BACTERIOLOGY
Gram Positive
Cocci - Round Bacilli - Rod
Catalase + Catalase - With Endospores Without Endospores
Clostridium -
Staphylococcus Streptococcus Anaerobic Aerobic
anaerobic
Bacillus - aerobic
or facultative Actinomyces Motile - Listeria
anaerobic
Nonmotile Acid
Fast -
Mycobacterium
Partially acid fast -
Nocardia
Non-acid fast -
Corynebacterium
Gram Negative
Cocci Spirals Spirochetes Rods
Facultative
Neisseria Campylobacter Borrelia Aerobic Anaerobic
Anaerobic
Helicobacter Treponema Bordetella Enterobacteriaceae Bacteroides
Leptospira Brucella Pasteurella Prevotella
Francisella Haemophilus Fusobacterium
Legionella Vibrio
Pseudomonas
POORLY OR NON GRAM STAINING
Acid-fast Obligate Intracellular No peptidoglycan Weakly gram-negative
ATP DEFICIENT Chlamydia
Some ATP made
Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Legionella
Rickettsia Chlamydia
Ehrlichia Bartonella
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BACTERIOLOGY
Substance
Manifestation of
Type of Present
Color of Culture Examples
Hemolysis Responsible for
Media
Hemolysis
Hydrogen Peroxide
Alpha Incomplete/ Strep. Pneumoniae
Greenish/Grayish (turns hemoglobin
Hemolytic Partial Strep. Viridans
to meth
Beta Complete Strep. Agalactiae
Colorless Streptomycin O
Hemolytic Hemolysis Strep. Pyogenes
Gamma Eneterococcus
No Hemolysis No Change in Color None
Hemolytic faecalis
Microorganism Disease Notes
Gram +, Cocci, Catalase -
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Scarlet fever
Beta Hemolytic
Streptococcus pyogenes Rheumatic fever
Virulence Factor: M Protein
Puerperal Fever
Erysipelas
Neonatal Meningitis Beta Hemolytic
Streptococcus agalactiae Pneumonia Part of normal flora of vagina, mouth,
Sepsis urethral mucus membrane, GIT
Alpha Hemolytic
Adult Pneumonia Lancet-shaped Diplococcus
Streptococcus pneumoniae Otitis Media Kidney bean-like
Adult Meningitis Determined by Quellung reaction and
Optochin Test
Subacute bacterial Alpha Hemolytic
Streptococcus Viridans
endocarditis Not inhibited by optochin
Gamma hemolysis
Enterococcus faecalis UTI
Group D Streptococci
Gram +, Cocci, Catalase +
Non-hemolytic
Staphylococcus Honeymoon Cystitis (UTI 2
Novobiocin resistant
saprophyticus hours after sex)
Coagulase negative
Novobiocin sensitive
Prosthetic Heart Valve
Staphylococcus epidermidis Adhere to catheters and prosthetic
endocarditis
heart valves
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BACTERIOLOGY
Virulence factors:
• Protein A -> disables IgA
• Coagulase
• Hemolysin
• Leukocidin
• Penicillinase
Gastroenteritis
Toxic Shock Syndrome Tissue Penetration factors:
Staphylococcus aureus Scalded Skin Syndrome • Hyaluronidase
Skin infections • Staphylokinase
Acute Bacterial Endocarditis • Lipase
• Protease
Exotoxins:
• Exfoliatin Toxins
• Enterotoxins
• Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxins
DIFFERENTIATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES
Colony Catalase Coagulase Novobiocin Hemolysis on
Organism
Appearance Production Production Sensitivity Blood Agar
S. aureus Golden Positive 11-7 Positive It) Sensitive Positive A)
S. epidermidis White-Gray Positive It) Negative f) Sensitive Negative It
S. saprophyticus White-Gray Positive a) Negative f) Resistant Negative I -
Microorganism Disease Notes
Spore-Forming Rods
Only bacteria with amino acid capsule
(D-Glutamic)
GI determined by M’Fadyean
Anthrax Reaction
• Cutaneous - exotoxin
causes necrosis Medussa head colony
Bacillus anthracis
• Respiratory - Woolsorters Square ends appearance
Disease Bamboo pole appearance
• GI - rare but fatal
3 Component in Capsule:
• Protective Antigen
• Edema Factor
• Lethal Factor
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BACTERIOLOGY
Found in starchy food
Contains:
Bacillus cereus Food poisoning
Heat labile toxin (like E. coli)
Heat stable toxin (like S. aureus)
Botulinum toxin
Clostridium botulinum Flaccid paralysis Identified by: Mouse Neutralization
Test
Found in soil and feces of horses or
Trismus - lock jaw
other animals
Risus sardonicus - Dog
Clostridium tetani Smile/Sardonic Smile
Causes sustained muscle
Opisthothonus - severe
contractions (prevents GABA release
arching of the back
and Glycine)
Gas gangrene (alpha toxin)
Alpha toxic (lecithinase) -> determined
Clostridium perfringens Pig Bel Disease/Enteritis
by Nagler’s Reaction
Necroticas (beta toxin)
Common cause of diarrhea in AIDS
Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis
patients
Non-Spore-Forming Rods
Loeffler’s bacillus
Chinese Palisade Morphology
Elek test - toxin production
determined
Corynebacterium Schick test - assess immunity
Bull-neck Diphtheriae
diphtheriae Loeffler’s slant - lab diagnosis
Media:
Loeffler’s coagulated serum medium
Tellurite containing differential medium
Umbrella-like growth
Tumbling motility
Catalase +
Listeria monocytogenes Neonatal meningitis
Facultative anaerobe
Produces Hemolysin
Only G+ with Endotoxin
The Enterics
Diarrhea (refer to photo)
UTI
Meningitis Traveler’s Diarrhea AKA Montezuma’s
Escherichia coli
Sepsis Revenge
Common Cause of Hospital
Acquired Pneumonia
Pneumonia Friedlander’s bacillus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Respiratory tract infections 2nd most common cause of G- sepsis
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BACTERIOLOGY
DOC: Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin,
Cetriaxone
Salmonella:
• Does not ferment lactose
• K, Vi, H antigen
Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever (rose spots)
• Endotoxin LPS
Typhidot - detects IgM and IgG
antibodies against the outer
membrane protein of the Salmonella
typhi
Salmonella enteriditis Diarrhea/Gastroenteritis
Salmonella choleraesius Sepsis
UTI Urease positive
Proteus mirabilis
Nosocomial infections “Swarming" Growth on Blood Agar
Shiga toxin: Inactivates 60s Ribosome
Non-lactose fermenter
Shigella dysenteriae Dysentery/Shigellosis
Produces H2S
Form acid in glucose and mannose
Gastroenteritis Comma shaped morphology
Vibrio cholerae Watery diarrhea: Rice Water Exotoxin: Cholera toxin
Stools Not an invasive infection
Vibrio parahemolyticus Gastroenteritis
Septicemia
Vibrio vulnificus
Wound infection
External otitis
Vibrio alginolyticus
Wound infection
Mucinase
Gastritis
MDT: Bismuth compounds,
Helicobacter pylori Gastric cancer
Metronidazole, Tetracycline,
Gastric/Duodenal ulcers
Amoxicillin
Typical Pneumonia
Meningitis Does not cause influenza
Haemophilus influenzae Epiglottitis Growth factors: X, V
Septic Arthritis Lab diagnosis: Chocolate agar
Sepsis
Gram Negative Rods
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BACTERIOLOGY
Plated on Regan Lowe medium and
Bordet-Gengou medium
Component of acellular vaccine
(DTaP)
Agglutination property
Oxidase +
Urease -
Capsule + in Virulent Strains
Bordetella pertussis Whopping Cough/Pertussis
Vaccine:
• DTP - live attenuated bacteria
• DTAP - Acellular pertussis (protein
fragments), 6-9 months after birth
• DTAP - Booster does, given 5 years
after 1st does
• Every 10 years -> Diphtheria,
Tetanus, Pertussis
Legionnaire’s disease (Flu like
Dieterle’s Silver Stain
symptom)
Legionella pneumophila Air conditioner/Water Systems
Pontiac fever (Flu like +
Aerobic/Fastidious
Pneumonia)
Gram Negative Bacteria
DOC: Erythromycin
Produces IgA-ase
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhea Purulent exudate (whitish exudate)
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Oxidase +
Major virulence factor: Pili
Meningococcemia
Waterhouse-Friedrichsen
syndrome (Fulmitant AKA Meningococcus
Neisseria meningitidis
meningococcemia) - Adrenal Glucose and Maltose Fermenter
Tumor - Hemorrhagic
Adrenalitis
Swimmer’s ear (External Does not ferment CHO
Otitis) Oxidase +
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Severe Tissue Infection in Pigments Fluorescein and pyocyanin
Burned Patients (blue green pus)
Rocky Mountain Spotted
Rickettsia ricketsii Tick
Fever
Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus Human louse
Rickettsia typhi Murine Typhus/Endemic
Fleas
Rickettsia mooseri Typhus
Coxiella burnetti Q-Fever Slaughter House
Bartonella quintana
Rochalimea quintana Trench fever/Five day fever Human louse
Rickettsia quintana
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BACTERIOLOGY
Bartonella henselae Cat-scratch fever Human louse
Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Mites/Rat fleas
Obligate Intracellular
Lymphogranuloma venerum
Chronic Keratoconjunctivitis
(Trachoma) -> conjunctival
Chlamydia trachomatis Sexually transmitted infection
epithelial cell
Non-gonococcal urethritis
Lymphogranuloma
Zoonotic, natural disease of birds
Has cell wall but lack peptidoglycan
Ornithosis (in birds)
Chlamydophila psittaci
Psittacosis (in humans) 2 forms:
Elementary body
Reticular body
Spirochetes
Primary Syphilis - Chancre
(painless) Corkscrew appearance
Treponema pallidum
Secondary - Condylomata Dark field microscopy
Tertiary - Gumas (Liver)
Transmitted by human louse
Borrelia recurrentis Relapsing fever (Pediculus humanus) and Soft ticks
(Ornithodoros hermsi)
Grows in semisolid Fletcher’s or
Stuart’s media under aerobic
Leptospirosis
Leptospira interogans condition at 28-30oC
Weil’s disease/Canicola Fever
DOC: Tetracycline
Lyme disease
Small ticks (Ixodes ricinus)
Borellia burgdorferi Erythema migrans
Lab test: Giemsa stain
Bell’s palsy
Acid Fast Bacteria
Koch’s disease
Cord factor
Mycobacterium tuberculosis TB Purified Protein Derivative/Mantoux
Test/Tuberculin Skin Test - 48-72
hours (+) inflammation redness of skin
Foot pads of mice Armadillos
Mycobacterium leprae Leprosy/Hansen’s Disease 2 Types of Lesion:
Paucibacillary - localized lesion
Multibacillary - whole body
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BACTERIOLOGY
Walking pneumonia/Atypical
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Fried Egg Appearance Morphology
Pneumonia
Guillain Barre Syndrome Seagulls wings
Campylobacter jejuni
Respiratory Depression Isolated in Campy or Skirrow’s agar
Zoonotic Bacteria
Brucellosis/Undulant fever/
Ingestion of infected milk and milk
Brucella abortus Malta - in humans
products via intestinal tract
Abortion - in animals
Francisella tularensis Tularemia Disease of rabits
Diagnosed Wayson’s Stain
Yersinia pestis Black Death fever FL, V, W antigens are the major
virulence factor
Ureaplasma urealyticum Non Gonococcal Urethritis T-Chain Mycoplasma
Chancroid/Soft Chancre (STD)
Haemophilus ducreyii X factor
Painful Genital Ulcer
Pulmonary Infection in
Nocardia asteroides DOC: Cotrimoxazole
Immunocompromised
Fungi Like (Filamentous) Bacteria
Infection from tooth extraction, tooth
Actinomyces israelii Mycetoma (abscess in cheek) disease, root canal treatment, poor
dental hygiene
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