Republic of the Philippines

BILIRAN PROVINCE STATE UNIVERSITY

(ISO 9001- 2015 CERTIFIED)
Department of Communication

CR
COMMUNICATIO
RESEARC MODULE 1

John Cavin M. Sabonsolin,

MMS
IBIPSU VISION
A state university leading in research and innovation for human
empowerment and societal development

IBIPSU MISSION
To advance the university through innovative human resource,
responsive research, sustainable production, and demand-
driven extension services

CORE VALUESI
Brilliance, Innovation, Progress, Service, Unity

QUALITY POLICYI
BIPSU is YES to, Open to, and United to quality education by developing world class
graduates and intensifying research and development, extension, and production in
compliance to statutory and regulatory requirements to ensure customer satisfaction
that leads to the continual improvement of the quality management system.

Name:
Year & Section:
Address:
Contact Number:
Email Address:
Facebook Account:

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BIPSU Department of Communication
Communication Research Module
Overview of the Module

I. Purpose of the Module

This module is intended for you 3rd year Bachelor of Arts in Communication
(BA Comm) students enrolled in Comm 3111- Communication Research. This
module will help the students understand the communication research process:
principles, methods and techniques in the conceptualization, design, implementation,
analysis, interpretation, and utilization of communication studies.

II. Title and Description

This module is entitled Communication Research. It provides the landscape of

communication research, its beginnings and development, its process, as well as its
applications both in the media and in organizational and developmental contexts.
This module will have the following topics:

WEE TOPICS TEACHING- LEARNING

K ACTIVITIES
1-3 UNIT I. INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION This is an introductory
RESEARCH lesson for
A. The landscape of Communication Research communication
1 - Foundations of Inquiry research. You will be
2 - Traditions and Paradigms asked to write a
3 - History synthesis and to cite
B. Citation in Communication Research sentences properly
1 - APA format without the violation of
2 - Differences of APA to other formats plagiarism.

3-9 UNIT 2. STEPS AND PROCESS Throughout the

A. Conceptualization module, you will go
1- Problem formulation step-by-step in making
2 -Objective Setting your research. You will
3 -Introduction be writing a research
4 -Review of Related Literature proposal for your
5 -Framework: theory in research study.
6 -Research design: Qualitative,
Quantitative and Mixed Methods
9-15 UNIT 3. ETHICS, COLLECTION AND WRITING Adapting to the new
A. Communication Research Ethics normal, you will be
B. Data Collection and Construction collecting data using
1- Qualitative the new modes in
2- Quantitative research, interpret it
3- Mixed Methods and write the final
C. Analysis and Interpretation research paper for the
1- Qualitative study.
2- Quantitative
D. Writing
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Communication Research Module
 16-18 UNIT 4. DISSEMINATION AND APPLICATION You will be presenting
A. Academic Dissemination the results of your
1- Presentations study in a different way
2- Journals using creativity such
B. Media Application as through
1- Communication Materials presentations and
communication
materials. This will also
be an introduction for
your future publication.

III. Module Outcome

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

TOPICS COURSE OUTCOMES

Unit I. Introduction to 1. Understand the landscape of Communication
communication research Research
2. Cite the literature and studies without plagiarizing
Unit 2. Steps and process 3. Create a research proposal on the desired
communication research topic.
Unit 3. Ethics, collection 4. Collect data of the topic in a new normal
and writing 5. Write a full-blown research paper
Unit 4. Dissemination and 6. Create a communication material on the results of
application the study

IV. Module Guide

The key to successfully finish this module lies in your hands. This module was
prepared for you to learn diligently, intelligently, and independently. This module will
also help you to understand the importance of research in our industry. This will also
provide you a know-how in different methodologies that we can use to solve different
phenomena, issues and problems in the industry. And lastly, you will be able to learn
other skills which you will be very proud of as a responsible learner. The following
guides will help you further to be on track at the end of the module:

1. TIME MANAGEMENT. You need to manage your time in reading,

answering the questions and doing the tasks or outputs assigned in the module.
This will also help you to prioritize your priorities in dealing your life. Time
management is a skill that you probably need to become a successful
professional.

2. BELIEVE IN YOURSELF. You need to believe in yourself. Nobody will

help you to answer the questions in this module but yourself. You have families,
friends and peers to support you in this endeavor, however, you need to remind
yourself that you cannot learn if you will rely this module to someone. This is for
you, to help you grow and to learn, not for somebody else.

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Communication Research Module
 3. DON’T PLAGIARIZE. Plagiarism is a crime. You cannot learn if you will
just copy the ideas of others. You need to express your thoughts. As
communication student, it is always a big NO for us to plagiarize the thoughts and
ideas of others.

4. CITE. CITE. CITE. For you not to plagiarize, you need to cite our
sources using the APA format (Surname, year of publication) and make a
Reference at the end of the essay or article. Citation is very important in
researches. In citing articles, you don’t just copy-paste the sentences or ideas
right away, you need to read it, understand it and rephrase the statements and
cite it. You need to acknowledge that the ideas are coming from its original
authors, not yours.

5. COMMUNICATE. If you have questions and queries, don’t hesitate to

communicate with me. It is much highly appreciated if you contact me through my
social media accounts. Don’t hesitate. Communicate to avoid miscommunication.

This module follows the 4As of learning- Activity, Analysis, Abstraction and
Application. However, the sections are justified to understand more the 4As of
learning. These are the following:

Let’s Start!- This is the Activity part of the 4As that tackles on the learning
experience of the students. You will experience and acquire new knowledge and
skills about certain topic in this module.

Unlearn to Learn- This is the Analysis part of the module that links the new
knowledge and skills to existing experience. You will need time to process and
analyze their experiences. Your new knowledge and skills have to be linked to
what they already know and can do.

Reflect and Discern- This is the Abstraction part of the module that
demonstrates and generalize new skills. Learning begin to demonstrate new
understandings and apply new skills through processing or analyzing your new
experiences and linking them with existing experiences.

Let’s Do It!- This is the Application part of the 4As that practically applies new
knowledge and skills. This is the final stage on learning where you will try-out
new skills and learning. Successful application leads you to begin a new activity
and begin again the new 4A cycle.

V. Module Requirements

You are required to submit your research proposal for midterm and full-blown
research study at the end of the semester as your final requirement. You are also
required to submit your answers and be able to pass the required assessment or
evaluation activities provided in this module.

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Communication Research Module
Course Pre-Assessment
______ 1. It brings logical and observational aspects together in the search for
patterns in what is observed.

a. data collection c. data analysis

b. theory d. inquiry

______ 2. The communication research is based on this kind of knowledge claims.

a. inquiry c. speculation
b. theory d. observation

______ 3. One of the three interests of communication researchers typically in

studying communication.

a. theory c. functions of messages

b. inquiry d. speculations

______ 4. The following are the three key terms of communication studies that
emphasize communication as a process, except:

a. production c. theory
b. uses d. dynamics

______ 5. What is the communication research mostly studied?

a. phenomenon c. media
b. journalism d. speculations

______ 6. The commonly used citation style in communication research and other
college researches?

a. MLA c. AP
b. CSE d. APA

______ 7. It is a media action of expressing the meaning of the writer using different
words to achieve greater clarity.

a. plagiarism c. guidelines
b. abstraction d. paraphrasing

______ 8. A type of citation that uses author’s last name and the date of publication
and written as part of the sentence or paragraph.

a. endnote c. footnote
b. in-text d. abstraction

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BIPSU Department of Communication
Communication Research Module
______ 9. Which of the following is TRUE.

a. CSE is the most used citation style in college.

b. APA has its 7th edition.
c. Chicago is the most famous in-text citation style.
d. MLA means the citation style is originated in Manila, the capital city of the
Philippines.

______ 10. The following statements are true, except:

a. Writing author’s name and date of publication is not enough in citation, you
also need to paraphrase the text.
b. You need not to cite the sources if the information is already a common
knowledge.
c. When citing a quotation, signal phrases will help you indicate the position of
the author on his statement.
d. Although plagiarism is a crime, you will not be imprisoned if you will commit
one.

Key Terms
 Inquiry- It forms the foundations of the learning process. It helps students
understand the communication research process from start to finish

 Paradigms- It is a set of assumptions and perceptual orientations shared by

members of a research community. Paradigms determine how members
of research communities view both the phenomena their particular community
studies and the research methods that should be employed to study those
phenomena.

 Traditions- It defines the aspects of quantification which are viewed as

problematic, the methods which can be used to address these problems, and
through the definition of measurement problems and methods, a research
tradition has a significant impact on how social science research is conducted.

 History- It is the branch of knowledge dealing with past events. a continuous,

systematic narrative of past events as relating to a particular people, country,
period, person, etc., usually written as a chronological account.

 Theory- It is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing

thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking. The process of
contemplative and rational thinking often is associated with such processes
like observational study, research.

 Insight- A deep understanding of a person or a thing.

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Communication Research Module
 UNIT I

Introduction to
Communication Research

Lesson Trivia:

Communication research generally refers to the attempt to discover trends or facts

in the field of communication and mass media. Mass media comprises various
forms of communication, addressing and reaching a large audience, and includes
radio, television, newspapers and magazines, books, recordings, billboards and
the Internet. (Communication Research, n.d.)

Chapter 1: Landscape of Communication Research

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Communication Research Module
LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

 Understand what we consider as communication research.

 Explain the foundations of the communication research specifically its
foundations, paradigms, and origins.
 Discuss the differences of the aspects in the foundations of communication
research.

Let’s Start!
This activity will provide you more practical understanding to the foundations,
paradigms and history of communication research and to synthesize your thoughts
about it. Please access the documents below to guide you in this activity. You need
to read the documents and watch some of the videos to successfully finish this task.
After, write your insight to the boxes below the item:

1. What is Synthesis? Retrieved from:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dEGoJdb6O0

Insight:

2. How to write a synthesis. Retrieved from: www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3Gjz26EvoY

Insight:

Synthesis Guidelines
Remember
o Begin with an introduction
o Organize body paragraphs by themes
o Include phrases that signify relationships between
different pieces of information
o Add a conclusion

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3. The Basics of Communication Research. Pages 3-11. Retrieved from:
https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=aTS6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=foundations+of+inquiry+of+communication+research&so
urce=bl&ots=PFd5u3DhTG&sig=ACfU3U1nW3GJ_drELDgtfVC5hRXCCWOlUA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ah
UKEwiqx8--0rLqAhUZc3AKHRTzCUoQ6AEwB3oECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=foundations%20of
%20inquiry%20of%20communication%20research&f=false

Insight:

4. A Handbook of Media and Communication Research. Pages 28-31 only.

Retrieved from:
http://soniapsebastiao.weebly.com/uploads/2/0/3/9/20393123/ebook_handbook-of-media-and-
communication-research.pdf

Insight:

5. Another Look At Mapping The Territory: Seven Traditions in the Field of

Communication Theory. Pages 1-8. Retrieved from: http://www.eajournals.org/wp-
content/uploads/Another-Look-at-Mapping-the-Territory-Seven-Traditions-in-the-Field-of-
Communication-Theory.pdf

Insight:

6. Evolving Paradigms of Communication Research. International Journal of

Communication. Pages 1- 6. Retrieved from: ijoc.org

Insight:

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Unlearn To Learn!
Inquiry

Most histories of mass communication scholarship trace its origins to the

period during and following the Second World War, when concern about the powerful
effects of propaganda, especially by means of the evolving media of radio and
television, inspired analysis of media use and attitude change among what were
seen as the atomized publics of the mass society (Delia, 1987; Neuman &
Guggenheim, 2011; Park & Pooley, 2008; Rogers, 1994). The driving normative
concerns of that era are probably captured with some fidelity by the Orwellian
imagery of Big Brother on the telescreen and an easily manipulated audience
coming to accept an authoritarian orthodoxy (Neuman, 1991). It is useful to step
back from the seminal work of Lasswell, Lazarsfeld, Hovland, Berelson, and their
colleagues during this era, and also to acknowledge the historical limitations of their
outlook and premises: the rather mechanistic one-way transmission model, the
singular voice of the propagandist, the passive and atomistic audience, and the
taken-for-granted context of the nation-state.

The two pillars of scientific inquiry about any phenomenon, including

communication, are logic and observation. A scientific understanding of
communication must make sense and correspond with what we observe. Both
elements are essential to the scientific approach and relate to the three major
aspects of the overall scientific enterprise: theory, data collection, and data analysis.

Communication studies is a field of research on the production and uses of

symbols (both linguistic and non-verbal, whether face to face or mediated) in
concrete social and cultural contexts to enable the dynamics of systems, society,
and culture. Three key terms of this definition- production, uses, and dynamics-
underscore that communication is a process. Considered as a whole, communication
studies are a broad field, one that encompasses both social scientific and
humanistically- oriented.

Researchers in the fields other than communication studies often study

communication phenomena. In this sense, the study of communication is truly a
multidisciplinary undertaking. However, researchers in communication studies
generally position communication as the primary phenomenon they seek to
understand. By contrast, researchers from other fields tend to study communication
because it is a means toward understanding other phenomena. For example, a
psychologist might study how individuals produce messages because of an interest
in understanding how individual dispositions or personality characteristics affect
behavior. By contrast, a communication researcher would be more likely to study
how individuals produce messages because of the interest in understanding
message production process.

Traditions and Paradigms

There have been a lot of theories that has tried to explicate the nature of
human communication and how human comprehend symbols as well as how it is

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applied in a given society or community, this is so because there are different,
individualistic perception of a particular form of communication symbols and sign due
to the complex nature of assimilating the meaning and application of communication.
These have made different traditions of understanding, communication to be formed
to better explain different concepts and viewpoint of communication. Buttressing on
this, Littlejohn & Foss (2008, p. 34) reveals that “Robert Craig propounded a model
that encapsulates the field of communication into seven traditions. These are known
as the semiotic, the phenomenological, the cybernetic, the socio-psychological, the
socio-cultural, the critical, and the rhetorical traditions”.

Maguire (2006) in her article “Making Sense of the Seven Communication

Traditions” summarizes the seven traditions in the field of communication theory as
follows:

 Socio-psychological tradition: Communication is theorized as expression,

interaction, and influence. Cause-and-effect relationships can be discovered
through careful, systematic observation.
 Cybernetic tradition: Communication is theorized as information processing,
with the goal of getting the most information across with the least amount of
interference. Feedback is the key concept that makes effective
communication possible within a system.
 Rhetorical tradition: Communication is theorized as the practical art of
discourse.
Persuasion in the context of collective or public deliberation is often the focus
of teaching and inquiry.
 Semiotic tradition: Communication is theorized as intersubjective mediation
by signs and symbols. Because meanings are in people, gaps between
subjective realities are bridged through a shared language or sign system.
 Socio-cultural tradition: Communication is theorized as the (re)production of
social order. Reality is socially constructed through micro level interaction
processes.
 Critical tradition: Communication is theorized as discursive reflection. Social
justice can be restored when ideological distortions are recognized through
communication practices that enable critical reflection.
 Phenomenological tradition: Communication is theorized as dialogue.
Authentic human relationships are sustained, and common ground is
established through the direct experience of others (Craig, 1999; Griffin, 2003;
Maguire, 2006).

History

Contrary to a widespread notion, the humanities are not direct descendants of

classical Greek philosophy (Kristeller 1961: 3–23). In their recognizably modern
form, the humanities date from the early nineteenth century, when universities were
taking shape as institutions of research, as initially associated with the Humboldt
tradition in Germany (Fallon 1980; Rudy 1984). The understanding of knowledge as
a product of research had been preceded by at least two alternative conceptions of
knowledge, either as self-awareness (summed up in the Delphi oracle’s admonition
to ‘Know thyself!’) or as traditional learning, administered and passed on by a class
of learned people (Kjørup 1996: 31). While the latter two concepts are still
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encountered as subtexts, it is the development of analytical procedures and
conceptual frameworks for research which has occupied humanistic scholars during
the immediate ‘prehistory’ of media and communication research. Research has
debated the existence of a unified reality, the social and cultural variability of
experience, and the very relation between reality, the subject, and signs.

One particular implication of Aristotle’s conception for communication theory

was that signs serve as evidence of what is at least temporarily absent (Clarke 1990:
11) – in space, in time, from other people’s purview, and from one’s own immediate
experience. Different media can represent phenomena that are not accessible
through the senses (including the case of virtual or thought experiments). And
certain durable media enable people to interact in each other’s absence. Present
signs allow for absent realities or communicators, or both.
The most well-known proponent of a strong position regarding the scope and
depth of media impact on consciousness and culture, summed up in his dictum, ‘the
medium is the message,’ remains Marshall McLuhan. One of his most influential
books (McLuhan 1964) examined the media as extensions of the human senses with
fundamental and permanent consequences for the awareness of self, others, and
history.

Though less familiar in the media field, other researchers working from
historical and anthropological angles have substantiated the relevance of medium
theory. They seek to avoid any strong technological determinism, exploring the
social and cultural forms in which technology is diffused and adapted. In a historical
perspective, Havelock (1963) suggested how writing and literacy had paved the way
for a novel category of social system, interpreting Plato’s attack on the poets as
announcing the passing of an oral culture. Poets could no longer be trusted in social
matters, such as politics, the writing of history, and science, even if their poetry could
still be appreciated as personal opinion or myth. Regarding the next categorical
transition, Eisenstein (1979) showed how, initially, it was the scribal culture of elites
centered in monasteries, not oral or popular culture, that was transformed by the
printing press, leading into Renaissance and Reformation.

From an anthropological perspective, Goody and Watt (1963) questioned

relativist positions regarding communication systems and the cultures they will
support. One of their points was to reassert the understanding of literacy as a
strategic resource and a necessary condition of, for example, political democracy
(see also Goody 1987, 2000). The general point was documented empirically in a
major study by Scribner and Cole (1981), who additionally showed that, within one
culture, several different literacies and social uses may be associated with different
languages (Vai, Arabic, and English). Also, today, oral story-telling is a social
movement in different cultural contexts as well as an active field of research
(MacDonald 1998) Medium theory has delineated a fertile area both for empirical
research and for theoretical integration, occupying a middle ground between the
textual focus of the humanities and the institutional focus of the social sciences.

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Reflect and Discern!
 How well do mass communication scholars conform to the expectations of
their research traditions?

 How, by what means, is a shared understanding of certain phenomena in

reality possible?

 How should traditions of national and international media regulation respond

to the current media environment?

Write it down:

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Let’s Do It!
Instruction: Write a synthesis on what you learned about the landscape of the
communication research based on the following guide questions:

o What is the importance of studying the landscape before writing the

communication research?
o What are the differences of the sub-topics (inquiry, paradigms, history) in the
identity of a communication research?
o How can these knowledge affects your plan of conducting communication
research?

Write it up! (Minimum of 1,000 words)

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Rubrics of the Assessment

Note: A is equivalent for 5 points, B is 4 points, C is 3 points, D is 2 points and E is 1 point

Feedback

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SUMMARY

Communication researchers study varied and complex phenomena. They

design their research questions and statements in ways that help them describe
communication behaviour and relate it to other variables. Communication researchers
are confronted by ethical dilemmas and issues arising from human subject research;
thus, there is a need to find strategies to resolve these issues (Greenberg, Eastin &
Garramone, 2003). The most well-known proponent of a strong position regarding the
scope and depth of media impact on consciousness and culture, summed up in his
dictum, ‘the medium is the message,’ remains Marshall McLuhan. One of his most
influential books (McLuhan 1964) examined the media as extensions of the human
senses with fundamental and permanent consequences for the awareness of self,
others, and history. In order to come up with communication research, scholars must
understand its landscape first. Research is the systematic process of collecting and
analyzing information to increase our understanding of the phenomenon under
study. It is the function of the researcher to contribute to the understanding of the
phenomenon and to communicate that understanding to others. The knowledge
should be gathered, organized and systematized, tested and validated with the help
of observation. If the observations are precise, the results will be more reliable.

SUGGESTED READINGS

 Writing Synthesis Essay. Retrieved from:

https://www.bgsu.edu/content/dam/BGSU/learning-commons/documents/writi
ng/synthesis/planning-synthesis-essay.pdf]

 Introduction to Communication Research Retrieved from:

http://www.nraismc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/103_-
_communication_theory_and_research__1_.pdf

“
Integrity is not a conditional word. It doesn't blow in the wind or change with
the weather. It is your inner image of yourself, and if you look in there and see
a man who won't cheat, then you know he never will.
John D. MacDonald

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Chapter 2: Citations in Communication Research

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

 Understand the importance of citation in academic research

 Explain the differences of the different kinds of citations
 Cite the sources properly without committing a crime of plagiarism

Let’s Start!
This activity will provide you more practical understanding on how to cite the
sources properly. In these activities, you will understand the styles of citation, how to
cite APA 6th edition and its differences to the latest APA format 7 th edition. Please
access the documents below to guide you in this activity. You need to read the
documents and watch some of the videos to successfully finish this task. After, write
your insight to the boxes below the item:

1. Citation for the Beginners. (2014, May). Retrieved from:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDGdqoCyAtw

Insight:

2. Research Skills Tutorial. (n.d.). Suny Empire State College. Retrieved from:
https://subjectguides.esc.edu/c.php?g=234343&p=3001637 (NOTE: Read ALL Chapter 6)

Insight:

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3. Publication Manual of APA 7th edition. (n.d.) Retrieved from:
https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition-introduction.pdf

Insight:

4. APA Style 7th edition. (n.d.) Saint Mary’s College of California Library. Retrieved
from: https://www.stmarys-ca.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/files/apa7threv.pdf

Insight:

5. Adding Citations and References. (2013, May). Retrieved from:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnVq_BpwP2E

Insight:

Remember o Plagiarism is a CRIME.

o If you borrow the idea, words, and sentences, CITE.
o Understand the guidelines on how to cite sources.
o Don’t just cite the original sources in your future research
papers but in ALL academic activities
o Use APA format in citing sources for your research
paper.

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 o There are two types of citation: in-text citation and
endnote citation

Unlearn To Learn!
Citation is the process of citing the original source for the information, idea,
quotation, or sentences that you borrow in your article. It is a reference to the source
of information used in your research. It also means to select information from the
books or articles necessary on the topic of your article. Citation is required when
quoting, paraphrasing, or using the ideas (artwork, photos, videos, etc.) or words of
others.

Citation is how we give credit to those individuals or organizations whose

information we borrow. When we use an individual’s or organization’s ideas, words,
artwork, or anything else, we are to give credit to the source of that information. It
provides interested readers with the specifics needed to retrieve the same source
and do more research on their own. The in-text citation shows readers where certain
ideas or words in your paper came from, and this shortened version of citation cross-
references the full citation at the end of the paper. From the full citation, readers
have all of the information they need to retrieve a source. It also prevents plagiarism,
which deprives writers of the opportunity to join ongoing conversations about a topic,
compromises a writer’s integrity and reputation, and usually results in serious
consequences, both within the university and in the world of work.

Plagiarism is using another's words, ideas, results, or images without giving

appropriate credit to that person, therefore, giving the impression that it is your own
work. Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional. It is illegal if it infringes an
author's intellectual property rights, including copyright or trademark based
on Republic Act No. 8293 or “An Act Prescribing the Intellectual Property Code and
Establishing the Intellectual Property Office, Providing for Its Powers and Functions,
and for Other Purposes” otherwise known as the Intellectual Property Code of
the Philippines. The plagiarism that amounts to copyright infringement carries a
penalty of 3-6 years imprisonment and a fine of P50,000 - P150,000, if prosecuted
under the law.

Styles of citation

There are four out of the thousands of citation styles that are commonly used
in college research writing. These are the following:

 APA- American Psychological Association (APA) is the most commonly used

to cite sources for health sciences and social sciences fields. You will be
using APA 6th edition and study the 7th edition in this course.

 MLA- Modern Language Association (MLA) establishes values for

acknowledging sources used in a research paper. MLA citation style uses a
simple two-part parenthetical documentation system
for citing sources: Citations in the text of a paper point to the
alphabetical Works Cited list that appears at the end of the paper.
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  Chicago- Chicago style has two citation styles to let readers know that you
used information from somewhere else and to show them where to find it. The
first style is the notes and bibliography style. This style uses footnotes or
endnotes to point readers to the original source of the information.

 CSE- Council of Science Editors (CSE) style is a standard citation style used
across many disciplines in the physical and life sciences. It uses a reference
list, not a bibliography, which means that you only list items cited

When to cite using APA 6th edition?

It is simple to ask when to cite information. If the information is not originated

from you, you need to cite it. This includes when you use someone’s words
(quotations), ideas (paraphrases and summaries), and illustrations (graphics, tables,
figures, and artwork). You need to credit it to the original owner because you are just
borrowing it. Don’t cite any information using “ctto” or “credits to the owner” because
it may still be illegal. A news article by Malasig (2019) documented that the
Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) warned the public of the
possible consequences online and noted that using “CTTO,” “photo not mine,” “photo
from Google” and other similar captions are not the proper way to attribute works.

Common Knowledge
There are specific times when content that is not originally yours does not need
to be cited; use of common knowledge constitutes a time when, unless taken word
for word from a source, a citation is not needed. Certain characteristics must be met
for content to be considered common knowledge:

 Your reader would already know this information.

 It is a widely accepted fact such as that 100 cents equal 1 dollar, or houseflies
are insects.
 The information is easily accessible in general information sources.
 The information comes from folklore, mythology, or well-known stories.
 The facts are well known in your field of study—and will be well known to your
audience.

The key concept to remember about common knowledge is that you do not have
to cite it as long as it is written in your own words. If you take a well-known fact word
for word from a source, a citation is required to attribute the wording to the source
and to avoid plagiarism.
Furthermore, if an interpretation of common knowledge is drawn fro0m a source,
the source needs to be cited, as the interpretation is not common knowledge or
original to your writing. You might not know if something is common knowledge until
you find it explained the same way in several sources, so it's best to cite it like you
normally would until you adequately prove to yourself that it is common knowledge.
Statistics

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 Statistics are generally not common knowledge and need to be cited. Clearly
citing the source of the statistic is important to research writing and gives your
research validity. One strategy is to treat statistics as a quotation, with proper
citation. You can also accurately summarize the numbers and research and cite the
source.
QUOTING
Quoting refers to using a source without altering it in any way; passages are
used from a source word for word. In college writing, quotations are used sparingly
since too many quotations can make a paper sound like only a summary of other
people’s idea with your own original ideas being lost. Too many quotations also slow
the reader down due to the required quotation marks and in-text citation.
When to Use a Quotation

1. When you are critiquing or agreeing with someone’s exact words. For
instance, if you wanted to argue that a movie reviewer’s comments were
biased, you would want to quote the exact words of the reviewer, so your
reader would understand your comment.
2. When you want to include dialogue in your paper. For example, if you wanted
to highlight a point someone made in an interview, you would want to quote
the exact words spoken in the interview.
3. When the original author’s words are so eloquent or unique (such as research
results) that you cannot find a way to paraphrase and still maintain the same
meaning or impact of the original passage, you would want to quote those
words.

Quotation Guidelines

1. Copy the words exactly as they are written in the original piece.
2. Enclose the quote in quotation marks, which looks like this: “quotation.”
3. Include an in-text citation with the quotation and a full citation on the reference
list.
4. Integrate the quote into a paragraph by introducing it with a signal phrase.

Integrating Quotations
When quoting, use signal words and phrases to integrate the ideas of others
in your writing. Signal words or phrases leading into the quotation can help develop
and synthesize ideas while also making your point for using the quotation clearer.
Signal phrases help indicate the position of the author as well as your neutrality,
agreement, or disagreement. Note that in APA format, when reporting what an
author said, you will want to use a past tense verb.
Sample Signal Phrase Verbs
Neutral
Shows Agreement Shows Disagreement
Position
commented admitted contended
described Agreed defended
explained Believed disputed
illustrated Conceded held
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Neutral
Shows Agreement Shows Disagreement
Position
noted Confirmed insisted
observed Endorsed maintained
pointed out Granted refuted
said Reasoned rejected
suggested Thought warned

Example:

Sabonsolin (2015) warned the public that spreading infodemic will worsen
the situation in the country.

Avoid dropping quotations such as: “Spreading lies during this pandemic will be put
the country in danger” (Sabonsolin, 2015)

Long or Block Quotations

In APA format, quotations that are 40 or more words are considered long or
“block” quotations that must be set off from the rest of the paragraph in an indented
“block.” The block format makes it easier for readers to differentiate the quote from
the rest of the text.
To format a block quote, you do not use quotation marks. Instead, you indent
the quotation ½ inch from the left margin. The period is inserted at the end of the
quotation, and the in-text citation goes after the period. The opposite is done for a
short quotation where the end punctuation follows the parenthetical citation to
enclose it inside the sentence: “Quote” (citation).
Example (block quotation is highlighted):

Students do not necessarily have to be geographically placed all over the

world in order to experience cross-cultural interactions because of the high rate of
immigration worldwide. For instance,
The United States is in the midst of the largest wave of immigration in its history, with over a
million new immigrants per year for a total foreign-born population of over 35 million people,
equaling 12 percent of its total population. In Canada, Switzerland, and Australia the rates
of immigration are nearly double the US rate. (Suárez-Orozco, 2007, p. 9)
Thus, the mobility of the world’s population is providing opportunity for global
instruction even within a country’s own boundaries.

Notice the paragraph continued after the quote. Quotes are more effectively
integrated when the quoted information is followed by some analysis or commentary
to help your reader understand its purpose or point in relationship to your own ideas.

Paraphrasing

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 Paraphrasing is preferred when you want to incorporate research into your
writing. Paraphrasing shows you understood what you read and therefore know
what you are talking about, for you have taken what someone else said and
rephrased it, so it sounds like you and so the idea fits seamlessly in your paper.
When you paraphrase, you choose the vocabulary and writing style that would
appeal to your intended readers (versus your source’s intended readers). Please
note that replacing a few words in an original passage or sentence with synonyms
is not effective paraphrasing and could result in unintentional plagiarism, even when
correct citation is included.
Guidelines

1. When researching, notate the full citation in APA format at the top of your
notebook page.
2. Read the original passage several times to completely understand the idea
being expressed and the context in which the material is being used before
paraphrasing it.
3. Write down in your own words the idea of the passage without looking back at
the original.
4. Ensure the wording in the paraphrase captures the exact meaning of the
original.
5. Ensure the paraphrase is being used in the same context and serves the
same purpose as the original. Taking an idea out of context is faulty research
as it changes the original intent, so you would no longer be paraphrasing what
another person meant.
6. Ask someone else to read the original and then read the paraphrase and
compare the meaning and context between the two.

Original Quotation Check Your Progress Unacceptable

Here:
(Please Answer)
“Educational leaders Educational leaders have
posed with the task of to find faculty who are
integrating ethics into interested in ethics
undergraduate general instead of forcing
education curriculum are teachers who are not
faced with finding faculty interested in teaching a
who are interested in the subject they are not
topic instead of forcing committed to (Stevenson,
faculty who are not 2007).
interested into teaching a
subject they are not
committed to”
(Stevenson, 2007, p. 5)

Summarizing

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 Summarizing is similar to paraphrasing in that you read information from a source
and put it into your own words, but a summary differs from a paraphrase in the
following ways:

 A summary is a condensed version of a long passage of writing.

 A summary captures only the main points of a writing.
 A summary helps you learn material through close reading in order to
comprehend what the main points of a reading are and understand the
material so well that you can express the main ideas in your own words
instead of using someone else’s words.

Original Text:

Collaboration with others is part of living and working in the professional world. A
high portion of our daily communication occurs in groups, such as family,
coworkers, and friends. Regardless of career choice, it is likely that individuals wil
spend a considerable part of their personal and professional lives working in
collaboration with others. The changing environment of the workplace has caused
an increase in the use of virtual teams for collaborative projects. The major
difference between a virtual team and a team that meets face-to-face is the
distance that lies between members. It is distance that affects the interaction
between group members. Technologies, such as teleconferencing, email, web
enabled chat, groupware, and shared file programs, have made communication at
a distance and virtual collaboration possible. Through technology, virtual teams
are able to interact, complete projects, and resolve conflicts. (Martinez et al., 2008,
p. 167)

First Step is to highlight main ideas:

Collaboration with others is part of living and working in the professional world. A
high portion of our daily communication occurs in groups, such as family,
coworkers, and friends. Regardless of career choice, it is likely that individuals will
spend a considerable part of their personal and professional lives working in
collaboration with others. The changing environment of the workplace has caused
an increase in the use of virtual teams for collaborative projects. The major
difference between a virtual team and a team that meets face-to-face is the
distance that lies between members. It is distance that affects the interaction
between group members. Technologies, such as teleconferencing, email, web
enabled chat, groupware, and shared file programs, have made communication at
a distance and virtual collaboration possible. Through technology, virtual teams
are able to interact, complete projects, and resolve conflicts. (Martinez et al., 2008,
p. 167)

Summarized text:

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS HERE (Please Answer)

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 Notice in the example that throughout the summary, the author is identified,
so it is clear that the ideas in each sentence, while written with original wording, are
the ideas of that author. Summarized material in your paper needs to be cited, just
as paraphrased material needs to be cited, so readers know where the ideas in the
text came from and where to retrieve the same source.
Reflect and Discern!
 What is the challenging part of citing your sources?

 Will you put your pride to a work which just made of copy-paste?

 If someone will copy your idea without citation and permission, how would you
feel about it?

Write it down:

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Let’s Do It!
Instruction: Cite the following statements in numbers 1-5 using the in-text citation
and numbers 6-10 using the endnote citation (references) of APA 6th edition.
(2-points each)

1. Official Statement:

Campus journalists are also legitimate like the mainstream media that have all the
rights of the press to cover events concerning public’s interest. (NUJP, 2017)

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Research paper:

Black campus journalists strongly fight for racial equality and took stance against
political gerrymandering that left blacks suffer and knock off their power and dignity.
They pleaded with their readers to work collectively to overcome the racism. (Haydel,
2016)

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. News article:

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“The festival like the Sinulog has contributed so much to the economic development
in the city and in the country as a whole”, Nestor Jardi, former Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP) President. (Bunachita, 2017)

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Written by: Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, No date

Journalism, the collection, preparation, and distribution of news and related

commentary and feature materials through such print and electronic media
as newspapers, magazines, books, blogs, webcasts, podcasts, social
networking and social media sites, and e-mail as well as through radio, motion
pictures, and television.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. Online source:

Journalism is a form of communication, but it's distinct from other forms. It is unique
because it's a one-way message, or story, from the journalist to the audience. It's
most unique because the message isn't the journalist's personal story or subjective
thoughts. Instead, the journalist acts as a conduit, narrating an objective story about
something that happened or is happening, based on his or her observations and
discoveries.

Title: What is Journalism, No Author, No Date

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

6. Online news portal: Cebu Daily News

Title: Sinulog Still Grandest Festival
Author: Jose Santino S. Bunachita
Date: January 16, 2017, 9:44pm
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/119431/sinulog-still-grandest-festival-ph#ixzz5fEblTlB

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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

7. Research Journal: Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 2

Title: Señor Santo Niño Devotees' Lived Experiences in a Fluvial Parade
Author/(s): Norly C. Ibones, Janryl S. Oliverio, Harryl Jay L. Ondo, Hera Filipina C.
Tagpuno, Reynaldo B. Inocian
Date: May 2016
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reynaldo_Inocian/publication/
303677132_Senor_Santo_Nino_Devotees'_Lived_Experiences_in_a_Fluvial_Parad
e/links/574c7e5908ae82d2c6bb1f5f.pdf

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Research Journal: International Journal of Current Research Vol. 10, Issue, 07,
pp.72013-72018
Title: The Cultural Parallelism of Faith and the Teacher Education Curriculum
Author/(s): Janet A. Mananay and Catalina M. Canasa
Date: July 2018
http://www.journalcra.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/31611.pdf

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

9. Online website: www. journalism. net

Author: None
Date: None
Title: The fourth estate
Link: https://www.journalism.net/the-fourth-estate

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

10. https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/activities/broadcast.html

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

FEEDBACK

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Answer Key to Check your Progress

Original Text:

“Educational leaders posed with the task of integrating ethics into undergraduate
general education curriculum are faced with finding faculty who are interested in
the topic instead of forcing faculty who are not interested into teaching a subject
they are not committed to” (Stevenson, 2007, p. 5)

Answer:

When it comes to teaching ethics in undergraduate programs, it is preferable to

use faculty who have profound interest in the subject to teach such courses
(Stevenson, 2007).

Original Text:

Collaboration with others is part of living and working in the professional world. A
high portion of our daily communication occurs in groups, such as family,
coworkers, and friends. Regardless of career choice, it is likely that individuals will
spend a considerable part of their personal and professional lives working in
collaboration with others. The changing environment of the workplace has caused
an increase in the use of virtual teams for collaborative projects. The major
difference between a virtual team and a team that meets face-to-face is the
distance that lies between members. It is distance that affects the interaction
between group members. Technologies, such as teleconferencing, email, web
enabled chat, groupware, and shared file programs, have made communication at
a distance and virtual collaboration possible. Through technology, virtual teams
are able to interact, complete projects, and resolve conflicts. (Martinez et al., 2008,
p. 167)

Answer:

Martinez et al. (2008) made the point that today’s workplace is quite different than
it was 20 years ago; more people are working remotely or companies are so large
that they have different sites throughout the world. Martinez et al. explained that
this change in the workplace has increased the need for virtual teams; however,
the need for collaboration has not changed. Distance can affect how well a group
works together, but modern technologies have made communication with virtual
team members possible and an effective means for getting the job done (Martinez
et al, 2008)

SUMMARY

A citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research. An

in-text citation is a brief notation within the text of your paper or presentation which
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refers the reader to a fuller notation, or end-of-paper citation, that provides all
necessary details about that source of information. Direct quotations should be
surrounded by quotations marks and are generally used when the idea you want to
capture is best expressed by the source. Paraphrasing and summarizing involve
rewording an essential idea from someone else’s work, usually to either condense
the point or to make it better fit your writing style. You do not have to cite your own
ideas, unless they have been published. And you do not have to cite common
knowledge, or information that most people in your audience would know without
having to look it up.

SUGGESTED READING

“What is Citation?”. (2017, May). Plagiarism.org. Retrieved from:

https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-citation

Test yourself! It’s

Post- Assessment Time!
Choose a topic below. Search for the related literature and related studies for
the said topic in the internet. Write a synthesis on the topic that you have chosen and
cite properly your sources. Lastly, write five sentences in your synthesis with its
original text and cite it with in-text citation and endnote citation.

Topic 1: Infodemic in the Philippines

Topic 2: ABS-CBN shutdown

Original Text In-text Citation Endnote Citation

RUBRICS

CITATION
(Cite the statements properly based on the APA 6th edition 40 %
guidelines)

CONTENT
(The content of the synthesis based on the topic chosen) 20 %

ORGANIZATION
(The relationship of ideas presented in the synthesis) 20 %

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 GRAMMAR
(Correct spelling and use of words) 10 %

STRUCTURE
(Technicalities of the synthesis such as Introduction, Body 10 %
and Conclusion)
TOTAL 100 %

“ I would prefer even to fail with honor than to win by

cheating.
Sophocles
START HERE

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 Original Text In-text Citation Endnote Citation
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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Answer Key to Check Your Progress

Unit 1 Pre-Assessment

1. A 6. D
2. D 7. D
3. C 8 B
4. C 9. B
5. A 10. D

REFERENCE

“A Comprehensive Guide to APA Citations and Formats” (n.d.) citationmachine.net.

Retrieved from: https://www.citationmachine.net/apa/cite-a-book

Adding Citations and References. (2013, May). Retrieved from:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnVq_BpwP2E

“APA Citation Guidelines” (n.d.) Scribbr. Retrieved from:

https://www.scribbr.com/category/apa-style/

APA Style 7th edition. (n.d.) Saint Mary’s College of California Library. Retrieved
from: https://www.stmarys-ca.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/files/apa7threv.pdf

Citation for the Beginners. (2014, May). Retrieved from:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDGdqoCyAtw

Malasig, J. (2019). Acknowledging owners of photos, text, with “CTTO” may still be
illegal. Interaskyon.com. Retrieved from:

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https://www.interaksyon.com/trendsspotlights/2019/05/08/148439/philippines-
intellectual-property-ctto/

Publication Manual of APA 7th edition. (n.d.) Retrieved from:

https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition-introduction.pdf

Research Skills Tutorial. (n.d.). Suny Empire State College. Retrieved from:
https://subjectguides.esc.edu/c.php?g=234343&p=3001637

Course Pre-test
TRUE or FALSE. Write Communication if the statement is True and Research if
the statement is False.

_____ 1. Review of Related Literature (RRL) is an endnote citation used by

researchers to document the literatures that they used in their study.

_____ 2. Research gap is something that is lacking in the literature and researcher’s
goal to find out in the study.

_____ 3. Theory and Objectives determine the conceptual framework of the study.

_____ 4. Writing an introduction is only limited with four paragraphs.

_____ 5. In choosing research design, researchers must consider their objectives.

_____ 6. Undergraduate thesis should create theories and update existing theories.

_____ 7. Mixed method is better than qualitative and quantitative alone.

_____ 8. Methodology shall not discuss the scope and limitation of the study.

_____ 9. Research claim coming from the research problem must debunk or prove
by the student-researchers.

_____ 10. Research proposal is the first step of making a research study.

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Key Terms
 Literature- written works such as books, journals, news articles, etc.

 Claim- the researcher’s biased perspective regarding the research problem.

 Debunk- expose the falseness or hollowness of (a myth, idea, or belief).

 Prove- demonstrate the truth or existence of (something) by evidence or argument.

 Variables- is defined as anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. The
dependent variable is the variable a researcher is interested in. An
independent variable is a variable believed to affect the dependent variable.

 Hypothesis- a specific, clear, and testable proposition or predictive statement about

the possible outcome of a scientific research study based on a particular property of
a population, such as presumed differences between groups on a particular variable
or relationships between variables.

 Theory- are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many
cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical
bounding assumptions. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or
support a theory of a research study.

 Objectives- describe concisely what the research is trying to achieve. They

summarize the accomplishments a researcher wishes to achieve through the project
and provides direction to the study

 Industry- group of organization in the profession of media, communication and

journalism.

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 UNIT II

Steps and Process

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 Lesson Trivia:

The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a
research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed
study should be conducted. Research proposals contain extensive literature
reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the
proposed study. In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal describes
detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with
requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on
anticipated outcomes and/or benefits derived from the study's completion .
(Krathwohl, 2005)

Chapter 1: Conceptualization

LESSON 1: Problem Formulation

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Identify the research problem of your research paper.

Let’s Start!
The whole research activity as agreed last semester will be done by groups, not
exceeding 4 members per group. However, this activity will be answered individually
to confirm if all group members are already aware in their respective studies. Last
semester, only 5 out of 17 groups passed their research proposals. This semester, it
is a must to for us to pass our respective finalized research proposal to proceed in
our activities. Failure to submit the proposal will not proceed to the next unit of this
module. I also encourage you to join in our official Facebook group: BA
Communication’s Comm 3111, AY: 20-21
(https://www.facebook.com/groups/340655984010835/)

This activity will provide you a better understanding about the research problem that
you have chosen. Please access the documents below to guide you in this activity.
You need to read the documents and watch some of the videos to successfully finish
this task. After, write your insight to the boxes below the item:

1. Identifying and Formulating a Research Problem. Retrieved from:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329179630_Identifying_and_Formulating_t
he_Research_Problem

Insight:

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2. Steps in Formulating a Research Problem. Youtube video. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nUw0f9IS3c

Insight:

3. How to define your research problem. Scribbr.com. Retrieved from:

https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-problem/https://
www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-problem/

Insight:

4. Formulating your Research Problem: Simple Methods that Will Help. (n.d.)
prothesiswriter.com. Retrieved from: https://prothesiswriter.com/blog/how-to-
formulate-research-problem

Insight:

Remember Identifying Research Problem

o It must be specific problem

o It must be in your interest.
o It must prove or debunk an existing claim in the society.
o It must not be studied yet.
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“
In much of society, research means to investigate something you
do not know or understand.
Neil Armstrong

Unlearn To Learn!
A research problem is a definite or clear expression [statement] about an
area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a difficulty to be eliminated, or
a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or within existing
practice that points to a need for meaningful understanding and deliberate
investigation. A research problem does not state how to do something, offer a
vague or broad proposition, or present a value question. (Research Guides,
n.d.)

In the social sciences, the research problem establishes the means by

which you must answer the "So What?" question. Note that answering the "So
What?" question requires a commitment on your part to not only show that you
have reviewed the literature, but that you have thoroughly considered the
significance of the research problem and its implications applied to creating new
knowledge and understanding.

Research Gap

In order to have an acceptable research problem, you need to find the gap of
your research study. Every research problem is too broad to research. For example,
your problem is all about the killing of the journalists, we need think what is the
specific for this problem, hence find the gap. If you found out in the literature that no
scholars have yet to study about the perceptions of the government officials in the
killing of the journalists, it could be your possible problem.

Research gap is the information about your research problem that has not
been researched by other researchers or scholars. If you find that there’s a gap of
your study, you can research it. If other scholars already have it, you need to make a
study about on your chosen topic that has not yet been researched.

Here is an example on how to narrow your topic and research problem:

Broad Narrow Narrower

War movies Children Influence

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Possible Title of the study: “Influence of war movies to the children in Naval, Biliran”

Research Claim

Undergraduate studies, graduate studies and doctorate dissertations are

different from each other. The undergraduate thesis needs to prove and debunk the
research claim based on the problem. Using the above example on the perception of
the government officials (narrow) on the killings of the journalists (problem), claims
could be: government officials don’t mind the existing killings of the journalists. In
your study, you just need to prove or debunk that claim. Either way it is already a
good result for a study that could provide recommendations for the development in
the industry. It could possibly create government programs to empower journalists.
Reflect and Discern!
 What are the latest problems/topics that the communication/ media/
journalism industry faces right now?
 What claims are worthy to have as basis in our study?
 How can we contribute to the progress of communication, media, and
journalism studies in the topic that we had?

Write it down:

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Let’s Do It!
Let’s see if you contributed to your group last semester in formulating your research
problem. Write the final research problem of your group. If you wish to change, you
can especially there are a lot of problems on communication, media, and journalism
to tackle in this pandemic. This activity will be answered individually.

Write the following details of your current study, (or if you wish to proposed a study,
please indicate and write “NEW”)

Research problem:

Broader Topic:

Specific:

Hypothesis: (Claim)

What is the gap of your study: (Cite related studies of your problem and find the
gap)

Sabonsolin 2021 fake news verafiles.org. link

How did your group come up with this topic/problem: (Minutes of

brainstorming, each member must present)

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Objectives:

Main objective (1 sentence)

Specific objectives (3)

Possible Output of the Study:

What is the relevance of your study to our industry and how it can help it?

Broad Narrow Narrower

Possible Title of your study:

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Group Name: ______________________________________

Group Members:

_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________

Rubrics

Content 40%
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 (How you explain the answers clearly)
Gap 25%
(Finding the gap of the study)
Relevance 20%
(Impact of your study to the industry)
Proposed Title 15%
(correctness of the broad- narrow and
proposed title of the study)
TOTAL 100%

SUMMARY

Research problems is one of the most crucial part of making a research. It is

where the direction of your research goes, it is the foundation of your study, and
lastly, it is the basis of making your own objectives. In identifying research problems,
you need to 1.) be specific on your problem, 2.) find the claim to debunk and prove,
3.) read the literature to find and establish the gap of your study.

FEEDBACK

SUGGESTED READINGS

Smith, S. (2020). How to define your research question. Retrieved from:

https://www.qualtrics.com/blog/research-problem/

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LESSON 2: Objective Setting

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Conceptualize the objectives of the study based on the problem and gap

Let’s Start!
This activity will provide you a better understanding about creating the
objectives in the study that you have chosen. Please access the documents below to
guide you in this activity. You need to read the documents and watch some of the
videos to successfully finish this task. After, write your insight to the boxes below the
item:

1. Articulating your aims and objectives. Retrieved from:

https://www.thephdproofreaders.com/structuring-a-thesis/writing-your-research-aims-
and-objectives/

Insight:

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2. Formulating Research Aims and Objectives. Retrieved from: https://research-
methodology.net/research-methodology/research-aims-and-objectives/

Insight:

In creating the objectives of your study,

Remember you need to be SMART:

S- pecific
M- easurable
A- ttainable
R- ealistic
T- ime Bound

3. How to Define Good Research Objectives. Retrieved from:

https://www.lipmanhearne.com/how-to-define-good-research-objectives/

Insight:

Unlearn To Learn!
In order to get the prove the claim and get the solution of the problem of a
research study, you need to have a clear and proper objective. Research objectives
give a sense of direction to the researcher on how to do with the research. This will
also help the researcher determine what will be the results or possible results and
recommendations of the study. It provides a way to investigate the variables of the
study.

Objectives must be simple, clear, concise measurable and time- bounded. It

summarized what is to achieve in the study.

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 In making objectives, you need first to understand the action verbs used in
Bloom’s Taxonomy using the Knowledge, Application, Comprehension, Analysis,
Synthesis, and Evaluation domains. Here are some of the verbs that can help you in
finalizing the objectives of your study:

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Identify the verbs used to create an objective of the study in a certain situation.

_______ 1. What verb you will use if your study would like to found out the
assessment of online learning?
_______ 2. What verb you will use if your study would likely talk about the
comparison of online and traditional learning?
_______ 3. What verb you will use if your study would like to know the demographic
profile of your respondents?
_______ 4. What verb you will use if your study would like to create an innovation
such as new Leaning Management System?
_______ 5. What verb you will use if you want to know the experiences of your
participants?
Reflect and Discern!
 How did you come up with your objectives?
 What are the challenges of coming up with the objectives?
 Will your objectives lead you to the direction of your claim?

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Let’s Do It!
Proposed Objectives Domain How did you come up?

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SUMMARY

Research objective is crucial in the research study because it will determine

what to achieve in the study.

SUGGESTED READINGS

Introduction to Research (n.d.) Retrieved from: https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-

demos/000_P506_RM_3736-Demo/unit1/page_26.htm

Jaikumar, M. (2018). Research Objectives. slideshare.net. Retrieved from:

https://www.slideshare.net/maheswarijaikumar/research-objectives-108090672

Lesson 3: Research objectives. (n.d.) Retrieved from: https://betterthesis.dk/getting-

started/short-synopsis

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LESSON 3: Review of Related Literature

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Justify the gap and create the Review of Related Literature of the study.

Let’s Start!
This activity will provide you a better understanding on how to write review of
related literature in the study that you have chosen. Please access the documents
below to guide you in this activity. You need to read the documents and watch some
of the videos to successfully finish this task. After, write your insight to the boxes
below the item:

1. Related Literature and Studies. slidershare.net. Retrieved from:

https://www.slideshare.net/RoquiMalijan/group-3-28367418

Review of Related Literature and Studies. prezi.com. Retrieved from:

https://prezi.com/7zqwphhsx_pn/review-of-related-literature-and-studies/

Insight:

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2. Literature Review (2020). USC Libraries Research Guides. Retrieved from:
https://libguides.usc.edu/c.php?g=234974&p=1559473

Insight:

3. Lui, Jessica. How to Write a Literature Review: 3 minutes guide. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIYC6zG265E

Insight:

4. Lui, Jessica. Four Tips in Writing Literature Review. Retrieved from:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kW6Uzn-8uMI

Insight:

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 In writing your Review of Related Literature,
Remember you need to remember the following:

o There are no shortcuts, Always READ

o Get reliable information to reliable journals
o Always CITE information
o Since it is already a “Review”, don’t copy-paste
o Paraphrase the words used based on your
understanding.

Unlearn To Learn!
A review of related literature (RRL) is a detailed review of existing literature
related to the topic of a thesis or dissertation. In an RRL, you talk about knowledge
and findings from existing literature relevant to your topic. If you find gaps or conflicts
in existing literature, you can also discuss these in your review, and if applicable,
how you plan to address these gaps or resolve these conflicts through your study.

To undertake an RRL, therefore, you first need to identify relevant literature.

You can do this through various sources, online and offline. Ensure you are saving
all applicable resources because you will need to mention them in your paper. When
going through the resources, make notes and identify key concepts of each resource
to describe in the review.

Before starting the review, determine how you want to organize the review,
that is, whether you wish to discuss the resources by themes, dates, extent of
relevance, and so on.

When writing the review, begin by providing the background and purpose of
the review. Then, begin discussing each of the identified resources according to the
way you decided to organize them. For each, you can mention the title, author,
publication, and date before describing the key concept and points.

Finally, in the synthesis, you explain how the various concepts of each
resource link with each other.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Let’s us assume that our topic will be about Campus Journalism and you
already gathered the information coming from the different literatures in the web.
Let’s also assume that you already paraphrase the sentences that you borrow from
the said sources. What you need to know is on how you will write this information
and categorize it to form paragraphs for your literature review. In other words, you
need to write paragraphs or RRL based on the following information:
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 Just write 2- 3 paragraphs as an exercise. Don’t forget to write transitional
devices such as moreover, furthermore, on the other hand in compiling your
literatures.

Literatures:

 The views and opinions of the respondents about publications covering

community issues are differ based on their political background. De Vera
and Macawili (2018)
 The publications should not be prevented in covering the issues beyond the
wall of the school because school issues and country’s issues are
interrelated. Arao (2018)
 Publications have their freedom but there are some who are closely
monitored by the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Arao (2018)
 Many students as well as the campus newspaper took stand on the different
issues in the country. Olausen (2007),
 Some issues are specific to a single institution, but many have grown to
encompass the whole nation. Olausen (2007),
 Throughout the history in the US, students have taken stands on issues
ranging from the “food in the college dormitory to the war in Vietnam, from
censorship of a campus speaker or publication to support for a Socialist
politician” (Altbach, 1974, pp. 2- 3).

Write here:

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Reflect and Discern!
 Share to your groupmates on what have you learned in this lesson.
 What are the gaps that filled in with your discussions with your groupmates?
 How did this knowledge address those gaps and make this idea as one in
writing your final review of related literature?

Write it down:

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Let’s Do It!
Now that you have learned how to write the Review of Related Literature, it is high
time to search the information, cite it, and write it down as a group on your own using
your own problem and topic. Write it in a Microsoft word per group with the following
details: A4, Arial, 12, Single Space, 2- 3 pages. Upload it in our official group:
(https://www.facebook.com/groups/340655984010835/)

Before you can proceed, you need to upload the document and comment at least 3
comments to the works of another groups. Do it as one!

Rubrics for RRL

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 FEEDBACK

LESSON 3: Introduction

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Write a good introduction for your research study.

Let’s Start!
This activity will provide you a better understanding on the introduction of the
study that you have chosen. Please access the documents below to guide you in this
activity. You need to read the documents and watch some of the videos to
successfully finish this task. After, write your insight to the boxes below the item:

1. Sabonsolin, J (2020). How To Write Introduction for Research. Youtube video.

Retrieved from: (Will be posted at the official Facebook Group)

Insight:

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Unlearn To Learn!
The introduction leads the reader from a general research issue or problem to
your specific area of research. It puts your research question in context by explaining
the significance of the research being conducted. This is usually done by
summarizing current understanding (research to date) and background information
about the topic. This is followed by a statement of the purpose of your research issue
or problem. (UCLA, n.d.)

According to Reyes (2017), there are three overarching goals of a good

introduction: 1) ensure that you summarize prior studies about the topic in a manner
that lays a foundation for understanding the research problem; 2) explain how your
study specifically addresses gaps in the literature, insufficient consideration of the
topic, or other deficiency in the literature; and, 3) note the broader theoretical,
empirical, and/or policy contributions and implications of your research.

A well-written introduction is important because, quite simply, you never

get a second chance to make a good first impression. The opening paragraphs
of your paper will provide your readers with their initial impressions about the
logic of your argument, your writing style, the overall quality of your research,
and, ultimately, the validity of your findings and conclusions. A vague,
disorganized, or error-filled introduction will create a negative impression,
whereas, a concise, engaging, and well-written introduction will lead your
readers to think highly of your analytical skills, your writing style, and your
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research approach. All introductions should conclude with a brief paragraph that
describes the organization of the rest of the paper. (Reyes, 2017)

Components of the Research Paper Introduction

as documented by UCLA (n.d.)

Component #1: Establish the problem or issue you want to research:

• Highlight the importance of the problem/issue, and/or

• Make general statements about the problem/issue, and/or
• Present an overview on current research on the issue or problem.

Component #2: Provide an overview of existing thinking about and/or research

into your research problem.

Component #3: Identify a gap, problems or unresolved issues in the existing

knowledge/research that your research can fill or identify a research focus that
will be useful:

• “The previous research has mistakenly assumed that….” or “Although most experts
in the field believe …., they have overlooked …”
• “None of the previous research has examined ……”
• “Despite prior observations of voter behavior in local elections in urban Detroit, it
remains unclear why do some single mothers choose to avoid....” and/or
• “Consequently, these factors need to examined in more detail....” or “Evidence
suggests an interesting correlation, therefore, it is desirable to survey different
respondents....”

Component #4: State your research question, your hypothesis and your
knowledge claim, making sure to place your research within the gap in
existing knowledge.

• State the intent of your study, including the research question and your hypothesis,
• Outline the key characteristics of your study,
• Describe important results that you have found or hope to find

Strategies for Positioning Your Knowledge Claim/Thesis:

The best introductions are likely to make the knowledge claim stand out in
some way. Here are several ways in which writers position their knowledge
claims so that they stand out:

Inquisitive Thesis – shows that the subject in question is “important, curious,

or otherwise interesting.”

“The previous research suggests an interesting correlation between A & B;

therefore, my research will....”

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 Paradoxical Thesis – focuses on the way in which your research will go
against what is commonly believed in the field. This form of introduction
searches for unlikely perspectives on the subject.

“Although most experts in the field believe …., they have overlooked …. My
research will ….”

Corrective Thesis – shows that the subject has been neglected,

misunderstood, or misrepresented by others. This approach addresses the
pre-conceptions of readers that the subject is trite or hackneyed.

“Despite the intense focus on X, few researchers have examined Problem Y

……My research will …”

Component #5: Stress the value and relevance of your research. Why is your
research relevant? What will it contribute to the field (and beyond)? Why
should we care about your research?

In writing your Introduction,

Remember you need to answer the following questions:

o What is the study all about?

o What are the other authors say?
o What is the Gap?
o What to do with the gap?

Reflect and Discern!

There are a lot of research problems and possible research topic in
communication, media and journalism industry. However, not all topics are worth the
pride that contributes some things to the society. Many student-researchers only
worked for their researches because it is a requirement for getting a diploma and
treated as a compliance for finishing the degree. This mindset must be stopped and
focus on the legacy that you could make for this society. How about you?

 Is your study worth fighting for?

Write it down: (Answer it with at least 1, 000 words)

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Let’s Do It!
Write an Introduction about your research problem/ topic. It should be encoded in a
Microsoft word with the following details: A4, Arial, 12, Single Space, 1 1/5- 2 pages.
Submit it in our official group:(https://www.facebook.com/groups/340655984010835/)
After uploading the file to the group, comment at least 3 comments to the works of
another groups. Do it as one!

In order to see to it that you had contributions to your group, please write down
below your contribution to the making of your Introduction.

Write it down:

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Rubrics

What is the study all about? 25%

20%
What are the other authors say?

20%
What is the Gap?

20%
What to do with the gap?

Citations 10%

Organization 10%

TOTAL 100%

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SUMMARY

The introduction of your research must be concise with the following

questions to be answered: 1 what is the study all about, 2 what other authors say, 3
what is the gap, and 4 what to do with the gap.

SUGGESTED READING

“What is Citation?”. (2017, May). Plagiarism.org. Retrieved from:

https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-citation

LESSON 4 & 5: Theories and Methodology

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Write methodology and framework of the study.

Let’s Start!
Since, you already done discussing the Communication Theories in your
Communication 112 class, I decided to merge the two last lessons for your midterm.
This activity will provide you a better understanding about the communication
theories and the research design in the study that you have chosen. Please access
the documents below to guide you in this activity. You need to read the documents
and watch some of the videos to successfully finish this task. After, write your insight
to the boxes below the item:

1. Communication Theories (n.d.) Retrieved from:

https://www.communicationstudies.com/communication-theories

2. List of Communication Theory (n.d.) Retrieved from:

https://www.communicationtheory.org/list-of-theories/

Write it down:

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3. Qualitative Methods (n.d.) Retrieved from:
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/qualitative

4. Quantitative Methods (n.d.) Retrieved from:

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/quantitative

5. Qualitative and Quantitative Research- An Introduction. Youtube Video. Retrieved

from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYmLE8UqCXU

Write it down:

6. How to Write a Research Methodology. Youtube video. Retrieved from:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yplWZs3dqNQ

Write it down:
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7. How to Write a Successful Research Proposal. Youtube video. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=166FXhGd9T4

Write it down:

Unlearn To Learn!
Communication theory was proposed by S. F. Scudder in the year 1980. It states
that all living beings existing on the planet communicate although the way of
communication is different.

Plants communicate their need to be taken care of and watered immediately through
visible changes in the color of the leaves, and the falling of leaves and flowers.

Animals communicate by sounds, several movements to indicate that they are

hungry or unwell or need medical attention.

A mother would never understand that her child is hungry unless and until the child
cries. Crying is again a form through which the child communicates that he is hungry
and needs food. The same applies when he is injured, where he uses crying again
as a tool to communicate his pain and need of urgent medical attention.

Thus, the universal law of communication theory says that all living beings whether
they are plants, animals, human beings communicate through sound, speech, visible
changes, body movements, gestures or in the best possible way to make the others
aware of their thoughts, feelings, problems, happiness or any other information.

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Let us examine communication and communication theory through the following
viewpoints:

 Mechanistic - The mechanistic view point says that communication is simply

the transmission of information from the first party to the second party. The
first party being the sender and the second party being the receiver.
 Psychological - According to the psychological view point, communication is
simply not the flow of information from the sender to the receiver but actually
the thoughts, feelings of the sender which he tries to share with the
recepients. It also includes the reactions, feelings of the receiver after he
decodes the information.
 Social - The social view point considers communication as a result of
interaction between the sender and the receiver. It simply says that
communication is directly dependent on the content of the speech. “How one
communicates” is the basis of the social view point.
 Systemic - The systemic view point says that communication is actually a
new and a different message which is created when various individuals
interpret it in their own way and then reinterpret it and draw their own
conclusion.
 Critical - The critical view point says that communication is simply a way with
the help of which an individual expresses his power and authority among
other individuals.

Theories are also crucial in making the conceptual framework of the study. It will give
the direction of the flow based on the variables of the study. As a researcher, you
need to examine the communication theory that you will be using as the one you will
be needing in your research. You can inject as many theories you like as well as it is
connected and related in your study.

Next is research methodologies. In some format, methodology is usually seen with

so many parts, however, in the publication format, it could just be written in three
paragraphs with the necessary details that describes your method. Here you need to
mention your research design, scope and limitation of the study, data collection, data
analysis and justification on why you choose those methods.

Research design

There are three (3) research designs that you need to consider:

Qualitative Approach- involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text,
video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather
in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.

Quantitative Approach- is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can
be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and
generalize results to wider populations

Mixed Methods- The two approaches are combined in one research study.
However, the using of this design will depend on your objectives and things you want
to achieve in your study.

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

1. What are the four (4) Normative Theories of Mass Communication?

2. Give at least two (2) differences of the characteristics of Qualitative and

Quantitative research designs?

3. Give at least two (2) type of information that will be needing in writing the
methodology.

________________________________, __________________________________

Reflect and Discern!

There are a lot of methods and analysis in research. We cannot discuss all of them
for one semester. Even well-known and professional researchers are not totally an
expert of research as a whole. They only practice research in their own respective
fields that is also too broad to handle. However, let’s discern our chosen methods for
our study and answer this question:

 Are your methods (e.g. collection, analysis, design) suitable for your
objectives? Will it be a tool for you to find out the things that you want to
achieve in your study?

Write it down:

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 In writing a research proposal,
Remember you need to:

o Not use past- tense forms of the verbs.

o It is not yet full-blown research
o You are just proposing a study
o Use the proper format
o You can improve it or change it while you can

Let’s Do It!
Write a research matrix of your research study. It should be encoded in a Microsoft
word with the following details: A4, Arial, 12, Single Space, landscape. Submit it in
our official group:(https://www.facebook.com/groups/340655984010835/) After
uploading the file to the group, leave comment to the work of another groups. Do it
as one!

Format:

Group Name: ________________

Group Members: ______________

Title:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Objectives Key Variables Data Gathering Analytical Tool

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 Tool

Rubrics

Content 25%

Time 25%

Interrelation 40%

Grammar 10%

TOTAL 100%

FEEDBACK

Answer Key to Check your Progress

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Unit 2 Pre- Assessment

1. Research
2. Communication
3. Communication
4. Research
5. Communication
6. Research
7. Research
8. Research
9. Communication
10. Research

Lesson 2:

1. Assess
2. Compare
3. Identify
4. Design
5. Found out/ Document

Lesson 3: (possible paragraphs)

De Vera and Macawili (2018) in their study “Divided along party lines: Polarized
reactions online to a student publication’s article on press freedom after Rappler-
SEC issue” showed that the views and opinions of the respondents about
publications covering community issues are differ based on their political
background.

According to Professor Danilo Arao, former Dean of College of Mass

Communications in University of the Philippines said that the publications should not
be prevented in covering the issues beyond the wall of the school because school
issues and country’s issues are interrelated. Arao (2018) pointed out the historical
struggle of the campus press that started in the World War II down to the Martial Law
era. It is noted that during the World War II student publications also wrote articles
and exposed the ills of the American colonizers. Meanwhile, in Martial Law era under
Former President Ferdinand Marcos, campus press provided so many articles about
the state of the country and the kind of democracy they are experiencing. Campus
publications became the victims in this era as they exposed other issues such as
economic crisis, corruption, and human rights violations. Until now according to
Arao, publications have their freedom but there are some who are closely monitored
by the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

In international cases, there are a lot of studies supporting the campus journalists’
culture of writing articles about societal issues. A study of Kurt Robert Olausen
stated that many students as well as the campus newspaper took stand on the
different issues in the country. According to Olausen (2007), some issues are
specific to a single institution, but many have grown to encompass the whole nation.
Throughout the history in the US, students have taken stands on issues ranging from
the “food in the college dormitory to the war in Vietnam, from censorship of a
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campus speaker or publication to support for a Socialist politician” (Altbach, 1974,
pp. 2- 3).

Lesson 4 & 5:

1. The Authoritarian Theory, The Libertarian Theory, Soviet-Communist Theory,

and Social-Responsibility Theory

2.

Qualitative Quantitative

o open ended questions o can be counted and measured

(what, how, when) o close-ended questions,
o cannot be counted predefined answer options
o uncovers feelings, emotions, o can be representative and
preferences objective
o uncovers in-depth information, o can’t uncover in-depth/ detailed
relatively low-cost response, is relatively costly
o not representative, interpretation
subjective

3. Methodological application (research design)

Data collection
Data analysis
Justification

Test yourself! It’s

Post- Assessment Time
As a group, write a research proposal of your study. The format of the
research proposal will be A4, Arial, 12, double space, 1.5 margin in the left with the
following details:

Title
Name of Group Members
Group Name
Introduction
Objectives
RRL
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Methodology
Literature Cited (References)
The proposal will be uploaded to the official facebook group. A revision will be
sent to you two days after you upload the file. The group will not proceed to the next
module and activities if they have not finished revising the research proposal.

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 Rubrics from Research Services Office

RESEARCH
Criteria/ Category Basic Socio- Applied DEV’T
Economics
Originality of the problem being 25%
investigated
Significance of the findings 20%
Generation of new knowledge and 40% 10%
innovativeness
Methodology (adequacy and 30% 35% 20%
innovativeness)
Potential socio-economic impacts - 25% 30%
Potential environmental impacts 20% 20%
Presentation (written and oral) 25% 25% 25% 25%
Poster Presentation - - - -
TOTAL 100% 100% 100% 100%

REFERENCES

Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. (2005) “Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of

Qualitative Research.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research
3rd edition.

McCombes, S. (2019). How to Identify Research Problem. scribbr. com. Retrieved

from: https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-problem/

Malijan, R. (2013). Related Literature and Studies. slidershare.net. Retrieved from:

https://www.slideshare.net/RoquiMalijan/group-3-28367418

Masinag, E. (2012). Review of Related Literature and Studies. prezi.com. Retrieved

from: https://prezi.com/7zqwphhsx_pn/review-of-related-literature-and-studies/

Formulating your Research Problem: Simple Methods that Will Help. (n.d.)
prothesiswriter.com. Retrieved from: https://prothesiswriter.com/blog/how-to-
formulate-research-problem

Formulating Research Aims and Objectives. (n.d.). Business Research Methodology.

Retrieved from: https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-
aims-and-objectives/

Lempriere, M. (2019) Articulating your aims and objectives. proofreaders.com.

Retrieved from: https://www.thephdproofreaders.com/structuring-a-thesis/writing-
your-research-aims-and-objectives/

Lyons, K. (2017). How to Define Good Research Objectives. Retrieved from:

https://www.lipmanhearne.com/how-to-define-good-research-objectives/

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BIPSU Department of Communication
Communication Research Module
 Pardede, P. (2018). Identifying and Formulating the Research Problem. Research
Gate. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329179630_Identifying_and_Formulating_t
he_Research_Problem

Reyes, V. (2017). Demystifying the Journal Article. Retrieved from:

https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2017/05/09/how-write-effective-journal-
article-and-get-it-published-essay

Scrbbr (2017). How to Write a Research Methodology. Youtube video. Retrieved

from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yplWZs3dqNQ

Scrbbr (2017). How to Write a Successful Research Proposal. Youtube video.

Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=166FXhGd9T4

Steps in Formulating a Research Problem. (2019, September). Youtube video.

Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nUw0f9IS3c

UCLA (n.d.) Writing Research Paper Introductions. Undergraduate Writing Center.

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Paper-Introductions.pdf

About the Author

Mr. John Cavin M. Sabonsolin is a full-time College
Instructor at Biliran Province State University. He is currently the
Research Coordinator of the School of Arts and Sciences and
the Department of Communication. He is currently taking his
doctorate degree in Doctor of Arts in Literature and
Communication at Cebu Normal University. He finished his
undergraduate degree in Bachelor of Arts in Mass
Communication- Cum Laude and master’s degree in Master of
Arts in Media Studies at the same university, the University of John Cavin M.
San Jose- Recoletos, Cebu City. Sabonsolin
His passion to serve pushed him to teach Bachelor of Arts in Communication major courses
since June 2015. He was awarded as Special Research Paper Award in the 2018 International
Higher Education Research Forum at Manila Hotel. He also won various institutional awards in
80 | P a g e
research such as Champion in Research
BIPSU Department of Communication Proposal Faculty Category last 2019 Researchlympics.
He is Communication
also a part-time media practitioner
Research Module as journalist and associated as contributor for
sunstar.com.ph, online news portal of SunStar Cebu and squeeze.com. He formerly works as news
stinger in the province of Biliran for CNN Philippines and contributor of VeraFiles.org during the