QN.

1 The current drawn by a three phase load is given by the following equations:
ia = 100 Cos(t-)
ib = 100 Cos(t- 1200 -)
ic = 100 Cos(t- 2400 -)
Calculate the magnitude of d-q component of the three phase current.

Ans: abc to dqo transformation is given by:

From the 1st row:

2
id = [ia Cosθ + ib Cos(θ-2π/3) + ic Cos(θ-4π/3) ]
3

2
id= 100[Cosωt.Cos(ωt - ϕ)+ Cos(ωt -2π/3) Cos(ωt - ϕ -2π/3) + Cos(ωt - 4π/3) Cos(ωt - ϕ - 4π/3)]
3

2
id= 100[X+ Y + Z]
3
Here, X = Cosωt. Cos(ωt - ϕ)
Using the formula: 2 CosA CosB = [Cos(A-B) + Cos (A+B) ]
1 
X  Cos(t - t     Cos(t  t   
2
OR X   Cos    Cos(2t   )  
1
2

Similarly Y = Cos(ωt -2π/3) Cos(ωt - ϕ -2π/3)

Using the formula: 2 CosA CosB = [Cos(A-B) + Cos (A+B) ]
1 
Y  Cos(t - 2/3 - t    2 / 3  Cos(t  2 / 3  t    2 / 3
2
OR Y   Cos   Cos(2t    4 / 3  
1
2
Similarly Z = Cos(ωt - 4π/3) Cos(ωt - ϕ - 4π/3)
Using the formula: 2 CosA CosB = [Cos(A-B) + Cos (A+B) ]
1 
Z Cos(t - 4/3 - t    4 / 3  Cos(t  4 / 3  t    4 / 3
2
Z  Cos   Cos(2t    8 / 3 ) 
1
2

2
Hence, id= 100[X+ Y + Z]
3
 .  100  Cos  Cos(2t -  )  Cos  Cos(2t -   4 / 3)  Cos  Cos(2t -   8 / 3)
2 1
i 
d 3 2
Since Cos(2t -  )  Cos(2t -   4 / 3)  Cos(2t -   8 / 3)  0
Because it is sum of three phase balanced currents of double frequency (2ωt)

.  100  3Cos 
2 1
i 
d 3 2

.  100Cos 
3
i 
d 2

.  100Sin  
3
Similiry, from 2nd row: i 
q 2

QN.2 A 200 miles long, 220 kV (Line to Line ) , 50 Hz transmission line has parameters as follow :
Resistance of the line : Negligible
Inductance of the line : 1.82 mH /mile
Capacitance of the line : 0.01 F / mile (line to neutral )

The above line is used to transmit the power with sending end and receiving end voltage
constant at 220 kV with a phase angle of 500 between them. Neglecting the shunt capacitance
Calculate :
i) The total power transmitted over the line and mid point voltage.

ii) A mid point SVC is used to regulate the mid point voltage equal to | Vs | = | V R |.
Calculate the Power transmitted through the line and Var required to be supplied by
the SVC.

iii) A series compensator is to be used to achieve the power transmitted equal to that of
in part in part (ii) . Calculate the amount of capacitance to be connected in series.
What is the Var handled by the series capacitor ?

iv) A phase shifter is to be used with the transmission line at the sending end to achieve
the power transmitted in part (ii). Calculate the magnitude and and phase angle of the
phase shifter voltage w.r.t. sending end voltage.

Here in this question …we have confusion in qnestion (iv)

ANS:
Part(i): The line is represented as follow:
i) Here, | VS| = |VR| = |V| = 220 kV (line voltage), δ = 500
220
Per phase | V |   127.02 kV
3
X = 2πfL = 2×π×50×1.82×10-3×200 = 114.35 Ω
length
V2 (127.02) 2
Active power flow throu gh the line P  Sin   Sin 500  108.09 MW per phase
X 114.35
Total active power flow through the line = 3×108.09 = 324.28 MW

Mid point Voltge:

V  V Cos (/2)  127.02  Cos (250 )  115.12 kV Per phase.
m

Part(ii): With mid point compensator:

|Vs| = |Vm| = |VR| = V = 127.02 kV per phase

Active power flow through the line:
2V 2  2  (127.02) 2
P Sin  Sin (250 )  119.25 MW per phase
X 2 114.35
Total P = 3× 119.25 = 357.77 MW

Var required to be supplied by the SVC:

Let Vm = 127.02 <00 be ref phasor
~ ~
~ Vs - Vm 127.02250 - 127.020
I    0.96112.50
sm jX / 2 j57.175
~ ~
~ Vm - Vr 127.0200 - 127.02 - 12.50
I    0.961  12.50
mR jX / 2 j57.175
KCL at mid-point gives:
~ ~ ~
I I I
comp mR sm
~ ~ ~
OR I I -I  0.96112.50  0.961  12.50 = j0.416 kA
comp sm mR
Var required to be supplied by the SVC = 3×Vm×Icomp = 3×127.02 × 0.416 = 158.52 MVar
Part(iii): With Series Capacitor compensator:

Power to be flow = Pnew = 119.25 MW per phase

V2 V2
P  Sin  OR X net  Sin 
new X P
net new
(127.02) 2
OR X net  Sin 500  103.68 Ohms
119.24

Therefore, XC = X – Xnet = 114.35 – 103.68 = 10.67 Ohms

*10^6
1 1 1
OR X C  OR C    2.983  10- 4 Farad  298.3μF
2fC 2. .f. X 2    50  10.67
C
Var handled by capacitor per phase = (Inew)2 × XC
~ ~
~ V -V 127.02250 - 127.02 - 250
I  s R   1.0300 kA
new jX j103.68
net
Therefore, Var handled by capacitor per phase = (1.03) 2 × 10.67 = 11.32 MVar per phase

Part(iv): With phase angle compensator:

 ~
Let V  |V |  ( with V as ref phasor)
S(eff) S(eff) S
Here, P P Sin (   )
(new) max
V 2 (127.02) 2
Where P    141.09 MW per phase
max X 114.35

P
(new) 119.25
Therefore, Sin (   )    0.845
P 141.09
max

Therefore, (   )  57.690
Hence,   57.690    57.690  500  7.690

Assuming
|V | | V |
S(eff) S
~
Let V  | 127.02 | 7.69 0 ( with V as ref phasor)
S(eff) S
From phasor diagram:
~ ~ ~
Let V  V  V
S  S(eff)
~ ~ ~
Therefore, V  V  V  127.027.690  127.020  17.0293.870 kV
 S(eff) S

QN3 The following fig shows a basic circuit diagram STATCOM used as reactive power
compensator. Explain its operation with the help of phasor diagram.

VL Load
I IL
I0
How much should we write
for thisquestion?? Coupling Tr

|V0 | 0
AC-DC
Converter

+ Vdc -

ANS:
In ideal case, if I0 (Statcom branch current) leads the load voltage (VL), then the statcom branch
generates reactive power like a capacitor. The main operating principle of STATCOM is to control
magnitude and phase (V0 | 0) of the converter out voltage in such a way that:
~ ~
~ V -V
I  L 0 Leads V by 900 and the statcom branch generates a reactive power equal to
0 R  jX L
0 0
reactive power consumed by the load, resulting in unity power factor operation.

(Here, R0 + jX0 = Impedance of Statcom branch.)

The DC capacitor in the dc side of the converter does not helps to generate the reactive power. It’s
function is to maintain a constant dc voltage Vdc.
Fig below shows the equivalent circuit and phasor diagram of the scheme:

Here, RL = Resitance of the load per phase

XL =Inductive reactance of the load per phase
In synchronous condenser, if internal emf in stator |E| > System voltage |V|, then the staotor draws
leading current and supplies reactive power to the system.
Similarly , in STATCOM if |V0| > |VL|, then the statcom bramch draws leading current and supplies
reactive power to the load.
In the phasor diagram, |V0| is shown greater than |VL|
KVL gives:
~ ~ ~
V - I ( R  jX )  V
L 0 0 0 0
~ ~
~ V -V
OR I  L 0
0 R  jX
0 0
In ideal case I0 leads the VL by 900 and only reactive power flows through the STATCOM branch.
However in real case, there will some active power flow as well to supply I 02R0 loss.
Therefore I0 leads VL by an angle less than 900 by θ0 as shown in the phasor diagram
Hence, the basic operating principle of STATCOM system is that the inverter shall produce the
output voltage V0 with proper magnitude |V0| and phase angle (0 ) so that the reactive component
of I0 (i.e. I0 Cos0 ) cancels the reactive component of load current (i.e. I L SinL) resulting in unity
power factor operation.

Control Strategy :
A closed loop control system can be designed to generate the required magnitude |V0| and phase
angle (0 ) of the inverter output voltage to result unity power factor operation as follow:

Referring the phasor diagram, the active power flow through the STATCOM branch is given by:
P0 = Vs. I0 sin0 (1.5)
At steady state operation, the active power through the STATCOM branch (P 0) is equal to the power
loss in the STATCOM branch I02 R0.
Let steady be the phase of the inverter output voltage at steady state operation.
Then Vs. I0 sinsteady = I02 R0.

When 0 > steady, the active power flow through the STATCOM branch becomes more than the
power loss in R0. In such a case, the excess of active power charges the dc capacitor causing increase
in Vdc. When 0 < steady, the active power flow through the STATCOM branch becomes less than
the power loss in R0 and dc capacitor gets discharge to supply the power loss in R0 causing decrease
in Vdc. Hence the Vdc can be utilized as the feed back signal to control the phase of the inverter
output voltage (0).

Therefore, the reactive power generated by the STATCOM can be varied by changing the magnitude
of the inverter output voltage (V0). When the load reactive power increases, the terminal voltage
across the load decreases. Hence the change in load terminal voltage can be utilized as the feed back
signal to control the magnitude of the inverter output voltage, which in turn controls the amount of
reactive power generated by the STATCOM to keep the load terminal voltage constant at varying
load condition. Hence the inverter can be controlled to produced desired value of |V 0|0
(fundamental Component) with the closed loop control system shown in Fig.1.3

The controller PI-1 generates the proper value of modulation index (MI) and the controller PI-2
generates the proper value of the phase angle (0). The gate signal generator generates the gate
signals for switch pair T1 and T2 of R-phase to turned ON and OFF several times to produce several
positive and negative square wave of VR0 output in a cycle. Similarly the switch pair T 3 and T4 of Y-
phase and switch pair T5 and T6 of B-phase are also turned ON and OFF several times in a cycle in
the similar fashion of R-phase but with 1200 phase difference with respect to each other.

European