BJT AC ANALYSIS

ECE422 – Basic Electronics

Prepared by: Engr. Jhon Loyd Tenorio, ECE
Outline

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BJT Transistor Modeling
A model is a combination of circuit elements, properly chosen, that best approximates the actual
behavior of a semiconductor device under specific operating conditions.
BJT Transistor Modeling
A model is a combination of circuit elements, properly chosen, that best approximates the actual
behavior of a semiconductor device under specific operating conditions.
BJT Transistor Modeling
It is important as you progress through the modifications of the network to define the ac
equivalent that the parameters of interest such as Zi, Zo, Ii, and I o as defined by Fig. 5.5 be
carried through properly.
BJT Transistor Modeling
It is important as you progress through the modifications of the network to define the ac
equivalent that the parameters of interest such as Zi, Zo, 𝐼𝑖 , and 𝐼𝑜 as defined by Fig. 5.5 be
carried through properly.
BJT Transistor Modeling
It is important as you progress through the modifications of the network to define the ac
equivalent that the parameters of interest such as Zi, Zo, 𝐼𝑖 , and 𝐼𝑜 as defined by Fig. 5.5 be
carried through properly.
BJT Transistor Modeling
In summary, therefore, the ac equivalent of a transistor network is obtained by:
1. Setting all dc sources to zero and replacing them by a short-circuit equivalent
2. Replacing all capacitors by a short-circuit equivalent
3. Removing all elements bypassed by the short-circuit equivalents introduced by steps 1 and 2
4. Redrawing the network in a more convenient and logical form

Note also the representation of the following variables:

𝑍𝑖 - Input impedance
𝑍𝑜 - Output impedance
𝐴𝑣 - Voltage gain
𝐴𝑖 - Current gain
𝒓𝒆 Transistor Model
Common-emitter configuration
Starting with the input side, we find the applied voltage 𝑉𝑖 is equal to the voltage V be with the
input current being the base current 𝐼𝑏 as shown in Fig. 5.8
𝒓𝒆 Transistor Model
Common-emitter configuration
For the equivalent circuit, therefore, the input side is simply a single diode with a current
𝐼𝑒 , as shown in Fig. 5.10.
𝒓𝒆 Transistor Model
Common-emitter configuration
To establish the current 𝐼𝑒 , we must add a current source in the collector side as shown in Fig.
5.12.
𝒓𝒆 Transistor Model
Common-emitter configuration
The equivalent model of Fig. 5.12 can be awkward to work with due to the direct connection
between input and output networks. It can be improved by first replacing the diode by its
equivalent resistance as determined by the level of 𝐼𝑒 , as shown in Fig. 5.13 .
𝒓𝒆 Transistor Model
Common-emitter configuration
The equivalent model of Fig. 5.12 can be awkward to work with due to the direct connection between
input and output networks. It can be improved by first replacing the diode by its equivalent
resistance as determined by the level of 𝐼𝑒 , as shown in Fig. 5.13.
26𝑚𝑉 26𝑚𝑉
Note that diode resistance 𝑟𝐷 = , at room temperature, therefore 𝑟𝑒 =
𝐼𝐷 𝐼𝑒
𝒓𝒆 Transistor Model
Common-emitter configuration
The result is that the impedance seen “looking into” the base of the network is a resistor equal to beta
times the value of 𝑟𝑒 , as shown in Fig. 5.14 . The collector output current is still linked to the input
current by beta as shown in the same figure.
𝒓𝒆 Transistor Model
Common-emitter configuration
We now have a good representation for the input circuit, but aside from the collector output current
being defined by the level of beta and 𝐼𝑏 , we do not have a good representation for the output
impedance of the device.
𝒓𝒆 Transistor Model
Common-emitter configuration
The equivalent circuit of Fig. 5.16 will be used throughout the analysis to follow for the common-
emitter configuration. Typical values of beta run from 50 to 200, with values of 𝛽𝑟𝑒 typically running
from a few hundred ohms to a maximum of 6𝑘Ω to 7𝑘Ω. The output resistance r is typically in the
range of 40𝑘Ω to 50𝑘Ω.
COMMON-EMITTER FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Removing the effects of supply voltage and the capacitor, the network equivalent of fixed bias
configuration is shown in Fig. 5.21.
COMMON-EMITTER FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Substitutiong the 𝑟𝑒 model in network is shown in Fig. 5.22
COMMON-EMITTER FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Substitutiong the 𝑟𝑒 model in network is shown in Fig. 5.22
COMMON-EMITTER FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Example: For the network of Fig.
5.25:
a) Determine 𝑟𝑒
b) Find 𝑍𝑖 (with 𝑟𝑜 = ∞Ω)
c) Calculate 𝑍𝑜 (with 𝑟𝑜 = ∞Ω)
d) Determine 𝐴𝑣 (with 𝑟𝑜 = ∞Ω)
e) Repeat parts (c) and (d) using 𝑟𝑜 =
50𝑘Ω in all calculations and
compare the results.
COMMON-EMITTER FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Example: For the network of Fig.
5.25:
Determine 𝑟𝑒
COMMON-EMITTER FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Example: For the network of Fig.
5.25:
Find 𝑍𝑖 (with 𝑟𝑜 = ∞Ω)
COMMON-EMITTER FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Example: For the network of Fig.
5.25:
Calculate 𝑍𝑜 (with 𝑟𝑜 = ∞Ω)
COMMON-EMITTER FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Example: For the network of Fig.
5.25:
Determine 𝐴𝑣 (with 𝑟𝑜 = ∞Ω)
COMMON-EMITTER FIXED BIAS CONFIGURATION
Example: For the network of Fig. 5.25:
Repeat parts (c) and (d) using 𝑟𝑜 = 50𝑘Ω in
all calculations and compare the results.
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CONFIGURATION
Redraw the network of voltage-divider bias using 𝑟𝑒 model
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CONFIGURATION
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS CONFIGURATION
CONTINUATION
CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION
Unbypassed
CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION
For the network of Fig. 5.32 , without CE (unbypassed), determine:
a) 𝑟𝑒
b) 𝑍𝑖
c) 𝑍𝑜
d) 𝐴𝑣
CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION
For the network of Fig. 5.32 , without CE (unbypassed), determine:
a) 𝑟𝑒
b) 𝑍𝑖
c) 𝑍𝑜
d) 𝐴𝑣
CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION
For the network of Fig. 5.32 , without CE (unbypassed), determine:
a) 𝑟𝑒
b) 𝑍𝑖
c) 𝑍𝑜
d) 𝐴𝑣
CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION
For the network of Fig. 5.32 , without CE (unbypassed), determine:
a) 𝑟𝑒
b) 𝑍𝑖
c) 𝑍𝑜
d) 𝐴𝑣
CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION
For the network of Fig. 5.32 , without CE (unbypassed), determine:
a) 𝑟𝑒
b) 𝑍𝑖
c) 𝑍𝑜
d) 𝐴𝑣
CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION
For the network of Fig. 5.32 , without CE (unbypassed), determine:
a) 𝑟𝑒
b) 𝑍𝑖
c) 𝑍𝑜
d) 𝐴𝑣
EMITTER-FOLLOWER CONFIGURATION
EMITTER-FOLLOWER CONFIGURATION
EMITTER-FOLLOWER CONFIGURATION
EMITTER-FOLLOWER CONFIGURATION
EMITTER-FOLLOWER CONFIGURATION
 COMMON BASE
CONFIGURATION
COMMON BASE CONFIGURATION
COMMON BASE CONFIGURATION
COMMON BASE CONFIGURATION
COMMON BASE CONFIGURATION
COMMON BASE CONFIGURATION
COMMON BASE CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR FEEDBACK
CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR DC FEEDBACK
CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR DC FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR DC FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR DC FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR DC FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
COLLECTOR DC FEEDBACK CONFIGURATION
THANK YOU!