optic a

-0-9
-
.

↓
Geometrical , Ray optic
- ' , 2 ,j
↑ ↑

Describes light propagation In terms of rays

-14 = 1195] ,

·
Interaction between light and lenses mirrors
,

and Prisons

%51 = 21
-

2 - Physical optics or wave optics

branch of optics which studies interference,

diffraction, polarization, and other phenomena for
which the ray approximation of geometric optics is
.not valid

, g
S

- 2,I
&

-
-
11,/ & -

- 24. 'sjI gla

56124
 Light so
Sadl
-

Particle "in -
,
&
-

za-e = &I 20&

-
Particle , jave &
.
17. Seis

-
siles properties -

&
dis -
Eli i s
I-
-

straightlines 2-travels in vacuum

15109jgids
3- constant speed a
single medium , varies
from one medium to another
j /17 3 % 6%0

4-consists of seven primary colors

-80jy1 -/ & I
5-Reflection 6 -

Refraction 7-Interference
/ ↑ 16 y

z-Diffraction 9 -
Polarization

10-ability to emit elections some

materials
↓
Wyn,
 -50 Ej
&

Newton assumed in his theory that Light is

Newton’s small compact particles of energy called
corpuscles. And Light traveled as a shower
· -(1 -
*
Corpuscular of particles each proceeding in a straight line

Theory (1660
and accelerate as they go from air to
medium of greater optical density. He
· Appa -
. .
explained the reflection and the refraction

Wivign Sil
propagation phenomena, while failing to
--

explain the diffraction, interference and , -

polarization of light
post's is , i *

This theory proposed light as a wave

propagating in a medium called ether. He etjyl &S
succeeded in explaining reflection,
Huggen’s Wave refraction, and deflection of light, but he
%,sil ,
.failed to prove the existence of ether ,5 a Sili
Theory (1690)
·
sil
is

light considered as a wave, Young noticed

that at some points the waves would meet 2005 %81 :
crest to crest, and at other points the crest
1

Thomas Young S
would meet trough. He found that when
crests met crests, there would be
constructive interference, and the waves
Experiment
-

would arrive on the screen as a bright spot

(bright fringe), and when crests met troughs, ↑
&
(~1800) there would be destructive interference, and
they would cancel each other out and a black
411
-

spot would appear on the screen (dark

.fringe)
·ing 4 s,
Maxwell’s (4) Maxwell considers light to be
an electromagnetic wave and
Electromagnetic does not need ether. He -get Mis i m , 220 09 /

successfully explains
Wave Theory interference and diffraction but
fails to Egy -S
(1831-1879) explain the scattering and
.absorption photoelectric effect

Max Planck won the Nobel Prize in 1918. He developed

Max-Planck’s the quantization model which assumes that the energy of
a light wave is present in particles called “photons”. He
·% /
Quantum Theory & (Gij g)
,

postulated that the energy of a photon is proportional to

the frequency, and the constant that relates them is
(1858-1947 known as Planck's constant (h). His work led to Albert (1
Einstein determining that light exists in discrete quanta of
.energy, or photons

[51sigigide ,b
. The photoelectric effect is the
Einstein’s Photon observation that many metals emit
electrons when light falls on them. The
siges
Theory 1905 electrons emitted in this way can be
called photoelectrons. jijDgjbij &
·Sbi81i
 Fizeau's pinst side
method

Ads
X108m/
un
C = 4 mnd

↓= Giles. W
m = j /1 ,s

n = j,S , C = sigis
Example 1 M
Assume that Fizeau’s wheel has 360 teeth and is rotating at
M 27.5 rev/s when a pulse of light passing through opening A in
the Figure is blocked by tooth B on d
its return. If the distance to the mirror is 7 500 m, what is the
speed of light?
Solution

C = 4 mud

=
4x360/27 5/7500 .
=

2
, 97X188m/s
 Refractive Index ,i s

p =

c/1d
& = , Will = Is l -
-

El
- =
0151-55
optical path 5 ,
-

59.
Opl = MX X &
bis-b sid

OPD =
MX ,
-

m
Fermat's principle of stationary format's os i
time states that: the path taken
by a ray of light in passing
from one point to the other is & I , / ,S , 61
the path of minimum or -
-

maximum time. Syndjsd in; g 2s

j_jus *
--

's Did
 , Bidig & Ii n
-Six/
Reflection
-Seiyad; =
1 1npl ;
-
=
=,

Refraction -Sj51

M
, Sin-On =
MusingSisi's i s -

. 11%n di ,
5 i
-

is s Gas ,
1 %1
Example 4

A beam of light of wavelength 550 nm traveling in air is incident

on a slab of transparent material. The incident beam makes an
angle of 40.0° with the normal, and the refracted beam makes an
angle of 26.0° with the normal. Find the index of refraction of the
material.

M sinte =
Mesin

=
in 1
-
>
 Lens -

- N 0
-

A lens is a transmitting optical device that focuses or disperses a

light beam by means of refraction
-is 'ss 50 ; . & -

=
i
Lenses are usually made of glass or plastic

- % 55
single piece...ms-1
consists
Several simple lenses -Sjns2

- & T Eld &

↑

Diverging consensin
· 61 & 461-9 10
-. Double concave Double convex-

I 1978 &0

2 Plano Plano-convex 2

!
-
-

3 convex
concavo-convey 3
 -- SIslin

principle axes that join the

centers of curvature of the F
two spherical surfaces AB
assily x,el
f: is the focal length
which is a measure of = f Gl
how strongly the system

Sag ,3 - - + I , "El
converges or diverges
light

is the point where Ii focal Point

light rays originating
-
I
from a point on the
object converge - I
radius of curvature of surface Ri
i
61 , 55 ,
R2
oint on the principal axis st
through which all ,w
the rays will pass, when - optica cente
the incident and emergent
paths are parallel to each &
other S/ GS/
.
 Refraction through a thin lens is described by the following equation

j y =

I y
-

1
= -

E
&w y
Sid S

, 15 y ↑

Magnification of Images
9JI
.
· =,
n
-
= = -
-

PowerofaLens
=
pet m ,

:51 -

22510-91
& - 8%
compound
- Microscop Simple Microscop
j 5 -jS -15-
005%
:D'g Convey
De
1
-

L objective
&

2-Exepiece
-

M =
MoX11g
 ·
wave &
repeat disturbance that propagates through a medium and transfers
Wave energy.

& Sie
&
ina
ime i
J 2 Ei
Sound mattermudium mechanical
&& & 02/25 600
Light magnetic fieds ↑
Electromagnetic
si the themed I a
⑭
I

N Corientation]
351 251 EidI
The disturbance is -
%1. Transverse
Light perpendicular to the direction of
propagation
& -gen

The disturbance is
Ja parallel to the direction :/ congitudinal
of propagation d

S > 3
Amplitude CAS
&i; 3, 4

& ad

3
‫ املصادر املترابطة‬coherent sources
Two sources are said to be coherent if they emit light waves of
the same frequency, nearly the same amplitude and are always
in phase with each other.
‫هي املصادر التي ُتصدر موجات ضوئية لها نفس التردد ونفس السعة تقريبا ً ويكون‬
‫فرق الطور بينهما ثابت‬.

‫ املصادر األحادية‬monochromatic sources

Two sources are said to be monochromatic if they emit light
waves of the same wavelength.
- :

* Interference &/
55
"
.

I- constructive = -1 % S
214
2-Destructive=

entions
of interferenceSign n ,

‫ نفس الطول املوجي‬same wavelength .1

‫ نفس التردد‬same frequency .2
‫ نفس اإلتجاه‬same direction .3
‫ نفس الحالة اإلستقطابية‬same state of polarization .4
ً ‫ نفس السعة تقريبا‬nearly same amplitude .5
‫ فرق الطور بينهاما دائما ثابت‬in phase with each other .6
 Diffraction s

Deflection of light *

around the edges of objects or through

narrow vents listed sididyit

& -

3
Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer
the source of light should source of light
be close to the slit shouldeither be
ata large
distance the slit
-
 Single Slit Diffraction
& 161 1 > 4
15581s i
-

monochrom light passes through

· narmou scit i u

- A very bright and large central

-des Fringe
·
gi
dark cilia -11-ds-

a sinf = n1
-

Diffraction Grating Cs1 ;g n 0

surface that contains
a veny large number of
narrow and convergent cracks

l ji/ 5
-

4
dSinf =
/
 Celine i
elb= &1
-

accuracy than
Higher one slif
jaby din =

used in the
-

analysis of spectra

-
Gives a fight and cleamy separat
nem win s-