Chapter-2 : Amplitude (linear) modulation

Outlines of the chapter

2.1. introduction to modulation

2.2. linear modulation

 AM,

 DSB,

 DSB-SC,

 SSB and VSB

2.3. modulation index, power spectrum and bandwidth of DSB, SSB and
VSBAM systems
 2.1. Introduction to modulation 3

What is Modulation?
Modulation is the process of encoding information from a message
source in a manner suitable for transmission
• is used to control the parameters of a carrier signal.
• Encoding information in a suitable form for transmission.
 Translate baseband source signal to bandpass signal
 Bandpass signal: “modulated signal”
• How signal modulate? - Vary amplitude, phase or frequency of a carrier
What is Demodulation ?
• Decoding or extract baseband message from carrier
• is the reverse process of modulation to recover the message signal
m(t) or d(t) at the receiver

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 4

Con’t

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 2.2. Linear modulations and demodulations 5

2.2.1. Classification of Modulation

1. Analog Modulation
• Modulating (m(t)):
✓ The input signal is continuous signal
2. Digital Modulation
• Modulating (d(t)):
✓ The input is time sequence of symbols or pulses

d(t) d(t) • ASK

• FSK
d(t) • PSK
• QAM
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 con’t 6

• Type of analog modulation

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Phase modulation (PM)
• Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 linear dependence on quality & power of rcvd signal
 The out signal is continuous and increased in strength
 The modulating signal m(t) is 'impressed' on to the amplitude of the carrier

• AM
m(t) m(t)
• DSB
m(t) • DSB-SC
• SSB
• VSB 1/17/2021
 Con’t 7

Amplitude Modulation

• The amplitude of high-carrier signal is varied according to the

instantaneous amplitude of the modulating message signal m(t).

m(t) AM Modulator sAM(t)

Carrier Signal : Ac cos(2f ct )

ModulatingMessageSignal : m(t )
The AM Signal : s AM (t ) = Ac [1 + m(t )] cos(2f ct )
•
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 Con’t 8

• Now let m(t) = Vm cos mt, i.e. a 'test' signal

vs (t ) = VC cos(ωc t )+Vm cos(ωmt )cos(ωc t )
• Using the trig-identity cosAcosB =
1
cos( A + B )+ cos( A − B )
2
• we have
vs (t ) = VC cos(ωc t )+ cos((ωc + ωm )t )+ cos((ωc − ωm )t )
Vm Vm
2 2

Comments Carrier USB LSB

Amplitude VC Vm/2 Vm/2 NB:
Frequency fc fc + fm fc - f m USB- upper side band
Angular c c + m c – m LSB- lower side band
frequency
• This equation represents Double Side Band Amplitude Modulation
DSBAM
Am
The modulation index. m =
Ac
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 Con’t 9

Amplitude modulation

•
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 Con’t 10

The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined
from the bandwidth of the Message
signal: BAM = 2B. Where, B is the bandwidth
of the message signal m(t)

•
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1/17/2021 by Getachew 11
Derive the Frequency Spectrum for Full-AM
Modulation (DSB-LC)

1 The carrier signal is

sc (t ) = Ac cos( ct ) where  c = 2f c

2 In the same way, a modulating signal (information

signal) can also be expressed as

sm (t ) = Am cos mt
1/17/2021 12

3 The amplitude-modulated wave can be expressed as

s(t ) = Ac + sm (t )cos( ct )

4 By substitution of the message signal

s(t ) = Ac + Am cos( mt )cos( ct )

5 The modulation index.

Am
m =
Ac
 1/17/2021 13

6 Therefore The full AM signal may be

written as

s(t ) = Ac (1 + m cos( mt )) cos( ct )

cos A cos B = 1 / 2[cos( A + B ) + cos(A − B )]

mAc mAc
s (t ) = Ac (cosc t ) + cos(c + m )t + cos(c − m )t
2 2
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Draw the Frequency Spectrum of the above AM
signal and calculate the Bandwidth

fc-fm fC fc+fm
2fm
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Frequency Spectrum of an AM signal

The frequency spectrum of AM waveform contains

three parts:

1. A component at the carrier frequency fc

2. An upper side band (USB), whose highest
frequency component is at fc+fm
3. A lower side band (LSB), whose highest frequency
component is at fc-fm
The bandwidth of the modulated waveform is twice the
information signal bandwidth.
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• Because of the two side bands in the frequency

spectrum its often called Double Sideband with Large
Carrier.(DSB-LC)

• The information in the base band (information) signal

is duplicated in the LSB and USB and the carrier
conveys no information.
 Con’t 17

• Amplitude Modulation is a linear process, hence the principle of superposition

applies. The output spectrum may be found by considering each component

cosine wave in m(t) separately and summing at the output.

• Note:

 Frequency inversion of the LSB the modulation process has effectively

shifted or frequency translated the baseband m(t) message signal to USB and
LSB signals centred on the carrier frequency fc .

 USB is a frequency shifted replica of m(t) and LSB is a frequency

inverted/shifted replica of m(t)

 both sidebands each contain the same message information, hence either the

LSB or USB could be removed (because they both contain the same
information). 1/17/2021
 Con’t 18

• The bandwidth of the DSB signal is 2B Hz, i.e. twice the highest frequency in

the baseband signal, m(t)

• The process of multiplying (or mixing) to give frequency translation (or up-

conversion) forms the basis of radio transmitters and frequency division

multiplexing which will be discussed later.

Exercise

• A standard AM broadcast station is allowed to transmitted modulating

frequency up to 5kHZ. If the AM station is transmitting on a frequency of

980KHZ. Compute the maximum and minimum upper and lower SB and the
total bandwidth occupied by the AM station.

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 Con’t 19

Power in DSBAM 2
 V pk 
  / R
• Normalised Average Power = (VRMS) /R =  2 
2

• we may tabulate for AM components as follows:

vs (t ) = VC cos(ωc t )+ cos((ωc + ωm )t )+ m cos((ωc − ωm )t )

Vm V
2 2

• From this we may write two equivalent equations for the total power
PT, in a DSBAM signal
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
V V V V V and VC m 2VC m 2VC
PT = C + m + m = C + m PT = + +
2R 8R 8R 2R 4R 2R 8R 8R

• The carrier power VC

2
 m2 
m2 m2
Pc = i.e. PT = Pc + Pc + Pc or PT = Pc 1+ 
2R 4 4  2 
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 Con’t 20

Component Carrier USB LSB

Amplitude pk VC Vm Vm
2 2
Power 2
VC 2
 Vm  Vm
2 2
 Vm  Vm
2
  =   =
2R  2R 2  8R  2R 2  8R
Power 2
VC
2 2
m VC
2
m 2VC
8R 8R
2R

Total Power PT = Carrier Power Pc + PUSB+ PLSB

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 Con’t 21

• Either of these forms may be useful. Since both USB and LSB contain the
same information a useful ratio which shows the proportion of 'useful' power
m2
to total power is Pc
PUSB 4 m2
= =
PT  m2  4 + 2m 2
Pc 1+ 
 2 
• For DSBAM (m  1), allowing for m(t) with a dynamic range, the average
value of m may be assumed to be m = 0.3
m2 (0.3)
2

Hence, 4 + 2m 2 = 4 + 2(0.3)2 = 0.0215

• Hence, on average only about 2.15% of the total power transmitted may be regarded
as 'useful' power. ( 95.7% of the total power is in the carrier!)
• Even for a maximum modulation depth of m = 1 for DSBAM the ratio
m2 1
4 + 2m 2
=
6
i.e. only 1/6th of the total power is 'useful' power (with 2/3 of
the total power in the carrier).
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 Con’t 22

Example 2
• If the carrier of an AM transmitter is 1000w and it is modulated 100%,
a) find the total power
b) Power in DSB and power in one SB

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 1/17/2021 23

Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier

(DSB-SC) Modulation
• The carrier component in full AM or DSB-LC does not convey any
information. Hence it may be removed or suppressed during the
modulation process to attain higher power efficiency.

• The trade off of achieving a higher power efficiency using DSB-SC

is at the expense of requiring a complex and expensive receiver due
to the absence of carrier in order to maintain transmitter/receiver
synchronization.
 Derive the Frequency Spectrum
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24

Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation (DSB-

SC)
1 Consider the carrier
sc (t ) = Ac cos( ct ) where  c = 2f c
2 modulated by a single sinusoidal signal
sm (t ) = Am cos mt where  m = 2f m
3 The modulated signal is simply the product of these two
s (t ) = Ac cos( c t ) Am cos( m t )
= Ac Am cos( c t ) cos( m t )

since cos A cos B = (cos(A + B ) + cos(A − B ) )

1
2
Am Ac Am Ac
= cos( c +  m )t + cos( c −  m )t
2   2  
USB LSB
1/17/2021 25

sc (t ) = Ac cos c t

sm (t ) = Am cos mt X s(t ) = Ac cos( ct ) Am cos( mt )

Frequency Spectrum of a DSB-SC AM Signal

fc-fm fc fc+fm
1/17/2021 by Getachew 26

Generation and Detection of DSB-SC

• The simplest method of generating a DSB-SC

signal is merely to filter out the carrier portion of
a full AM (or DSB-LC) waveform.

• Given carrier reference, modulation and

demodulation (detection) can be implemented
using product devices or balanced modulators.
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Block diagram of Balanced modulator

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Balanced Cont’d..
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Single-Sideband
Single Side Modulation
Band Modulation (SSB)

How to generate SSB signal?

• Generate DSB-SC signal

• Band-pass filter to pass only one of the sideband

and suppress the other.

For the generation of an SSB modulated signal

to be possible, the message spectrum must have

an energy gap centered at the origin.

 Con’t 30

2. Single Sideband AM (SSB)

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 Con’t 31

2. Single Sideband AM (SSB)

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Con’t 32

• Note that the bandwidth of the SSB

signal B Hz is half of the DSB signal
bandwidth.
• Note also that an ideal SSB filter
response is shown. In practice the filter
will not be ideal as illustrated.

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 Con’t 33

Power in SSB
 m2 
• From previous discussion, the total power in the DSB signal is PT = Pc 1+ 
2 2  2 
m m for DSBAM.
= PT = Pc + Pc + Pc
4 4

• Hence, if Pc and m are known, the carrier power and power in one sideband
may be determined. Alternatively, since SSB signal
vs (t ) = VC cos(ωc t )+ cos((ωc + ωm )t )
Vm
2

• then the power in SSB signal (Normalised Average Power) is

2
 Vm 
2 2 2
V V V
PSSB = C +  = C + m
2R  2R 2  2R 8R

2 2
• Power in SSB signal = VC Vm m2
+ = Pc (1 + )
2R 8R 4
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1/17/2021 by Getachew 34

Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Modulation

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Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Modulation

 Con’t 36

Percentage of Modulation
• modulating signal voltage Vm must be less than the carrier voltage Vc.
• relationship between the amplitude of the modulating signal and the
amplitude of the carrier signal, known as the modulation index m (also
called the modulating factor or coefficient, or the degree of modulation), is
the ratio Vm
m=
Vc
• These are the peak values of the signals, and the carrier voltage is the un
modulated value.
• Multiplying the modulation index by 100 gives the percentage of
modulation.
• For example, if the carrier voltage is 9 V and the modulating signal voltage
is 7.5 V, the modulation factor is 0.8333 and the percentage of modulation is
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0.833 3 *100 = 83.33%.
1/17/2021 37

Comparison of Amplitude Modulation methods

 Con’t 38

• Goals of Modulation Techniques

 High Bit Rate
 High Spectral Efficiency (max Bps/Hz)
 High Power Efficiency ( min power to achieve a target BER)
 Low-Cost/Low-Power Implementation
 Robustness to Impairments

 How AM and FM Works - YouTube.mkv

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