1. What is a shell?
A: Shell is an intermediatory between user and Operating system—it provides user with an
interface.
2.What is Bash?
A: Bash is one kind of shell in Unix –commonly default shell
3.What is a shell script?
A: Group of Unix commands
4. How do you write a shell script?
Using Vi or Vim(file editors) file name should have .sh extenstion.
Start with Shebang #! /bin/bash
5.What is the file extension for a shell script?
A: .sh
6. How do you run a shell script?
A:Sh filename or ./filename
7. What is the shebang line?
A: Shebang is the first command line in the script
8. What is the purpose of the shebang line?
A: Shebang is the command line to run the script in specific shell
9. What is a comment in a shell script?
A: Comment is the Text that details about the steps in script.
10. How do you write a comment in a shell script?
A: # (single line) or “”(Multi line)
11. What is a variable in a shell script?
A: Variable is a placeholder of the value
12. How do you create a variable in a shell script?
A: Using $
13. What is the syntax for a variable in a shell script?
A: variable name = variable value
14. What is the scope of a variable in a shell script?
A: Local and Global variables
15. What is command substitution?
A: Output of one command as input for another command
16. How do you use command substitution in a shell script?
A: $()
17. What is command chaining?
A: Different commands merged together using different operators.
18. How do you use command chaining in a shell script?
A: By using different operators like &, && ,|| ,: ,| ,>>,>
19. What is a function in a shell script?
A: Function are set of commands which will execute when called/initiated.
20. How do you create a function in a shell script?
A: function_name() { Unix commands }
21. What is the syntax for a function in a shell script?
A: function_name() { Unix commands }
22. What is the return value of a function in a shell script?
A: Value (Output value)
23. How do you call a function in a shell script?
A: Functionname (By calling the function name)
24. What is a conditional statement in a shell script?
A: Command that executes based on the condition provided
25. How do you use a conditional statement in a shell script?
A: if [ expression ]
then
statement
fi
26. What is a loop in a shell script?
A: repetitive execution of statement until condition is met
27. How do you use a loop in a shell script?
A: using for loop, while loop, untill loop
28. What is an array in a shell script?
A: multiple values grouped together
29. How do you create an array in a shell script?
A: Declare -a arrayname or
arrayname =(value1 value2 .... value…n)
30. What is the syntax for an array in a shell script?
A: arrayname =(value1 value2 .... value…n)
31. How do you access elements in an array in a shell script?
A: Arrayname[indexplace]
32. What is input/output redirection?
A: Process of directing input/output of one command/file to another file/command
33. How do you use input/output redirection in a shell script?
o >> append to the end of file
o | pass the left output to right
o > Redirect left output to right file
o Grep command to search
34. What is a pipeline in a shell script?
A: Pipeline is sequence of commands commonly output of left is transferred to the right of
the pipe command.
35. How do you use a pipeline in a shell script?
A: Command | command
36. What is a command-line argument?
A: Run time values for commands
38. What is the $0 variable in a shell script?
A: Name of the script file name
39. What is the $1 variable in a shell script?
A: , $1 denotes the initial argument passed,
40. What is the $2 variable in a shell script?
A: second argument passed
41. What is the $# variable in a shell script?
A: no of arguments passed
42. What is the $@ variable in a shell script?
A: List of arguments
43. What is the $? variable in a shell script?
A: Exit status code
44. What is the $$ variable in a shell script?
A: Returns the process ID of the shell
45. What is the $! variable in a shell script?
No idea on signals I will read on this
46. What is a signal in a shell script?
47. How do you handle signals in a shell script?
48. What is process substitution?
A: Comparing two different outputs from different commands.
50. What is a here document?I
A: It is a form of I/O redirection
***Need to look into these*******
50. What is a here document?
51. How do you use a here document in a shell script?
52. What is a here string?
53. How do you use a here string in a shell script?
******************************************
54. What is a glob?
A: A glob is a string of characters that matches file paths, using literal characters
55. How do you use a glob in a shell script?
56. What is brace expansion?
A: a useful technique to generate lists of strings that can be used in scripts and aliases and on the
Linux command line.
57. How do you use brace expansion in a shell script?
A: echo {x…y ..z} generates values from x to y incrementing by z.
58. What is a subshell?
A: subshell is a copy of the shell process.
59. How do you create a subshell in a shell script?
A: By enclosing the variables or commands in parenthesis
60. What is a background process?
A: process that is running independent of the shell.
61. How do you run a process in the background in a shell script?
A: using “nohup” command.
62. What is a foreground process?
A: a process that requires a user to start
63. How do you run a process in the foreground in a shell script?
A: Using fg command
64. What is the difference between a foreground process and a background process?
A: Process that requires user interaction is foreground process—process which is
independent for user interaction is called backend process.
65. What is a job in a shell script?
A: "job" is a shell's representation for a process group.
66. How do you manage jobs in a shell script?
67. What is a signal trap?
A: The trap command allows you to control the way a program behaves when it receives a
signal.
68. How do you use a signal trap in a shell script?
A: trap followed by command to be executed
69. What is a sourced file?
A: source is a Bash shell built-in command that executes the content of the file passed as an
argument in the current shell.
70. How do you source a file in a shell script?
A: source <fileName> or. ./<filename>
71. What is a script library?
A: sets of shell functions that you can import
72. How do you create a script library in a shell script?
73. What is a script module?
A: is a fragment of code that can be dynamically loaded into the Linux kernel without
requiring a reboot
74. How do you create a script module in a shell script?
A: Module “module_name”
75. What is a script package?
A: are simple containers that contain all the required artifacts necessary to run a script.
76. How do you create a script package in a shell script?
77. What is a script template?
A: a reusable packaged script that you can use when creating a new script
78. How do you create a script template in a shell script?
79. What is a script generator?
A: simplifies script creation for Unix and Linux systems.
80. How do you create a script generator in a shell script?
A:
81. What is a script runner?
82. How do you create a script runner in a shell script?
83. What is a script debugger?
A:It is a built-in feature that allows you to see what happens when your script is executed
84. How do you create a script debugger in a shell script?
A: Set -x
85. What is a script profiler?
86. How do you create a script profiler in a shell script?
87. What is a script unit tester?
A: Unit tests focus on one part of an application in total isolation. Usually, that means a
single class or function.
88. How do you create a script unit tester in a shell script?
89. What is a script integration tester?
A: helps find issues that are not obvious by examining the implementation of an entire
application or one specific unit,
90. How do you create a script integration tester in a shell script?
91. What is a script acceptance tester?
92. How do you create a script acceptance tester in a shell script?
93. What is a script deployment tool?
A: you call make (or Ant or whatever) to build the package and then call whatever
deployment tool you use for deployment
94. How do you create a script deployment tool in a shell script?
95. What is a script version control system?
A: Software tools that help software teams manage changes to source code over time. A
96. How do you use a script version control system in a shell script?
A: SVN or Git
97. What is a script documentation tool?
98. How do you create a script documentation tool in a shell script?
99. What is a script build system?
A: help compile your code in a neat and structured way,
File and Directory Operations:
1. List all files and directories in the current directory.
A: ls -a
2. Create a new directory named "my_folder."
A: mkdir my_folder
3. Move a file named "file.txt" from the current directory to "my_folder."
A: mv file.txt /path/my_folder
4. Display the contents of a file named "sample.txt."
A: cat sample.txt
5. Delete the directory "my_folder" and its contents.
A: rm -r my_folder
Process Management:
6. List all running processes.
A: ps -a
7. Find the process ID of a process named "nginx."
A: pidpof process nginx
8. Kill a process with a specific process ID.
A: kill -9 PID
9. Start a command in the background and then bring it to the foreground
10. Run a command and make it immune to hangups using nohup .
A: nohup [command] - run <command>
Text Processing:
11. Search for the word "error" in a file named "log.txt."
A: grep -i error log.txt
12.Extract the first column from a CSV file.
A: awk '{print $1}' my_file.txt
13. Count the number of lines in a file.
A: wc -l filename
14. Replace all occurrences of "old_text" with "new_text" in a file.
A: sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' filename
15. Display the last 10 lines of a file named "output.log."
A: tail -10 filename
Networking:
16. Ping a specific IP address to check its connectivity.
A: ping IPAddress
17. Display network information for all network interfaces.
A: netstat -in
18. Download a file from a specific URL using wget .
A: wget httpurl
19. Transfer a file named "data.txt" to a remote server using scp .
A: scp [options] [[user@]host1:]data.txt ... [[user@]host2:]destination
20. Establish an SSH connection to a remote server.
A: SSH-keygen -copy the pub key to auth_key file in other server.
System Information:
21. Display the amount of free and used disk space.
A: df -a
22. Check the available memory on the system.
A:top/ free -m
23. Display the system's uptime.
A: uptime
24. List all currently logged-in users.
A; Who
25. Find out the operating system type using uname .
A: uname -a
Package Management:
26. Install a package named "nginx" using the appropriate package manager.
A: yum install nginx -y
27. Update all installed packages on the system.
A: yum update all
28. Search for a package named "python" using the package manager.
A: yum list all | grep -I python
29. Remove a package named "apache" using the package manager.
A : Yum remove packagename
File Search:
30. Locate all files with the extension ".txt" on the system.
A: find . -type f -name "*.txt"
31. Find the location of the executable file for the command "ls."
A: whereis ls
32. Search for files relate to a specific program using whereis .
A: whereis filename
File Editors:
33. Open a file named "notes.txt" for editing using nano .
A: nano filename
34. Edit a file named "config.conf" using the vi or vim editor.
A: vim config.conf
35. Save and exit the editor after making changes to a file.
A: :wq! And enter
System Control:
36. Reboot the system using the appropriate command.
A: shutdown -r now
37. Shut down the system gracefully.
A: shutdown -h now
38. Halt the system immediately.
A: halt -l.
User Management:
39. Create a new user account named "john."
A: useradd john
40. Modify the password of the user account "mary."
A: passwd mary
41. Delete a user account named "jane."
A: userdel username
Compression/Decompression Utilities:
42. Compress a file named "data.txt" using
gzip .
A: gzip -r data.txt
43. Decompress a file named "archive.gz" using gunzip .
A: gunzip archive.gz
44. Create a tar archive named "backup.tar" containing the files in the directory
A: tar -c backup.tar /filepath/directoryname
6. How do you run a shell script?
