PROJECT REPORT

ON

TOURISM MANAGEMENT

Submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the master degree in

Computer Science and Application (MCA)

Session 2022-2024

Guided By :
Submitted by:
Dr. Lalatendu Muduli Suryakanta Behera
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this occasion to thank God, almighty, for blessing us with his grace and taking our

Endeavour to a successful culmination. We sincerely thank our esteemed guide, Dr

Lalatendu Muduli, for providing us with the proper guidance and advice at crucial junctures

and showing us the right way. We sincerely thank our respected head of the department, Dr

Prafulla Kumar Behera, for allowing us to use the available facilities. We would also like to

thank the other faculty members on this occasion. Last but not least, we would like to thank

our friends for the support and encouragement they have given us during our work.
 ABSTRACT
As the name specifies, “TOURISM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” is software developed to

manage tour bookings.

Identification of the drawbacks of the existing system leads to the designing of a computerised

system that will be compatible with the existing system with system, which is more user-friendly

and more GUI-oriented. We can improve the system's efficiency and thus overcome the

drawbacks of the existing system.

 Less human error

 Strength and strain of manual labour can be reduced

 High Security

 Data redundancy can be avoided to some extent

 Data consistency

 Easy to handle

 Easy data updating

 Easy record keeping

 Backup data can be easily generated

 INDEX

 Objective
 Existing System
 Proposed System
 Study of the System
 Functional Requirement
 Number of Modules
 System Requirement
 Hardware Configuration
 Software Configuration
 Software Features
 PHP
 MYSQL
 PHPMYADMIN’
 Input Design
 Output Design
 SDLC Methodology
 DFD Diagrams
 UML Diagrams
 ER Diagrams
 Database Design
 Database Table and Structure of DB Tables
 Architecture Flow
 Output Screen of the Project (Screenshots)
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
OBJECTIVE:

 The objective of the project is to develop a system that automates the processes
and activities of a travel and tourism agency.
 The purpose is to design a system that can perform all operations related to travelling
and sightseeing.

EXISTING SYSTEM:

 In the present system, a customer has to approach various agencies to find details
about places and book tickets.
 This often requires a lot of time and effort.
 A customer may not get the desired information from these offices, and often, the
customer may be misguided.
 It is tedious for a customer to plan and execute a particular journey properly.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:
 The proposed system is a web-based application that maintains a centralised repository of
all related information.

 The system allows one to access the relevant information and make necessary travel
arrangements easily.

 Users can decide about places they want to visit and book travel and accommodation
online.

STUDY OF THE SYSTEM:

To provide flexibility to the users, the interfaces have been developed that are accessible through a
browser. The GUI’S at the top level have been categorized as

1. Administrative user interface

2. The operational or generic user interface

The ‘administrative user interface’ concentrates on the consistent information that is practically, part
of the organizational activities and needs proper authentication for the data collection. These
interfaces help the administrators with all the transactional states like Data insertion, Data
deletion and Date updation, and extensive data search capabilities.

The ‘operational or generic user interface’ helps the system's end users in transactions through the
existing data and required services. The operational user interface also helps the ordinary users
manage their information customised as per the included flexibilities.

FEASIBILITY STUDY:
FEASIBILITY REPORT:

Preliminary investigation examines project feasibility; the likelihood the system will be
useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility study is to test the Technical,
Operational and Economical feasibility for adding new modules and debugging old running
system. All systems are feasible if they are given unlimited resources and infinite time. There are
aspects in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation:

 Technical Feasibility
 Operation Feasibility
 Economical Feasibility

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY:

The technical issue usually raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation includes the
following:

 Does the necessary technology exist to do what is suggested?

 Do the proposed equipments have the technical capacity to hold the data required to use
the new system?
 Will the proposed system provide adequate response to inquiries, regardless of the
number or location of users?
  Can the system be upgraded if developed?
 Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data security?

OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY:

Proposed projects are beneficial only if they can be turned into information systems that
meet the organization’s operating requirements. Operational feasibility aspects of the project are
to be taken as an important part of the project implementation. Some of the important issues
raised are to test the operational feasibility of a project includes the following: -

 Is there sufficient support for the management from the users?

 Will the system be used and work properly if it is being developed and implemented?
 Will there be any resistance from the user that will undermine the possible application
benefits? This system is targeted to be in accordance with the issues as mentioned above.
Beforehand,
the management issues and user requirements have been taken into consideration. So no question of
user resistance can undermine the possible application benefits.

The well-planned design would ensure the optimal utilization of the computer resources and help
improve performance status.

ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY:

A system can be developed technically and used if installed must still be a good investment
for the organization. In the economical feasibility, the development cost in creating the system is
evaluated against the ultimate benefit derived from the new systems. Financial benefits must
equal or exceed the costs. The system is economically feasible. It does not require any additional
hardware or software.
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

Number of Modules
After careful analysis the system has been identified to have the following modules:

1. Administrator module
2. User(Traveler) module
3. Guest user

1. ADMINISTRATOR MODULE:

This module provides administrator related functionality. Administrator manages all information
and has access rights to add, delete, edit and view the data related to places, travels, routes,
bookings, Enquiries etc.

Packages—Admin will create the packages and Manage the packages (Create, Update, delete)

Users- Admin views all Information of all users.

Booking- Admin will responsible for manage booking. Admin can confirm and cancel a booking
of traveler.

Manage issues/ Complaints—Admin can take action on any issue /complaint raised by user
(traveler) and Put remark.

Manage Enquiries—admin can manage all enquiries raised by users (traveler).

Manage pages- Admin can edit the info of all pages that are display on the website,

Dashboard- Here admin can view all count of booking, issues, Enquiries and

Users. Change password--- Admin can change own password.

2. USER (TRAVELLER) MODULE:

Signup- User can register yourself for booking.

Sign in- Here user can login with valid username and password.

Forgot Password—User can recover his/her password.

My Profile- user can update own profile.

Tour history- After login, users can book any tour that will show in Tour history. User can
cancel their booking before 24 hr of travelling.

Change Password----User can own Password.

Write-use—here user can raise any issue related to booking. Cancelation etc.

3. Guest MODULE:

Guest user can visit the website and view the all content of website. Guest user can also Enquiry.
 SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Hardware Configuration

1. Pentium IV Processor

2. 512 MB RAM

3. 40GB HDD

4. 1024 * 768 Resolution Color Monitor

Note: This is not the “System Requirements”.

2.2 Software Configuration

1. OS : Windows XP

2.PHP Triad (PHP5.6, MySQL, Apache, and PHPMyAdmin)

2.3 Software Features

2.3.1 PHP TRIAD

PHPTriad installs a working PHP/MySQL server environment on Windows platforms (9x/ NT).

Installs PHP, MySQL, Apache, and PHPMyAdmin.

2.3.1.1 PHP
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open-source server-side scripting language

designed primarily for web development. It was originally created by Danish-Canadian

programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 and has since been continuously developed by a large

community of developers.

PHP is particularly well-suited for creating dynamic web pages and web applications. It can
generate dynamic content, interact with databases, handle forms, manage sessions, create

cookies, and perform many other tasks necessary for web development. PHP code is usually

embedded directly into HTML documents, allowing developers to mix PHP code with HTML

seamlessly.

Some key features of PHP include:

1. Open Source: PHP is free to use and has a large community of developers contributing to

its development and support.

2. Cross-Platform: PHP runs on various platforms, including Windows, Linux, macOS,

and many others.

3. Server-Side Scripting: PHP scripts are executed on the server, generating HTML which

is then sent to the client's browser. This allows for dynamic content generation.

4. Database Integration: PHP has built-in support for working with databases like MySQL,

PostgreSQL, SQLite, and others, making it easy to create database-driven web applications.

5. Extensive Library Support: PHP has a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks

that provide pre-built functions and modules for common tasks, speeding up development.

6. Simple Syntax: PHP syntax is relatively easy to learn and understand, especially for

those with a background in C-style languages like C, C++, and Java.

Overall, PHP remains one of the most popular choices for web development due to its versatility,

ease of use, and extensive community support.

Usage

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development. PHP

generally runs on a web server, taking PHP code as its input and creating web pages as output. It

can also be used for command-line scripting and client-side GUI applications. PHP can be

deployed
on most web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many

relational database management systems. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group

provides the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.

PHP primarily acts as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP

instructions and outputs another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML. It can

automatically detect the language of the user. From PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to

produce bytecode for processing by the Zend Engine, giving improved performance over its

interpreter predecessor. Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP’s principal focus

is server-side scripting,and it is similar to other server-side scripting.

languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client, such as Microsoft’s

Active Server Pages, Sun Microsystems’ JavaServer Pages, and mod_perl. PHP has also

attracted the development of many frameworks that provide building blocks and a design

structure to promote rapid application develo-pment (RAD). Some of these include CakePHP,

Symfony, CodeIgniter, and Zend Framework, offering features similar to other web application

frameworks.

The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web

applic- ations. PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux, Apache and

MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python or Perl.

As of April 2007, over 20 million Internet domains were hosted on servers with PHP installed,

and PHP was recorded as the most popular Apache module. Significant websites are written in

PHP including the user-facing portion of Facebook, Wikipedia (MediaWiki), Yahoo!,

MyYearbook, , Digg, Wordpress and Tagged. In addition to server-side scripting, PHP can be

used to create stand- alone, compiled applications and libraries, it can be used for shell scripting,

and the PHP binaries can be called from the command line.

2.3.1.1.1 Speed optimization

As with many scripting languages, PHP scripts are normally kept as human-readable source code,
even on production web servers. In this case, PHP scripts will be compiled at runtime by the PHP

engine, which increases their execution time. PHP scripts are able to be compiled before runtime

using PHP compilers as with other programming languages such as C (the language PHP and its

extensions are written in). Code optimizers aim to reduce the computational complexity of the

compiled code by reducing its size and making other changes that can reduce the execution time

with the overall goal of improving performance. The nature of the PHP compiler is such that

there are often opportunities for code optimization, and an example of a code optimizer is the

Zend Optimizer PHP extension.

Another approach for reducing overhead for high load PHP servers is using PHP accelerators.

These can offer significant performance gains by caching the compiled form of a PHP script in

shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script

runs.

2.3.1.1.2 Security

The National Vulnerability Database stores all vulnerabities found in computer software. The

overall proportion of PHP-related vulnerabilities on the database amounted to: 12% in 2003, 20%

in 2004, 28% in 2005, 43% in 2006, 36% in 2007, and 35% in 2008. Most of these PHP-related

vulnerabilities can be exploited remotely: they allow hackers to steal or destroy data from data

sources linked to the webserver (such as an SQL database), send spam or contribute to DOS

attacks using malware, which itself can be installed on the vulnerable servers.

These vulnerabilities are caused mostly by not following best practice programming rules:

technical security flaws of the language itself or of its core libraries are not frequent. Recognizing

that programmers cannot be trusted, some languages include taint checking to detect

automatically the lack of input validation which induces many issues. However, such a feature is

being developed for PHP

Hosting PHP applications on a server requires a careful and constant attention to deal with these

security risks. There are advanced protection patches such as Suhosin and Hardening-Patch,

especially designed for web hosting environments. Installing PHP as a CGI binary rather than as
an Apache module is the preferred method for added security. With respect to securing the code

itself, PHP code can be obfuscated to make it difficult to read while remaining functional.

2.3.1.1.3 Syntax

<html>
<head>

<title>PHP Test </title>

</head>

<body>

<?php echo “<p> Hello World </p>”; ?>

</body></html>

Note : - Code in bold letters shows the PHP code embedded within HTML
PHP only parses code within its delimiters. Anything outside its delimiters is sent directly to the

output and is not parsed by PHP. The most common delimiters are <?php and ?>, which are open

and close delimiters respectively. <script language=”php”> and </script> delimiters are also

available. Short tags can be used to start PHP code, <? or<?= (which is used to echo back a string

or variable) and the tag to end PHP code, ?>. These tags are commonly used, but like ASP-style

tags (<% or <%= and %>), they are less portable as they can be disabled in the PHP configuration.

For this reason, the use of short tags and ASP-style tags is discouraged. The purpose of these

delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP code, including HTML.

Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol and a type does not need to be specified in advance.

Unlike function and class names, variable names are case sensitive. Both double-quoted (“”) and

heredoc strings allow the ability to embed a variable’s value into the string. PHP treats newlines as

whitespace in the manner of a free-form language (except when inside string quotes), and

statements are terminated by a semicolon. PHP has three types of comment syntax: /* */ serves as

block comments, and // as well as # are used for inline comments. The echo statement is one of

several facilities PHP provides to output text (e.g. to a web browser).

In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to most high level languages that follow

the C style syntax. If conditions, for and while loops, and function returns are similar in syntax to

languages such as C, C++, Java and Perl.

2.3.1.2 MY SQL

What is a database? Quite simply, it’s an organized collection of data. A database management

system (DBMS) such as Access, FileMaker Pro, Oracle or SQL Server provides you with the

software tools you need to organize that data in a flexible manner. It includes facilities to add,

modify or delete data from the database, ask questions (or queries) about the data stored in the

database and produce reports summarizing selected contents.

MySQL is a multithreaded,multi-user SQL database management system(DBMS). The basic

program runs as a server, providing multi-user access to a number of databases.Originally financed

in a similar fashion to the JBoss model, MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit

firm, the Swedish company MySQLAB now a subsidiary of Sun Microsystem , which holds the

copyright to most of the codebase. The project’s source code is available under terms of the GNU

General Public Licence, as well as under a variety of proprietory agreements.

MySQL is a database.The data in MySQL is stored in database objects called tables.A table is a

collections of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.Databases are useful when

storing information categorically. A company may have a database with the following tables:

“Employees”, “Products”, “Customers” and “Orders”.

2.3.1.2.1 Database Tables

A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g.

“Customers” or “Orders”). Tables contain records (rows) with data.

2.3.1.2.2 Queries

A query is a question or a request.WithMySQL, we can query a database for specific information

and have a recordset returned.

2.3.1.2.2.1 Create a connection to a database

Before you can access data in a database, you must create a connection to the database.In PHP,

this is done with the mysqli_connect() function.

Syntax

mysqli_connect (servername,username,password);

Example

In the following example we store the connection in a variable ($con) for later use in the script.

The “die” part will be executed if the connection fails:

i
2.3.1.2.2.2 Closing a Connection

The connection will be closed automatically when the script ends. To close the connection
before, use the mysqli_close() function:

<?php
//database connection
$con=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","","preschooldb");
if(mysqli_connect_errno()){
echo "Connection Fail".mysqli_connect_error();
}
?>

2.3.1.2.2.3 Create a Database

The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database in MySQL.

Syntax

CREATE DATABASE database_name

To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the mysql_query() function. This function
is used to send a query or command to a MySQL connection.

2.3.1.2.2.4 Create a Table

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in MySQL

Syntax

CREATE TABLE table_name

(
column_name1 data_type, column_name2
data_type, column_name3 data_type,
....
2.3.1.2.3 MySQL Functions

mysql_affected_rows — Get number of affected rows in previous MySQL

operation mysql_change_user — Change logged in user of the active

connection mysql_client_encoding — Returns the name of the character set

mysql_close — Close MySQL connection

mysql_connect — Open a connection to a MySQL

Server mysql_create_db — Create a MySQL database

mysql_data_seek — Move internal result pointer

mysql_db_name — Get result data

mysql_db_query — Send a MySQL query

mysql_drop_db — Drop (delete) a MySQL

database

mysql_errno — Returns the numerical value of the error message from previous MySQL

operation mysql_error — Returns the text of the error message from previous MySQL

operation mysql_escape_string — Escapes a string for use in a mysql_query

mysql_fetch_array — Fetch a result row as an associative array, a numeric array,

or both mysql_fetch_assoc — Fetch a result row as an associative array

mysql_fetch_field — Get column information from a result and return as an

object mysql_fetch_lengths — Get the length of each output in a result

mysql_fetch_object — Fetch a result row as an object

wsmysql_num_rows — Get number of rows in result

mysql_pconnect — Open a persistent connection to a MySQL

server

mysql_ping — Ping a server connection or reconnect if there is no

connection mysql_query — Send a MySQL query

mysql_result — Get result data

mysql_select_db — Select a MySQL database

mysql_set_charset — Sets the client character

set mysql_stat — Get current system status

mysql_tablename — Get table name of field

mysql_thread_id — Return the current thread

ID

mysql_unbuffered_query — Send an SQL query to MySQL, without fetching and buffering the

result (See Appendix 2 for more My_SQL Functions.

2.3.1.4 phpMAdmin

phpMyAdminis an open source tool written in PHP intended to handle the administration of

MySQLover the World Wide Web. phpMyAdmin supports a wide range of operations with

MySQL.Currently it can create and drop databases, create/drop/alter tables, delete/edit/add fields,

execute any SQL statement, manage users and permissions, and manage keys on fields. while you

still have the ability to directly execute any SQL statement. phpMyAdmin can manage a whole

MySQL server (needs a super-user) as well as a single database. To accomplish the latter you’ll need

a properly set up MySQL user who can read/write only the desired database. It’s up to you to look up

the appropriate part in the MySQL manual.

phpMyAdmin can:

· browse and drop databases, tables, views, fields and indexes

· create, copy, drop, rename and alter databases, tables, fields and indexes

· maintenance server, databases and tables, with proposals on server configuration

· execute, edit and bookmark any SQL-statement, even batch-queries

· load text files into tables

· create and read dumps of tables

· export data to various formats: CSV, XML, PDF, ISO/IEC 26300 - OpenDocument Text and

Spreadsheet, Word, Excel and LATEX formats

· administer multiple servers

· manage MySQL users and privileges

· check referential integrity in MyISAM tables

· using Query-by-example (QBE), create complex queries automatically connecting required tables
· create PDF graphics of your Database layout

· search globally in a database or a subset of it

· transform stored data into any format using a set of predefined functions, like displaying

BLOB-data as image or download-link

· support InnoDB tables and foreign keys

· support mysqli, the improved MySQL extension

 2.3.1.5 Apache Web server
Often referred to as simply Apache, a public-domain open source Web server developed by a

loosely-knit group of programmers. The first version of Apache, based on the NCSA httpd Web

server, was developed in 1995.

Core development of the Apache Web server is performed by a group of about 20 volunteer

programmers, called the Apache Group. However, because the source code is freely available,

anyone can adapt the server for specific needs, and there is a large public library of Apache add-

ons. In many respects, development of Apache is similar to development of the Linux operating

system.

The original version of Apache was written for UNIX, but there are now versions that run under OS/

2, Windows and other platforms. The name is a tribute to the Native American Apache Indian

tribe, a tribe well known for its endurance and skill in warfare. A common misunderstanding is

that it was called Apache because it was developed from existing NCSA code plus various

patches, hence the name a patchy server, or Apache server.

Apache consistently rates as the world’s most popular Web server according to analyst surveys.

Apache has attracted so much interest because it is full-featured, reliable, and free. Originally

developed for UNIX™ operating systems, Apache has been updated to run on Windows, OS/2,

and other platforms. One aspect of Apache that some site administrators find confusing —

especially those unfamiliar with UNIX-style software — is its configuration scheme. Instead of

using a point-and-click graphic user interface (GUI) or Windows Registry keys as most other
Configuration Files

Apache uses a system of three text files for managing its configuration data. All three of these

files (almost always) appear in Apache’s ./conf directory and are designed to be edited by system

administrators:

1. httpd.conf for general settings

2. srm.conf for resource settings

3. access.conf for security settings

When Apache first starts, these files are processed in the order shown above. Originally, the

initial installation of Apache included default entries within each of the three files. In the most

recent versions of Apache, however, the default installation has changed. Now httpd.conf is

treated as the “master” configuration file and it contains all of the settings. Both srm.conf and

access.conf still exist in the installation, but they contain no settings and are empty except for

some comments.

Inside Httpd.conf
Traditionalyhttpd.conf contained general settings such as the ServerName and Port

number.These entries appear as follows in the file: ServerName compnetworking.about.com Port

80 The term “httpd” stands for HTTP Daemon. Recall that in a UNIX environment, the term

daemon refers to a type of process designed to launch at system boot and continue running for

very long periods of time. This file contains a number of other entries (technically called

directives), but for most of these,modifications are optional. Probably the most useful of these

entries is ServerAdmin.

Access and Security Settings

It is recommended practice now for Apache administrators to manage their resource and security

settings from httpd.conf. Administrators of older versions of Apache can simply cut their entries

from srm.conf and access.conf and paste them into the master file. If an administrator wants to

go one step further and delete the two empty files, they should also place the following entries
in
httpd.conf to prevent Apache from attempting to access them.

INPUT DESIGN:

Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective during the input design is as
given below:

 To produce a cost-effective method of input.

 To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy.
 To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user.

INPUT STAGES:

The main input stages can be listed as below:

 Data recording
 Data transcription
 Data conversion
 Data verification
 Data control
 Data transmission
 Data validation
 Data correction

INPUT TYPES:

It is necessary to determine the various types of inputs. Inputs can be categorized as follows:

 External inputs, which are prime inputs for the system.

 Internal inputs, which are user communications with the system.
 Operational, which are computer department’s communications to the system?
 Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue.
 INPUT MEDIA:

At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To conclude about the input
media consideration has to be given to;

 Type of input
 Flexibility of format
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Verification methods
 Rejection rates
 Ease of correction
 Storage and handling requirements
 Security
 Easy to use
 Portability
Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input media, it can be said that most of
the inputs are of the form of internal and interactive. As

Input data is to be the directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be considered to be the most suitable
input device.

OUTPUT DESIGN:

Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to communicate the results of processing to
users. They are also used to provide a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The
various types of outputs in general are:

 External Outputs whose destination is outside the organization.

 Internal Outputs whose destination is with in organization and they are the User’s main
interface with the computer.
  Operational outputs whose use is purely with in the computer department.
 Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly with the system.

OUTPUT DEFINITION

The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points:

 Type of the output
 Content of the output
 Format of the output
 Location of the output
 Frequency of the output
 Volume of the output
 Sequence of the output

It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a computer. It should be decided as
which form of the output is the most suitable.

For Example

 Will decimal points need to be inserted

 Should leading zeros be suppressed.

OUTPUT MEDIA:

In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most appropriate for the output. The
main considerations when deciding about the output media are:

 The suitability for the device to the particular application.

 The need for a hard copy.
 The response time required.
  The location of the users
 The software and hardware available.

Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly coming under the
category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired according to the requirement specification
are:

The outputs were needed to be generated as a hard copy and as well as queries to be viewed on the
screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the format for the output is taken from the outputs, which
are currently being obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as output
media for hard copies.

SDLC Methodology:

This document play a vital role in the development of life cycle (SDLC) as it describes the
complete requirement of the system. It means for use by developers and will be the basic during
testing phase. Any changes made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal
change approval process.

SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, “A spiral Model of Software
Development and Enhancement. This model was not the first model to discuss iterative
development, but it was the first model to explain why the iteration models.

As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2 years long. Each phase starts
with a design goal and ends with a client reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and
engineering efforts are applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of
the project.

The steps for Spiral Model can be generalized as follows:

 The new system requirements are defined in as much details as possible. This usually involves
interviewing a number of users representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of
the existing system.

 A preliminary design is created for the new system.

 A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the preliminary design. This is usually
a scaled-down system, and represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final
product.

 A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure:

1. Evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths, weakness, and risks.

2. Defining the requirements of the second prototype.

3. Planning an designing the second prototype.

4. Constructing and testing the second prototype.

 At the customer option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk is deemed too great. Risk
factors might involved development cost overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other
factor that could, in the customer’s judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory final product.

 The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the previous prototype, and if
necessary, another prototype is developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined
above.

 The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that the refined prototype
represents the final product desired.

 The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype.

 The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine maintenance is carried on a
continuing basis to prevent large scale failures and to minimize down time.
The following diagram shows how a spiral model acts like:

Advantages:

 Estimates(i.e. budget, schedule etc .) become more relistic as work progresses, because
important issues discoved earlier.

 It is more able to cope with the changes that are software development generally entails.

Software engineers can get their hands in and start woring on the core of a project earlier
Performance Requirements:

Performance is measured in terms of the output provided by the application. Requirement

specification plays an important part in the analysis of a system. Only when the requirement
specifications are properly given, it is possible to design a system, which will fit into required
environment. It rests largely with the users of the existing system to give the requirement
specifications because they are the people who finally use the system. This is because the
requirements have to be known during the initial stages so that the system can be designed
according to those requirements. It is very difficult to change the system once it has been
designed and on the other hand designing a system, which does not cater to the requirements of
the user, is of no use.

The requirement specification for any system can be broadly stated as given below:

 The system should be able to interface with the existing system

 The system should be accurate
 The system should be better than the existing system
The existing system is completely dependent on the user to perform all the duties.
DFD (Context level Diagram):abusers’
b. Admin
C.
UML Diagram
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP Diagrams

E-R (Entity-Relationship) Diagram is used to represents the relationship between

entities in the table.
The symbols used in E-R diagrams are:
SYMBOL PURPOSE

Represents Entity sets.

Represent attributes.

Represent Relationship Sets.

Line represents flow

Structured analysis is a set of tools and techniques that the analyst.

To develop a new kind of a system:
The traditional approach focuses on the cost benefit and feasibility analysis,
Project management, and hardware and software selection a personal
considerations.
 Database Design

The data in the system has to be stored and retrieved from database. Designing the
database is part of system design. Data elements and data structures to be stored
have been identified at analysis stage. They are structured and put together to
design the data storage and retrieval system.
A database is a collection of interrelated data stored with minimum redundancy to
serve many users quickly and efficiently. The general objective is to make database
access easy, quick, inexpensive and flexible for the user. Relationships are
established between the data items and unnecessary data items are removed.
Normalization is done to get an internal consistency of data and to have minimum
redundancy and maximum stability. This ensures minimizing data storage required,
minimizing chances of data inconsistencies and optimizing for updates. The
MySQL database has been chosen for developing the relevant databases.

Database tables and Structure

Admin Table: This table store the admin login details.

tbluser table: This table store the user personal and login details.
tbltourpackages table: This table store the tour package full details.

tblbooking table: This table store the user booking details.

tblissues table: This table store the user issue details raised by the user.
tblenquiry table: This table store the user enquiry details.

tblpages table: This table store the website pages details.

Class Diagram

The class diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces, collaborations and their
relationships.
Architecture flow :( N-Tier)

N-Tier Applications can easily implement the concepts of Distributed Application Design and
Architecture. The N-Tier Applications provide strategic benefits to Enterprise Solutions. While
2- tier, client-server can help us create quick and easy solutions and may be used for Rapid
Prototyping, they can easily become maintenance and security night mare The N-tier
Applications provide specific advantages that are vital to the business continuity of the
enterprise. Typical features of a real life n-tier may include the following:

 Security

 Availability and Scalability

 Manageability

 Easy Maintenance

 Data Abstraction

The above mentioned points are some of the key design goals of a successful n-tier application
that intends to provide a good Business Solution.

Definition:

Stated, an n-tier application helps us distribute the overall functionality into various tiers or layers:

 Presentation Layer

 Business Logic layer

 Data Link Layer

 Database/Data Store

Each layer can be developed independently of the other provided that it adheres to the standards
and communicates with the other layers as per the specifications. This is the one of the biggest
advantages of the n-tier application. Each layer can potentially treat the other layer as a ‘Block-
Box’. In other words, each layer does not care how other layer processes the data as long as it
sends the right data in a correct format.

Presentation
Layer

Request Response
Business
Logic
Layer

Data Link

Data Base

Fig: N-Tier Architecture

1. Presentation Layer:

Also called as client layer, comprises of components that are dedicated to presenting the data to
the user. For example: Windows/Web Forms and buttons, edit boxes, Text boxes, labels, grids,
etc.

2. Business Logic Layer:

This layer encapsulates the Business rules or the business logic of the encapsulations. To have a
separate layer for business logic is of a great advantage. This is because any changes in Business
Rules can be easily handled in this layer. As long as the interface between the layers remains the
same, any changes to the functionality/processing logic in this layer can be made without
impacting the others. A lot of client-server apps failed to implement successfully as changing the
business logic was a painful process.

3. Data Link Layer:

This layer comprises of components that help in accessing the Database. If used in the right way,
this layer provides a level of abstraction for the database structures. Simply put changes made to
the database, tables, etc do not affect the rest of the application because of the Data Access layer.
The different application layers send the data requests to this layer and receive the response from
this layer.

4. Database Layer:

This layer comprises of the Database Components such as DB Files, Tables, Views, etc. The
Actual database could be created using SQL Server, Oracle, Flat files, etc. In an n-tier
application, the entire application can be implemented in such a way that it is independent of the
actual Database. For instance, you could change the Database Location with minimal changes to
Data Access Layer. The rest of the Application should remain unaffected.
 Output Screen of Project

Home Page
Tour Packages
Package Details
About Us

Privacy Policy
Terms of Use
Contact Us

Signup
Recover Password

Login
User Profile

Change Password
Tour History

Raised Tickets
 Admin Panel
Login Page

Forgot Password
Dashboard

Profile
Change Password

Create Package
Manage Packages
Update Package

Update Package Image

Manage User Details

User Booking Details

Manage Booking

Manage Issues
View Issues Remarks

Manage Enquiries
Manage Page
 CONCLUSION
The Tourism Management System Project is designed to provide a comprehensive solution to
manage and promote tourism activities. The system is built on PHP, and it is designed to
facilitate various tasks related to tourism, such as reservation management, itinerary planning,
tour management, and customer relationship management.

In conclusion, the project has successfully achieved its objectives of developing a reliable and
efficient tourism management system that can be used by tour operators, travel agents, and other
stakeholders in the tourism industry. The system has been designed to provide users with a
seamless and user-friendly experience, enabling them to manage and promote tourism activities
more effectively.

The system offers a range of features and functionalities that cater to the needs of different
stakeholders, such as itinerary planning, booking management, customer management, and
reporting. These features provide users with a holistic solution that can help them manage their
tourism operations more efficiently, reduce costs, and improve customer satisfaction.

Furthermore, the project has identified some areas for improvement and future development. For
instance, the system could be expanded to include features such as social media integration,
mobile app integration, and advanced reporting capabilities. These enhancements can help to
make the system more competitive and better meet the needs of the evolving tourism industry.

In conclusion, the Tourism Management System Project has provided a valuable contribution to
the tourism industry. It has demonstrated the potential of PHP as a platform for developing
reliable and efficient tourism management systems. The project has also highlighted the need for
ongoing development and innovation in the tourism industry to keep pace with the changing
needs and expectations of customers and stakeholders.
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. www.w3schools.com

2. in.php.net

3. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP

4. www.hotscripts.com/category/php/

5. www.apache.org/

6. www.mysql.com/click.php?e=35050