t test
The t-test is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the
means of two groups. There are different types of t-tests (e.g., independent samples t-test,
paired samples t-test, one-sample t-test), but they share common assumptions:
1. Independence of observation
2. Normality
3. Homogeneity of Variance (Equal Variances):
4. Scale of Measurement: The dependent variable should be measured at the interval or
ratio level, and independent variable should be categorical
Types of t test
• Independent Samples t-test: Compares the means of two independent groups.
• Paired Samples t-test: Compares the means of two related groups (e.g., the same
subjects before and after a treatment).
• One-sample t-test: Compares the mean of a single group to a known value or
population mean.
How to conduct independent sample t test
o Click on Analyze in the top menu.
o Go to Compare Means and then select Independent-Samples T Test....
o In the Independent-Samples T Test dialog box, move the dependent variable to
the Test Variable(s) box.
o Move the independent variable to the Grouping Variable box.
o Click on Define Groups....
o Enter the values that represent the two groups you want to compare. For
example, if your groups are coded as 1 and 2, enter these values.
o Click Continue to return to the main dialog box.
o Click OK to run the t-test.
Interpretation of Output
2. Interpret the Output:
o SPSS will generate an output window with several tables. Key tables to look at
include:
▪ Group Statistics: Provides the mean, standard deviation, and sample
size for each group.
▪ Independent Samples Test: Includes the Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances and the t-test results.
▪ Levene's Test for Equality of Variances: Check the
significance value (Sig.). If it is non-significant, assume equal
variances. If it is significant, assume unequal variances. Then
chose the accordingly for ‘t-test equality of means’
▪ t-test for Equality of Means: Look at the significance value
(Sig. 2-tailed). If this value is significant, there is a statistically
significant difference between the group means. Then check the
means of variables from group statistics table. The independent
variable with more mean had higher level of dependent
variable.
Cohen’s d
Cohen's d is a measure of effect size used to indicate the standardized difference between two
means. In the context of a t-test, it helps to understand how large or small the difference is
between two groups, relative to the variability in the data. In simple terms, Cohen's d tells
you how much two groups differ from each other in terms of standard deviations.
Interpreting Cohen's d:
• Small= 0.2
• Medium= 0.5
• Large= 0.8
We calculate it from online calculator
Reporting as per APA 7th Format
Table No
Independent Samples t-test to compare loneliness in Arrange and Love Marriage (N=130)
Variable Arrange Marriage Love Marriage t (df) p Cohen’s d
(n= )
(n= )
M SD M SD
Loneliness
Note: n=sample size, df=degree of freedom, p=significance level
An Independent Sample t-test analysis was run to investigate the differences of (add
independent variable) in the level of (add dependent variable). Assumptions were fulfilled.
Table no showed that there was a significant difference (p < .05) in (dependent variable).
Result indicated that women with love marriage had higher level of loneliness as women with
arrange marriage.
Note: Iv and Dv added in it according to file we are using for practice; u have to change
variables names according to your topic accordingly.
Paired Sample t test
o Click on Analyze in the top menu.
o Go to Compare Means and then select Paired-Samples T Test...
o In the Paired-Samples T Test dialog box, move the before-treatment (or first
condition) variable to the Variable1 box and the after-treatment (or second
condition) variable to the Variable2 box under the Paired Variables
section.
o Click OK to run the t-test.
Interpret the Output:
o Click the significance value from ‘paired sample tests’ table. If it is
nonsignificant it means there was no difference in pre and post condition. If
it’s significant then there is a difference in pre and post condition then check
the mean difference to know the difference occurs after intervention. And
check the means of pre intervention and post intervention. If pre intervention
has higher value of mean and post-intervention has lower value of mean it
indicated that after intervention dependent variable decreases and vice versa
Table No
Paired Sample t test results for pre and post intervention for loneliness
Measure M S. D Mean t df p 95% C. I
difference
Pre-intervention
Post-intervention - - - - [LL, UL]
Note: M=Mean; S.D=Standard Deviation; df=degree of freedom; p=significance level; C.I= confidence
interval
A paired samples t-test was conducted to compare pre and post intervention scores.
Table no showed that there was a significant decrease in scores from the pre intervention
condition (M = 19.93, SD = 4.98) to the post intervention condition (M = 15.51, SD = 5.53), t
(129) = 8.37, p < .001. it indicated that after intervention, the loneliness level decreases.
