S
n/2
15.102 In sin x dx = lncosx dx = -l In2
0 0

S
RI2

S
a/2
15.103 (ln sin x)2 dx = (In cos x)2 dx =
0 0

15.104 srxlnsin x dx = -$ln2

0

15.105 S 0
7712
sin x In sin x dx = In 2 - 1

S S
2a 2n
15.106 In (a + b sin x) dx = In(a+bcosz)dx = 2rrIn(a+dn)
0 0
100 DEFINITE INTEGRALS

7r
15.107 ln(a + b cosx)dx = T In
U+@=G
s
0 ( 2 )

7i 2~ In a, a 2 b > 0
In (a2 - 2ab cos x + b2) dx =
15.108 .(‘ 0 2~ In b, b 2 a > 0

S
T/4
15.109 In (1 + tan x) dx = i In2
0

dx = +{(cos-~u)~ - (cos-1 b)2}

sin 2a sin 3a
y + T+ 32 + ...
(’
See also 15.102.

“. :
DEFiNlTi ti!tThRAl.S 1NVOLVlNG NYPERBQLIC FUNCTtC?NS

15.112
S 0
m - sinaz
sinh bx
dx = $ tanh $

p -cos ax a7
15.113 dx = & sech%
s o cash bx

15.114
S 0
-6 = $

15.115
S m xndx
-
o sinh az
= Sr(n+ 1)

If n is an odd positive integer, the series can be summed [see page 1081.

15.116
S 0
m ___
sinh ax dx
ebz + 1
= 2 csc $ -
1
2a

15.117
S 0
* sinh ux
ebz dx = & - 5 cot %

15.118
S 0
m ftux) i ftbx) & = {f(O) - f(m)} ln i

This is called Frulluni’s integral. It holds if f’(x) is continuous and - f(x) - f(m) dx converges.
s 1
x

15.119
S 0
’ dx
-
22
=

15.120 Ia (u+x)m-l(a--x)-l& = (2a)m+n-1;;'f;;

--a
 16 THE GAMMA FUNCTION

DEFINITION OF THE GAMMA FUNCTION r(n) FOR n > 0

cc
16.1 r(n) =
S 0
tn-le-tdt n>O

RECURSiON FORMULA

16.2 lT(n + 1) = nr(n)

16.3 r(n+l) = n! if n=0,1,2,... where O!=l

THE GAMMA FUNCTION FOR n < 0

For n < 0 the gamma function can be defined by using 16.2, i.e.
lyn + 1)
16.4 r(n) = ___
n

GRAPH OF THE GAMMA FU CTION

Fig. 16-1

SPECIAL VALUES FOR THE GAMMA FUNCTION

16.5 r(a) = 6
r(m++) = 1’3’5’im * em - 1) 6 m = 1,2,3, ... _ k&n\! ti
16.6
MI
(-1p2mG m = 1,2,3, Y- 6
16.7 ...
r(-m + 22 = 1. 3. 5 . . . (2m - 1)

101
102 THE GAMMA FUNCTION

RELAT4ONSHIPS AMONG GAMMA FUNCTIONS

16.8 r(P)r(l--pP) = *

16.9 22x-1 IT(X) r(~ + +) = Gr(2x)

This is called the duplication formula.

16.10 r(x)r(x+J-)r(x+JJ-)...r(..+) = mM--mz(2a)(m-l)‘2r(rnz)

For m = 2 this reduces to 16.9.

OTHER DEflNIflONS OF THE QAMMA FUNCTION

. . . ..k
16.11 r(s+ 1) =
JE (x + 1:(x”+ 2”, . . . (x + k) kZ

16.12 -=1 xeY+il {(1+;)r.‘m)

r(x)
This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where y is Euler’s constant.

DERWATIVES Of THL GAMMA FUNCTION

m
16.13 r’(1) = e-xlnxdx = -y
.(’
0

16.14 m4
- _- -y + (p) + (;-A) + .** + (;- ..t,_,> + -.*
r(x)

ASYMPTOTIC EXPANSIONS FOR THE OAMMA FUNCTION

16.15 r(x+l) = &iixZe-Z 1+&+&-a+...

-i >
This is called Stirling’s asymptotic series.

If we let x = n a positive integer in 16.15, then a useful approximation for n! where n is large
[e.g. n > lo] is given by Stirling’s formula

16.16 n! - &n nne-n

where - is used to indicate that the ratio of the terms on each side approaches 1 as n + m.

t
._
MISCELi.ANEOUS RESUltS

16.17 Ir(ix)p = i7
x sinh TX
 17 THE BETA FUNCTION
7

DEFINITION OF THE BETA FUNCTION B(m,n)

17.1 =s1
B(m,n) 0
P-1 (1 - t)n--l dt m>O, n>O

RELATIONSHIP OF BETA FUNCTION TO GAMMA FUNCTION

17.2 B(m,n) = r(m) r(n)

r(m + n)

Extensions of B(m,n) to m < 0, n < 0 is provided by using 16.4, page 101.

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS

17.3 B(m,n) = B(n,m)

n/2
17.4 B(m,n) = 2 sinzmp-1 e COF?-1 e de
s0

17.5 B(m,n) =

.ltm-l(l- Ql-1
17.6 B(m,n) = T~(T-+ l)m dt
.( 0
(T + tp+n

103
 ,,
fiASlC difF’ERENTIA1 EQUATIONS
18 and -SOLUTIONS

tWFERfNtfAL EQUATION SOfJJTfON

18.1 Separation of variables

fl(x) BI(Y) dx + f&d C&(Y) dy = 0 s g)dx +

s
Sz(Y)
-dy
g,(y)
= c

18.2 Linear first order equation

I

2 + P(x)y = Q(x) ye.!-J-‘dz

= I‘ QeefPdxdx -t- c

18.3 Bernoulli’s equation

I

2)e(l--n) J-P& = U-4 f Qe (1-n) jPdz& + c

2 + P(x)Y = Q(x)Y” where v = ylen. If n = 1, the solution is

lny = (Q-P)dx + c
.

18.4 Exact equation

M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 ~iV~x+j+‘-$L3x)dy = c

where aivflay = m/ax. where ax indicates that the integration is to be performed

with respect to x keeping y constant.

18.5 Homogeneous equation

I

dy
z = F:0 lnx=
S -
F(v)
dw
- w
fc

where v = y/x. If F(w) = V, the solution is y = CX.

104
 BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS 105

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION SOLUTION

18.6

y F(xy) dx + x G(xy) dy = 0 lnz = G(v) dv + c

S wCG(4 - F(v))
where w = xy. If G(v) = F(v), the solution is :cy = c.

Linear, homogeneous
18.7
second order equation Let m,, m2
be the roots of m2 + am + 6 = 0. Then
there are 3 cases.
Case 1. mi,m, real and distinct:

y = clemP + c2em2J
$$+ag+by = 0
Case 2. m,,me real and equal:
a, b are real constants.
y = clemP + e2xemlz

Case 3. m,=p+qi, m2=p-qi:

y = epz(cl cos qx + c2 sin qx)

where p = -a& q = dm.

Linear, nonhomogeneous
18.8
second order equation There are 3 cases corresponding to those of entry 18.7
above.
Case 1.
Y = cleWx + c2em2z
$$+a$+ by = R(x)
emP

a, b are real constants.

+-----
ml - m2 S c-ml% R(x) dx

em9
+-
m2 - 9 S e-%x R(x) dx

Case 2.
Y = cleniz + c2xenG

+ xernlz e-ml= R(s) dx

s

- emP xe-mlx R(x) dx

S
Case 3.

Y = ePz(cl cos qs + c2 sin qx)

epx sin qx e-c; R(x) cos qx dx
+
P S
- epz cos qx c-pz R(x) sin qx dx
P S

18.9 Euler or Cauchy equation

Putting x = et, the equation becomes

x2d2Y + ,,dy + by = S(x) 3 + (a-l)% + by = S(et)

dx” dx
and can then be solved as in entries 18.7 and 18.8 above.
106 BASIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS

18.10 Bessel’s equation

x2=d2y + Z&dy + (A‘%-n2)y = 0 Y = C,J,(XX) + czY,(x)

See pages 136-137.

18.11 Transformed Bessel’s equation

22% + (2 +1)x& + (a%Pf~2)y -- 0

dx2 ’ dx Y = x-’ {CLJo (@ + c2ypls (;c)}
where q = dm~.

18.12 Legendre’s equation

(l-zs’)$$ - 2x2 + n(n$-1)y = 0 Y = cup, + czQn(4

See pages 146-148.

 19 SERIES of CONSTANTS

ARlTHMEtlC SERIES

19.1 a + (a+d) + (u+2d) + **. + {a + (n- l)d} = dn{2u + (n- l)d} = +z(a+ I)
where I = a + (n - 1)d is the last term.

Some special cases are

19.2 1+2+3+**. + n = +z(n + 1)

19.3 1+3+5+*.*+(2n-1) = n2

GEOMETRIC SERIES

19.4

where 1 = urn-1 is the last term and r # 1.

If -1 < r < 1, then

19.5 a + ur + ur2 -I- a13 + ... = -
lnr

ARITHMETIC-GEOMETRIC SERIES

19.6 a + (a+@. + (a+2d)r2 + **a + {a+(n-l)d}rrt-1 = !G$+Tfl + rd{l-nr"-'+(n-lPnl

(1 - r)2
where r P 1.

If -1 < r < 1, then

19.7 a + (a+ d)r + (a+ 2d)r2 + ... = * + -

(1 ?r),

SUMS OF POWERS OF POSITIVE INTEGERS

19.8 1p + 2p + 3* + ... + ?zp =

where the series terminates at n2 or n according as p is odd or even, and B, are the Bernoulli
numbers [see page 1141.

107
108 SERIES OF CONSTANTS

Some special cases are

19.9 1+2+3+...+n = dy

19.10 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + %2 = n(n+1g2n+1)

19.11 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3 = n2(n4+ ‘I2 = (1 + 2 + 3 + * * * + 72)s

19.12 14 + 24 + 34 + ... + %4 = n(n+ lNzn +iA(3n2 + 3n- l)

If Sk = lkf 2k+ 3k+ ... + nk where k and n are positive integers, then

19.13 (“+ + (“;‘)S2 + *.. + (“:‘)Sk = (n+l)k+‘- (n+l)

 SERIES OF CONSTANTS

~'P-'~~PB
P
(2P)!
(22~ - 1)&B P
19.36 & + & + & + & + ... =
2(2P)!
(22~-' - l)&‘B P
(2P)!
19.38 & - -!- 1 - __ 1 +... = 79 + ‘E,
+
32~+1 52~+1 72p+1 22Pf2(2p)!

MlSCEI.LANEOUS SERIES

1 sin (n + +)a
19.39 -+cosa+cos2a+~*~+cosna =
2 2 sin (a/2)

sin [*(n + l)]a sin &na

19.40 sina + sin2a + sin3a + ... + sinna =
sin (a/2)

19.41 1 + ?-cos(u + r2cos2a + r3cos3a + ..* = 1-‘2,,‘,‘,“,“;r2, ITI < 1

r sin (Y
19.42 r sina + r2 sin 2a + + sin 3a + a** = b-1 < 1
l-22rcosafr2’
m+2COSnLu-?-r”+1cos(n+l)a-~rosa+1 -
19.43 1 + rcosa + r2cos2a + *** + r”cos?za. =
1 - 2r cos a + ?-2
rsincu-V+1sin(n+l)cu+rn+2sinncu
19.44 rsincu + r2sin2n + ... + msinm =
1 - 2r cosa + r2

THE EULER-MACLAURIN SUMMATION FORMULA

n-1
19.45 & F(k) = j-&k) dk - f P’(O) + F(n)1
0

+ & {F’(n) - F’(O)} - & {F”‘(n) - F”‘(O)}

+ &{F(v)(n) - F(v)(o)} - & {F(vii)(n) - F(vii)(O))

, t ?

+ ... 3 {F (ZP-~)(~) - F(~P-l,(O)} + . . .

(--lF1 (Zp) !

THE POISSON SUMMATION FORMULA

19.46
{S” --m eznimzF(x)
,=iii, F(k) = dx
,J--, >
 20 TAYLOR SERIES .
1
TAYLOR SERIES FOR FUNCTIONS OF ONE VARIABLE

20.1 f(x) = f@&) + f’(a)(x- a) + f”(4(2z,- 42 + . . . + P-“(4(x -4n-’ + R,

(n-l)!
where R,, the remainder after n terms, is given by either of the following forms:

20.2 Lagrange’s form R, = f’W(x - 4n

n!

20.3 f’“‘([)(X -p-y2 - a)

Cauchy’s form R, =
(n-l)!
The value 5, which may be different in the two forms, lies between a and x. The result holds if f(z) has
continuous derivatives of order n at least.
If lim R, = 0, the infinite series obtained is called the Taylor series for f(z) about x = a. If
tl-c-3
a = 0 the series is often called a Maclaurin series. These series, often called power series, generally
converge for all values of z in some interval called the interval of convergence and diverge for all x outside
this interval.

BINOMIAL SERIES

20.4 (a+xp = &I + nan-lx + Ek$a an-2x2 + dn-- 1,‘,‘” - 2) an-3z3 + . . .

= an + (3 an--15 + (3 an--2z2 + (‘;) @--3X3 + . **

. I . I
Special cases are

20.5 (c&+x)2 = a2 + 2ax + x2

20.6 (a+%)3 = a3 + 3a2x + 3ax2 + 23

20.7 (a+x)4 = a4 + 4a3x + 6a2x2 + 4ax3 + x4

20.8 (1 + x)-i = 1 - x + x2 - x3 + 24 - ... -l<x<l

20.9 (1+x)-2 = 1 - 2x + 3x2 - 4x3 + 5x4 - .** -1<2<1

20.10 (1+x)-3 = 1 - 3x + 6x3 - 10x3 + 15x4 - * *a -l<x<l

20.11 (l$ x)-l'2 = 1-;x+~z2-~x3+. -l<sSl

20.12 (1 fx)i’3 = 1 + 2”
1 - 2x31 + 2.4.6
l-3 x3 - .., -l<xZl

20.13 (1 +x)-l'3 = l-;x+~x2-~x3+.~ -l<xCzl

20.14 (l+z)'/3 = 1 + 3x
1 - &x2 + $&x3 - *** -l<xSl

110
 TAYLOR SERIES 111

SERIES FOR EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

22 23
20.15 e= = l+x+~+~+*.* --m<x<m

20.16 a~ = @Ina = 1 + xlna + k$.d!+ k-!&d! + **. --m<2<m

20.17 ln(l+x) = x - $ + _“3” - -“4” + ... -l<xzzl

20.18 $ ln ‘2 = 5 + g + f + q + . .. -l<x<l
( )
20.19 Ins = 2{(~)+;(++;(~)5+ . ..)- 2>0

20.20 Inx = (s?+) + ~(~)” +$(z$!)“+ ... X2+

SERIES FOR TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

20.21 sin 2 = x-2”+“-sc’+ ... --m<x<m

3! 5! 7!

20.22 cosx --m<x<m

2922n - 1)&x+-1
20.23 tanx = x+$+z+E+.*.+ + ... I4 < ;
(2n) !

20.24 cotx = 1 _ : _ f _ g - . . . _ 22n~~2inp1 - . . . im 0 < 1x1< P

5
E,x2"
20.25 secx = l+g+g+!g+...+- 1x1<R2
(2n)! + ."
2(2+‘- 1p,x2n--1
20.26 cscx = ;+~+~+A!??+ 15,120
. .. + + ... 0 < 1x1 < ?r
(2n) !

1.3.5
~- x’
20.27 sin-l x 2.4.6 7 + *.* /xl < 1

20.28 cos-lx = T-
2 sin-lx = T-
2 1 x3
x+2y+=5+ 1.3 x5 .** I4 < 1

20.29 tan-lx = x-$+$-$+ . .. I4 < 1

*E-1+1-L+
2 x 3x3 5x5 ... [+ if 5 2 1, - if 5 zZ -11

1x1< 1
20.30 cot-lx = 9 - tan-12 =
2
[p = 0 if x > 1, p = 1 if x < -11
0:
20.31 see-l x = cos-‘(l/x) = E2 - I4 > 1

20.32 csc-1 x = sin-1 (l/x) = k+‘-

2-3x3 + 2 *l-3
4 * 5x5 + ... 14 > 1

/
112 TAYLOR SERIES

SERIES FOR HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

20.33 sinh x = x+g+g+g+ *** -m<x<m

20.34 cash x = l+$+e+e+... --m<x<m

(-l)n-l22n(22n - 1px2n-1
20.35 tanh x = x-if+z&rg+... + . . . 1x1 <f
(2n) ! 2
(-I)*- 122nBnx2n- 1
20.36 cothx = ~+fA+E+ ... + ... 0 < /xl < a
(2n) !

20.37 sechx = l-~+~x&+ . . . (-l)nEnx2n + ...

1x1 <x
(2n) ! 2

(-l)n2(22”-l- l)B,Gn--1
20.38 cschx = 1 - ; + g - E. + -0. + ... 0 < 1x1 < x
X , (2n) !
x3 1 3x5 1.3 ’ 5x7 1x1 < 1.
+
l

’ - G + 2.4.5 2.4.6.7 ‘*’

20.39 sinh-lx =

1
l-3*5 +ifxZl
-r- lnj2xl + A-- 1*3 + 2.4.6.6~6 - ’ ‘.
1 ( 204.4~~ > L - if x 5 -1

20.40 cash-1x = k{In(2x)- (&+&+,.::“,Y”,x6+.**)) [‘ii E~~~I:~~~: :::I

20.41 tanh-1~ = x+$+g+$+... I4 < 1

20.42 coth-1s = 1x1 > 1

MlSCELLAN(KMJS SERtES

x2 x4 x5 + . . .
20.43 esinz = 1+x+;i--s-z --m<X<m

= e l-$+x!pz!+...
20.44 ecosz --m<x<m
( )

20.45 etanz = 1+.+;+g+y+... 1x1 < Jr

2

= ~+x2++3+~+ . . . + 2nf2 sin (m/4) xn + ... --m<x<m

20.46 ez sin x
?Z!
2ni2 cos (m/4) xn + ...
20.47 e2 cos x
= 1+x-+$+...+ --m-LX-Cm
n!
22n- 1Bn52n
20.48 In lsin xl = In(x( - f - go - & - ... - + ... 0 < 1x1 < ?r
n(2n) !

17x* 22n- 1(22” - l)B,xz” + ...

20.49 ~nlcosxl = -$ - $ - $ - -
2520
- **. -
n(k) !
I4 < ;

x2 7& 62x6 22922n--1- l)B,xzn + ...

20.50 In ltan x1 = In 1x1 + -py + g- + 2835 + ** * + 0 < 1x1 < ;
n(S) !

20.51 In
- (1 +x) = x - (1 +&)x2 + (1 + & + #a+ - * ** I4 < l
1+x
 If

20.52 y = qx + c‘@ + c323 + c424 + c525 + I+?9 + . * *

then

20.53 x = c,y + C2Y2 + c3y3 + cqy4 + C5y” + Csy6 + * * -

where

20.54 c,cl = I

20.55 c;C, = -c2

20.56 c;C3 = 2~; - clc3

20.57 c;C4 = Sc,c,c, - 5$ - c1c4

2

20.50 c;C, = 6cfc,c, + 3cFc,2 - $c5 + 14~24 - 21c,c~c3

20.59 c;'C, = 7cfc2c5+ 84qc~c, + 7cfc3c4- 28cfc2ci - ctc6 - 28cfo~c4 - 42~;

20.60 fb, Y) = f@, b) + (z - dfzb, b) + (?I - W& b)

+ $ {(x - 4‘Vi,b, b) + 2(x - a)(~ - bYi&, b) + (Y - Wfyy(% b)) + . **

where fz(a, b), f,(a, b), . . . denote partial derivatives with respect to 5, y, . . . evaluated at z = a, y = b.
 21 BERNOlJtLI and EULER NUMBERS
&

DEFINITION OF BERNOULLI NUMBERS

The Bernoulli numbers B,, B,, B,, . . . are defined by the series

21.1 - x = 1 - f + A?!$ _ B;r’ \ B;;” - ...

ez - 1

B,x2 B2x4 B,x6

21.2 1 - : cot 5 = ~+~+-y-+*-
2 2

DEFINJTION OF EULER NUMBERS

The Euler numbers El, E,, E,, . . . are defined by the series

E,x2 E,x4 E,x6

21.3 sechx = l-- + 1x1 < 9
2! +-G--- 6! *.- 2

E1x2 E,x4 E,x6

21.4 set x = 1+ F+qr+F+*- 1x1 -cE
2

TABLE OF FIRST FEW BERNOUttl AND EULER NUMBERS

Bernoulli numbers Euler numbers

Bl = l/6 El =l

B2 = l/30 E, = 5

B3 = l/42 ~93 = 61

B4 = l/30 E4 = 1385

B5 = 5/66 E5 = 50,521

B6 = 691/2’730 E6 = 2,702,‘765

B7 = 716 E? = 199,360,981

63 = 3617/510 E3 = 19,391,512,145

B, = 43,867/798 E, = 2,404,879,675,441

ho = 174,611/330 EIO = 370,371,188,237,525

41 = 854,513/138 El1 = 69,348,874,393,137,901

B12 = 236,364,091/2730 E12 = 15,514,534,163,557,086,905

114
 BERNOULLI AND EULER NUMBERS 115

21.6 E, = ('2")Enm1 - (y)E,-, + (;)E,-, - . ..(-l)n

21.7 B, = 22.($m1,{(2n.+, - (‘3Env2 + (2n;1)Ene, - ... (-l)n-1)

21.12
 FORMULAS from
22 VECTOR ‘ANALYSIS

VECTORS AND SCALARS

Various quantities in physics such as temperature, volume and speed can be specified by a real number.
Such quantities are called scalars.
Other quantities such as force, velocity and momentum require for their specification a direction as
well as magnitude. Such quantities are called vectors.~ A vector is represented by an arrow or directed
line segment indicating direction. The magnitude of the vector is determined by the length of the arrow,
using an appropriate unit.

NOTATION FOR VECTORS

A vector is denoted by a bold faced letter such as A [Fig. 22-l]. The magnitude is denoted by IAl or
A. The tail end of the arrow is called the initial point while the head is called the terminal point.

FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS

1. Equality of vectors. Two vectors are equal if they have the same
magnitude and direction. Thus A = B in Fig. 22-l. A
2. Multiplication of a vector by a scalar. If m is any real number B
(scalar), then mA is a vector whose magnitude is ]m] times the /
magnitude of A and whose direction is the same as or opposite /
to A according as m > 0 or m < 0. If m = 0, then mA = 0 is
called the zero or null vector.
Fig. 22-l

3. Sums of vectors. The sum or resultant of A and B is a vector C = A+ B formed by placing the
initial point of B on the terminal point of A and joining the initial point of A to the terminal point
of B [Fig. 22-2(b)]. This definition is equivalent to the parallelogram law for vector addition as in-
dicated in Fig. 22-2(c). The vector A - B is defined as A + (-B).

Fig. 22-2

116
 FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS 117

Extensions to sums of more than two vectors are immediate. Thus Fig. 22-3 shows how to obtain
the sum E of the vectors A, B, C and D.

I
D

Y\

(4 (b)
Fig. 22-3

4. Unit vectors. A unit vector is a vector with unit magnitude. If A is a vector, then a unit vector in
the direction of A is a = AfA &here A > 0.

LAWS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA

If A, B, C are vectors and m, n are scalars, then

22.1 A+B = B+A Commutative law for addition

22.2 A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C Associative law for addition

22.3 m(nA) = (mu)A = n(mA) Associative law for scalar multiplication

22.4 (m+n)A = mA+nA Distributive law

22.5 m(A+B) = mA+mB Distributive law

COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR

A vector A can be represented with initial point at the

origin of a rectangular coordinate system. If i, j, k are unit
vectors in the directions of the positive x, y, z axes, then
Y
22.6 A = A,i + A2j + Ask

where A,i, Aj, A,k are called component vectors of A in the

i, j, k directions and Al, A,, A3 are called the components of A.
Fig. 22-4

DOT OR SCALAR PRODUCT

22.7 A-B = ABcose 059Sn

where B is the angle between A and B.
 Index of Special Symbols and Notations

The following list shows special symbols and notations used in this book together with pages on which
they are defined or first appear. Cases where a symbol has more than one meaning will be clear from
the context.

Symbole
Berri (x), Bein (xj 140
B(m, n) beta function, 103

4l Bernoulli numbers, 114

(34 Fresnel cosine integral, 184

Ci(x) cosine integral, 184
e natural base of logarithms, 1

elp e2, e3 unit vectors in curvilinear eoordinates, 124

erf (x) errer function, 183
erfc (x) complementary errer function, 183
E = E(k, J2) complete elliptic integral of second kind, 179

E(k, $) incomplete elliptic integral of second kind, 1’79

Ei(x) exponential integral, 183

En Euler numbers, 114

F(u, b; c; x) hypergeometric function, 160

F(k, @) incomplete elliptic integral of first kind, 179

7, T-l Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform, 175, 176

h &Y h scale factors in curvilinear eoordinates, 124

HA) Hermite polynomials, 151

H’;‘(x), H’;‘(x) Hankel functions of first and second kind, 138

i imaginary unit, 21
i, i, k unit vectors in rectangular coordinates, 117
In(x) modified Bessel function of first kind, 138

Jr, (4 Bessel function of first kind, 136

K = F(k, 742) complete elliptic integral of first kind, 179
Kern (x), Kein (x) 140
Wr) modified Bessel function of second kind, 139
lnx or loge x natural logarithm of x, 24
logx or logl”x common logarithm .of x, 23

J%(r) Laguerre polynomials, 153

L?(x) associated Laguerre polynomials, 155

<,-Cl Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform, 161

pn (4 Legendre polynomials, 146

f%4 associated Legendre functions of first kind, 149

Qn (4 Legendre functions of second kind, 148

Qt’b) associated Legendre functions of second kind, 150

r cylindrical coordinate, 49
polar coordinate, 22, 36
spherical coordinate, 50
Fresnel sine integral, 184
sine integral, 183
Chebyshev polynomials of first kind, 157
Chebyshev polynomials of second kind, 158
Bessel function of second kind, 136

263
264 INDEX OF SPECIAL SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS

Greek Sym bols

Y Euler’s constant, 1 6 spherical coordinate, 50
lW gamma function, 1, 101 77 1

Hr) Riemann zeta function, 184 ti spherical coordinate, 50

e cylindrieal coordinate, 49 e(P) the sum 1 + i + i + - *. +;, -a(O)=O, 137

e polar coordinate, 22, 36 @(xl probability distribution function, 189

Notations
A=B A equals B or A is equal to B

A>B A is greater than B [or B is less than A]

A<B A is less than B [or B is greater than A]

AZB A is greater than or equal to B

ASB A is less than or equal to B

A-B A is approximately equal to B
A-B A is asymptotic to B or A/B approaches 1, 102

AifA
absolute value of A =
-A if A 5 0
factorial n, 3

binomial coefficients, 3

derivatives of y or f(x) with respect to x, 53, 55

,, -- d2Y
f’(x), etc.
Y D =

pth derivative with respect to x, 55

differential of y, 55

partial derivatives, 56

Jacobian, 125

s- lJ
1(x) ch indefinite integral, 57

definite integral, 94
J a f(x) dx

A * dr line integral of A along C, 121

A-B dot product of A and B, 11’7

AXB cross product of A and B, 118
V del operator, 119
vs=v-v Laplacian operator, 120
v4 = V(V2) biharmonic operator, 120
 I N D E

Addition formulas, for Bessel functions, 145 Bernoulli’s differential equation, 104
for elliptic functions, 180 Bessel functions, 136-145
for Hermite polynomials, 152 addition formulas for, 145
for hyperbolic functions, 27 asymptotic expansions of, 143
for trigonometric functions, 15 definite integrals involving, 142, 143
Agnesi, witch of, 43 generating functions for, 137,139
Algebraic equations, solutions of, 32, 33 graphs of, 141
Amplitude, of complex number, 22 indefinite integrals involving, 142
of elliptic integral, 179 infmite products for, 188
Analytic geometry, plane [sec Plane analytic integral representations for, 143
geometry] ; solid [see Solid analytic geometry] modified [see Modified Bessel functions]
Angle between lines, in a plane, 35 of first kind of order n, 136, 137
in space, 47 of order half an odd integer, 138
Annuity, amount of, 201, 242 of second kind of order n, 136, 137
present value of, 243 orthogonal series for, 144, 145
Anti-derivative, 57 recurrence formulas for, 137
Antilogarithms, common, 23, 195, 204, 205 tables of, 244-249
natural or Napierian, 24, 226, 227 zeros of, 250
Archimedes, spiral of, 45 Bessel’s differential equation, 106, 136
Area integrals, 122 general solution of, 106, 137
Argand diagram, 22 transformed, 106
Arithmetic-geometric series, 10’7 Bessel’s modified differential equation, 138
Arithmetic mean, 185 general solution of, 139
Arithmetic series, 107 Beta funetion, 103
Associated Laguerre polynomials, 155, 156 relationship of to gamma function, 103
[sec uZs0 Laguerre polynomials] Biharmonic operator, 120
generating funetion for, 155 in curvilinear coordinates, 125
orthogonal series for, 156 Binomial coefficients, 3
orthogonality of, 156 properties of, 4
reeurrence formulas for, 156 table of values for, 236, 237
special, 155 Binomial distribution, 189
special results involving, 156 Binomial formula, 2
Associated Legendre functions, 149, 150 [sec also Binomial series, 2, 110
Legendre functions] Bipolar coordinates, 128, 129
generating function for, 149 Laplaeian in, 128
of the first kind, 149 Branch, principal, 17
of the second kind, 150 Briggsian logarithms, 23
orthogonal series for, 150
orthogonality of, 150 Cardioid, 41, 42, 44
recurrence formulas for, 149 Cassini, ovals of, 44
special, 149 Catalan’s constant, 181
Associative law, 117 Catenary, 41
Asymptotes of hyperbola, 39 Cauchy or Euler differential equation, 105
Asymptotic expansions or formulas, for Bernoulli Cauchy-Sehwarz inequality, 185
numbers, 115 for integrals, 186
for Bessel functions, 143 Cauchy’s form of remainder in Taylor series, 110
for gamma function, 102 Chain rule for. derivatives, 53
Characteristic, 194
Base of logarithms, 23 Chebyshev polynomials, 157-159
change of, 24 generating functions for, 157, 158
Ber and Bei functions, 140,141 of first kind, 157
definition of, 140 of second kind, 158
differential equation for, 141 orthogonality of, 158, 159
graphs of, 141 orthogonal series for, 158, 159
Bernoulli numbers, 98,107,114, 115 recursion formulas for, 158, 159
asymptotic formula for, 115 relationships involving, 159
definition of, 114 special, 157, 158
relationship to Euler numbers, 115 special values of, 157, 159
series involving, 115 Chebyshev’s differential equation, 157
table of first few, 114 general solution of, 159

2 6 5
2 6 6 INDEX

Chebyshev’s inequality, 186 Coordinates, curvilinear (cent.)

Chi square distribution, 189 rotation of, 36, 49
percentile values for, 259 special orthogonal, 126-130
Circle, area of, 6 spherical, 50, 126
equation of, 37 transformation of, 36, 48, 49
involute of, 43 translation of, 36, 49
perimeter of, 6 Cosine integral, 184
sector of [sec Sector of circle] Fresnel, 184
segment of [sec Segment of cirele] table of values for, 251
Cissoid of Diocles, 45 Cosines, law of for plane triangles, 19
Common antilogarithms, 23, 195, 204, 205 law of for spherical triangles, 19
sample problems involving, 195 Counterclockwise, 11
table of, 204, 205 Cross or vector product, 118
Common logarithms, 23, 194, 202, 203 Cube, duplication of, 45
computations using, 196 Cube roots, table of, 238, 239
sample problems involving, 194 Cubes, table of, 238, 239
table of, 202, 203 Cubic equation, solution of, 32
Commutative law, for dot products, 118 Curl, 120
for vector addition, 117 in curvilinear coordinates, 125
Complement, 20 Curtate cycloid, 42
Complementary error function, 183 Curves, coordinate, 124
Complex conjugate, 21 special plane, 40-45
Complex inversion formula, 161 Curvilinear coordinates, 124, 125
Complex numbers, 21, 22, 25 orthogonal, 124-130
addition of, 21 Cyeloid, 40, 42
amplitude of, 22 curtate, 42
conjugate, 21 prolate, 42
definitions involving, 21 Cylinder, elliptic, 51
division of, 21, 25 lateral surface area of, 8, 9
graphs of, 22 volume of, 8, 9
imaginary part of, 21 Cylindrical coordinates, 49, 126
logarithms of, 25 Laplacian in, 126
modulus of, 22
multiplication of, 21, 25
Definite integrals, 94-100
polar form of, 22, 25
approximate formulas for, 95
real part of, 21 definition of, 94
roots of, 22, 25 general formulas involving, 94, 95
subtraction of, 21
table of, 95-100
vector representation of, 22
Degrees, 1, 199, 200
Components of a veetor, 117 conversion of to radians, 199, 200, 223
Component vectors, 117 relationship of to radians, 12, 199, 200
Compound amount, table of, 240 Del operator, 119
Cone, elliptic, 51 miscellaneous formulas involving, 120
right circular [sec Right circular cane] Delta function, 170
Confocal ellipses, 127 DeMoivre’s theorem, 22, 25
ellipsoidal coordinates, 130 Derivatives, 53-56 [sec aZso Differentiation]
hyperbolas, 127 anti-, 57
parabolas, 126 chain rule for, 53
paraboloidal coordinates, 130 definition of, 53
Conical coordinates, 129 higher, 55
Laplacian in, 129 of elliptic functions, 181
Conics, 3’7 [see aZso Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola] of exponential and logarithmie functions, 64
Conjugate, complex, 21 of hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic
Constant of integration, 57 functions, 54, 55
Convergence, interval of, 110 of trigonometrie and irlverse trigonometric
of Fourier series, 131 functions, 54
Convergence faetors, table of, 192 of vectors, 119
Coordinate curves, 124 partial, 56
system, 11 Descartes, folium of, 43
Coordinates, curvilinear, 124-130 Differential equations, solutions of basic, 104-106
cylindrical, 49, 126 Differentials, 55
polar, 22, 36 rules for, 56
rectangular, 36, 117 Differentiation, 53 [sec aZso Derivatives]
 INDEX 267

Differentiation (cent.) Envelope, 44

general rules for, 53 Epicycloid, 42
of integrals, 95 Equation of line, 34
Diocles, cissoid of, 45 general, 35
Direction cosines, 46, 47 in parametric form, 47
numbers, 46, 48 in standard form, 47
Directrix, 37 intercept form for, 34
Discriminant, 32 normal form for, 35
Distance, between two points in a plane, 34 perpendicular to plane, 48
between two points in space, 46 Equation of plane, general, 47
from a point to a line, 35 intercept form for, 47
from a point to a plane, 48 normal form for, 48
Distributions, probability, 189 passing through three points, 47
Distributive law, 117 Errer function, 183
for dot products, 118 complementary, 183
Divergence, 119 table of values of, 257
in curvilinear coordinates, 125 Euler numbers, 114, 115
Divergence theorem, 123 definition of, 114
Dot or scalar .product, 117, 118 relationship of, to Bernoulli numbers, 115
Double angle formulas, for hyperbolic functions, 27 series involving, 115
for trigonometric functions, 16 table of first few, 114
Double integrals, 122 Euler or Cauchy differential equation, 105
Duplication formula for gamma functions, 102 Euler-Maclaurin summation formula, 109
Duplication of cube, 45 Euler’s constant, 1
Euler’s identities, 24
Eccentricity, definition of, 37 Evolute of an ellipse, 44
of ellipse, 38 Exact differential equation, 104
of hyperbola, 39 Exponential functions, 23-25, 200
of parabola, 37 periodicity of, 24
Ellipse, 7, 37, 38 relationship of to trigonometric functions, 24
area of, 7 sample problems involving calculation of, 200
eccentricity of, 38 series for, 111
equation of, 37, 38 table of, 226, 227
evolute of, 44 Exponential integral, 183
focus of, 38 table of values for, 251
perimeter of, 7 Exponents, 23
semi-major and-minor axes of, 7, 38
Ellipses, confocal, 127
F distribution, 189
Ellipsoid, equation of, 51
95th and 99th percentile values for, 260, 261
volume of, 10
Factorial n, 3
Elliptic cane, 51
table of values for, 234
cylinder, 51
Factors, 2
paraboloid, 52
Elliptic cylindrical coordinates, 127 Focus, of conic, 37
Laplacian in, 127 of ellipse, 38
Elliptic functions, 179-182 [sec uZso Elliptic of hyperbola, 39
of parabola, 38
integrals]
addition formulas for, 180 Folium of Descartes, 43
derivatives of, 181 Fourier series, 131-135
identities involving, 181 complex form of, 131
integrals of, 182 convergence of, 131
Jacobi’s, 180 definition of, 131
periods of, 181 I’arseval’s identity for, 131
series expansions for, 181 special, 132-135
special values of, 182 Fourier transforms, 174-178
Elliptic integrals, 179,180 [see aZso Elliptie functions] convolution theorem for, 175
amplitude of, 179 cosine, 176
Landen’s transformation for, 180 definition of, 175
Legendre’s relation for, 182 I’arseval’s identity for, 175
of the first kind, 179 sine, 175
of the second kind, 179 table of, 176-178
of the third kind, 179, 180 Fourier’s integral theorem, 174
table of values for, 254, 255 Fresnel sine and cosine integrals, 184
268 INDEX

Frullani’s integral, 100 Hyperbolic functions (cont.)

Frustrum of right circular cane, lateral surface definition of, 26
area of, 9 double angle formulas for, 27
volume of, 9 graphs of, 29
half angle formulas for, 27
Gamma function, 1, 101, 102 inverse [sec Inverse hyperbolic functions]
asymptotic expansions for, 102 multiple angle formulas for, 27
definition of, 101, 102 of negative arguments, 26
derivatives of, 102 periodicity of, 31
duplication formula for, 102 powers of, 28
for negative values, 101 relationship of to trigonometric functions, 31
graph of, 101 relationships among, 26, 28
infinite product for, 102, 188 sample problems for calculation of, 200, 201
recursion formula for, 101 series for, 112
relationship of to beta function, 103 sum, difference and product of, 28
relationships involving, 102 table of values for, 228-233
special values for, 101 Hyperbolic paraboloid, 52
table of values for, 235 Hyperboloid, of one sheet, 51
Gaussian plane, 22 of two sheets, 52
Gauss’ theorem, 123 Hypergeometric differential equation, 160
Generalized integration by parts, 59 distribution, 189
Generating functions, 13’7, 139, 146, 149, 151, 153, Hypergeometric functions, 160
155,157,158 miscellaneous properties of, 160
Geometric formulas, 5-10 special cases of, 160
Geometric mean, 185 Hypocycloid, general, 42
Geometric series, 107 with four cusps, 40
arithmetic-, 107
Gradient, 119 Imaginary part of a complex number, 21
in curvilinear coordinates, 125 Imaginary unit, 21
Green’s first and second identities, 124 Improper integrals, 94
Green’s theorem, 123 Indefinite integrals, 57-93
definition of, 57
Half angle formulas, for hyperbolic functions, 27 table of, 60-93
for trigonometric functions, 16 transformation of, 59, 60
Half rectified sine wave function, 172 Inequalities, 185, 186
Hankel functions, 138 Infinite products, 102, 188
Harmonie mean, 185 series [sec Series]
Heaviside’s unit function, 173 Initial point of a vector, 116
Hermite polynomials, 151, 152 Integral calculus, fundamental theorem of, 94
addition formulas for, 152 Integrals, definite [SM Definite integrals]
generating function for, 151 double, 122
orthogonal series for, 152 improper, 94
orthogonality of, 152 indefinite [SW Indefinite integrals]
recurrence’formulas for, 151 involving vectors, 121
Rodrigue’s formula for, 151 line [sec Line integrals]
special, 151 multiple, 122, 125
special results involving, 152 Integration, 57 [SM also Integrals]
Hermite’s differential equation, 151 constants of, 57
Higher derivatives, 55 general rules of, 57-59
Leibnitz rule for, 55 Integration by parts, 57
Holder’s inequality, 185 generalized, 59
for integrals, 186 Intercepts, 34, 47
Homogeneous differential equation, 104 lnterest, 201, 240-243
linear second order, 105 Interpolation, 195
Hyperbola, 37, 39 Interval of convergence, 110
asymptotes of, 39 Inverse hyperbolic functions, 29-31
eccentricity of, 39 definition of, 29
equation of, 37 expressed in terms of logarithmic functions, 29
focus of, 39 graphs of, 30
length of major and minor axes of, 39 principal values for, 29
Hyperbolas, confocal, 127 relationship of to inverse trigonometric
Hyperbolic functions, 26-31 functions, 31
addition formulas for, 27 relationships between, 30
 INDEX 269

Inverse Laplace transforms, 161 Linear first order differential equation, 104
Inverse trigonometric functions, 17-19 second order differential equation, 105
definition of, 17 Line integrals, 121, 122
graphs of, 18,19 definition of, 121
principal values for, 17 independence of path of, 121, 122
relations between, 18 properties of, 121
relationship of to inverse hyperbolic Logarithmic functions, 23-25 [see uZso Logarithms]
functions, 31 series for, 111
Involute of a circle, 43 Logarithms, 23 [sec aZso Logarithmic functions]
antilogarithms and [see Antilogarithms]
Jacobian, 125 base of, 23
Jacobi’s elliptic functions, 180 Briggsian, 23
change of base of, 24
Ker and Kei functions, 140, 141 characteristic of, 194
definition of, 140 common [sec Common logarithms]
differential equation for, 141 mantissa of, 194
graphs of, 141 natural, 24
of compiex numbers, 25
of trigonometric functions, 216-221
Lagrange form of remainder in Taylor series, 110
Laguerre polynomials, 153, 154
associated [sec Associated Laguerre polynomials] Maclaurin series, 110
generating function for, 153 Mantissa, 194
orthogonal series for, 154 Mean value theorem, for definite integrals, 94
orthogonality of, 154 generalized, 95
recurrence formulas for, 153 Minkowski’s inequality, 186
Rodrigue’s formula for, 153 for integrals, 186
special, 153 Modified Bessel functions, 138,139
Laguerre’s associated differential equation, 155 differential equation for, 138
Laguerre’s differential equation, 153 generating function for, 139
Landen’s transformation, 180 graphs of, 141
Laplace transforms, 161-173 of order half an odd integer, 140
complex inversion formula for, 161 recurrence formulas for, 139
definition of, 161 Modulus, of a complex number, 22
inverse, 161 Moments of inertia, special, 190, 191
table of, 162-173 Multinomial formula, 4
Laplacian, 120 Multiple angle formulas, for hyperbolic
in curvilinear coordinates, 125 functions, 27
Legendre functions, 146-148 [sec uZso Legendre for trigonometric functions, 16
polynomials] Multiple integrals, 122
associated [sec Associated Legendre functions] transformation of, 125
of the second kind, 148
Legendre poiynomials, 146, 147 [sec uZso Napierian logarithms, 24, 196
Legendre functions] tables of, 224, 225
generating function for, 146 Napier’s rules, 20
orthogonal series of, 147 Natural logarithms and antilogarithms, 24, 196
orthogonality of, 147 tables of, 224-227
recurrence formulas for, 147 Neumann’s function, 136
Rodrigue’s formula for, 146 Nonhomogeneous equation, linear second order, 105
special, 146 Normal, outward drawn or positive, 123
special results involving, 147 unit, 122
table of values for, 252, 253 Normal curve, areas under, 257
Legendre’s associated differential equation, 149 ordinates of, 256
general solution of, 150 Normal distribution, 189
Legendre’s differential equation, 106, 146 Normal form, equation of line in, 35
general solution of, 148 equation of plane in, 48
Legendre’s relation for elliptic integrals, 182 Nul1 function, 170
Leibnitz’s rule, for differentiation of integrals, 95 Nul1 vector, 116
for higher derivatives of products, 55 Numbers, complex [sec Complex numbers]
Lemniscate, 40, 44
Limacon of Pascal, 41, 44 Oblate spheroidal coordinates, 128
Line, equation of [see Equation of line] Laplacian in, 128
integrals [see Line integrals] Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, 124-i30
slope of, 34 formulas involving, 125
2 7 0 INDEX

Orthogonality and orthogonal series, 144, 145, Prolate spheroidal coordinates, 128
14’7, 150, 152, 154,156,158,159 Laplacian in, 128
Ovals of Cassini, 44 Pulse function, 173
Pyramid, volume of, 9

Parabola, 37, 38 Quadrants, 11

eccentricity of, 37 Quadratic equation, solution of, 32
equation of, 37, 38 Quartic equation, solution of, 33
focus of, 38
segment of [sec Segment of parabola] Radians, 1, 12, 199, 200
Parabolas, confocal, 126 relationship of to degrees, 12, 199, 200
Parabolic cylindrical coordinates, 126 table for conversion of, 222
Laplacian in, 126 Random numbers, table of, 262
Parabolic formula for definite integrals, 95 Real part of a complex number, 21
Paraboloid elliptic, 52 Reciprocals, table of, 238, 239
hyperbolic, 52 Rectangle, area of, 5
Paraboloid of revolution, volume of, 10 perimeter of, 5
Paraboloidal coordinates, 127 Rectangular coordinate system, 117
Laplaeian in, 127 Rectangular coordinates, transformation of to
Parallel, condition for lines to be, 35 polar coordinatee 36
Parallelepiped, rectangular [see Rectangular Rectangular formula for definite integrals, 95
parallelepiped] Rectangular parallelepiped, volume of, 8
volume of, 8 surface area of, 8
Parallelogram, area of, 5 Rectified sine wave function, 172
perimeter of, 5 half, 172
Parallelogram law for veetor addition, 116 Recurrence or recursion formulas, 101,137, 139,
Parseval’s identity, for Fourier transforms, 175 147,149, 151, 153, 156, 158, 159
for Fourier series, 131 Regular polygon, area of, 6
Partial derivatives, 56 cireumscribing a circle, 7
Partial fraction expansions, 187 inscribed in a cirele, 7
Pascal, limacon of, 41, 44 perimeter of, 6
Pascal’s triangle, 4, 236 Reversion of power series, 113
Perpendicular, condition for lines to be, 35 Riemann zeta function, 184
Plane, equation of [see Equation of plane] Right circular cane, frustrum of
Plane analytic geometry, formulas from, 34-39 [sec Frustrum of right circular cane]
Plane triangle, area of, 5, 35 lateral surface area of, 9
law of cosines for, 19 volume of, 9
law of sines for, 19 Right-handed system, 118
law of tangents for, 19 Rodrigue’s formulas, 146, 151, 153
perimeter of, 5 Roots, of complex numbers, 22, 25
radius of circle circumscribing, 6 table of square and cube, 238, 239
radius of circle inscribed in, 6 Rose, three- and four-leaved, 41
relationships between sides and angles of, 19 Rotation of coordinates, in a plane, 36
Poisson distribution, 189 in space, 49
Poisson summation formula, 109
Polar coordinates, 22, 36 Saw tooth wave function, 1’72
transformation from rectangular to, 36 Scalar or dot product, 117,118
Polar form, expressed as an exponential, 25 Scalars, 116
multiplication and division in, 22 Scale factors, 124
of a complex number, 22, 25 Schwarz inequality [see Cauchy-Sehwarz inequality]
operations in, 25 Sector of circle, arc length of, 6
Polygon, regular [sec Regular polygon] area of, 6
Power, 23 Segment of circle, area of, 7
Power series, 110 Segment of parabola, area of, 7
reversion of, 113 arc length of, 7
Present value, of an amount, 241 Separation of variables, 104
of an annuity, 243 Series, arithmetic, 107
Principal branch, 17 arithmetic-geometric, 107
Principal values, for inverse hyperbolic functions, 29 binomial, 2, 110
for inverse trigonometric functions, 17, 18 Fourier [sec Fourier series]
Probability distributions, 189 geometric, 107
Products, infinite, 102, 188 of powers of positive integers, 10’7, 108
special, 2 of reciprocals of powers of positive integers,
Prolate cycloid, 42 108, 109
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