Lecture Notes

Double Integral

Manoj Pandey
Department of Mathematics
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya,(M.P)

April-2025
DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

2
Contents

1 Double Integral 5
1.1 Fubini’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Examples: Iterated Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Sketching the Region of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Double Integral and Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Double Integral and Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

4
Chapter 1

Double Integral

In the past few lectures, we learnt how a definite integral of single variable functions is defined
as limit of the Riemann sum and extended it to define double integral of the function of two
variables. Furthermore, we observed that the very definition of double integral as a limit of
double Riemann sum itself implied that a double integral be thought of as volume under the
surface and area of plane regions as well. We studied, Cavalieri’s principle to note a relation
volumes and cross sectional areas of solids. We also exploited this observationRto deduce
that the volume V of a solid is integral of its cross sectional area A(x), i.e., V = ab A(x) dx.

In this lecture, we shall learn evaluation of double integral over plane regions by means of
iterated integrals, volume under a surfaces and area of a plane figure.

Having studied this chapter carefully, you will be able to:

« Calculate volume under a given surface.

¨ Calculate area of a given plane region.

1.1 Fubini’s Theorem

We know that for continuous and bounded functions, double integral is sure to exists and
it can be calculated by means of iterated integrals. We can observe easily that when the
domain is rectangular, limits of both the variables x and y in repeated integrals are constant
but for non rectangular regions, limits of one of the variable turns out to be non-constant.

Fubini’s theorem suggests that, in case of a rectangular domain (region), the order of integra-
tion in iterated integral does not matter at all. However, for non-rectangular domains, it may
not be true. In fact, for the non-rectangular regions, one has to first carry out integration
with respect to a variable, whose limits are non-constant. Afterwards, integration is done
with respect to that variable whose limits are constant. To change the order of integration,
one has to redefine the regions that results in change of the limits of the variable. We usually
call this process as change of order of integration.

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

First, we start with the statement of Fubini’s theorems and later on explain all the concepts
through some examples1 .

Theorem 1.1.1. (Fubini’s Theorem: First Form) If a function z = f (x, y) is

continuous over a rectangle D = [a, b] × [c, d], then
! !
Z Z Z b Z d Z d Z b
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dy dx = f (x, y)dx dy.
D a c c a

Rectangles are the simplest regions for integration and the Fubuni’s theorem in this case
allows us to evaluate a double integral by means of iterated integrals in any order. However,
there are some other shapes of regions as well and one has to deal with them diligently. Let
us, now, consider two types of non rectangular domains bounded by two continuous curves
as shown in the following two pictures figure 1.

Type-I: In this type, the region is bounded above by the curve y = g(x) and below by
y = f (x) and on the left and right hand sides by the straight lines x = a and x = b which
are parallel to the y-axis.

Type-II: In this case, the region is bounded above by the straight line y = d and below by
the line y = c and on the left and right by the curves x = f (y) and x = g(y).

It should be noted that in both the cases, the region has been described with the help of
two straight lines (parallel to coordinate axes) and the two boundary curves. This is quite
similar to the description of rectangular regions.

Figure 1.1: Type-I Figure 1.2: Type-II

We now state stronger form of the Fubini’s theorem.

1
Examples have been from many textbooks, mostly from Thomas’ Calculus, chapter 15.

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

Theorem 1.1.2. (Fubini’s Theorem: Stronger Form) Let f (x, y) be a continuous

function on a domain D.

1. If the domain D is a type-I region defined by a ≤ x ≤ b and f (x) ≤ y ≤ g(x) with

f (x) and g(x) continuous on [a, b], then
!
Z Z Z b Z g(x)
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dy dx.
D a f (x)

2. If the domain D is a type-II region defined by c ≤ x ≤ d and f (y) ≤ x ≤ g(y) with

f (x) and g(x) continuous on [a, b], then
!
Z Z Z b Z g(y)
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dx dy.
D a f (y)

Geometrically, the double integral f (x, y)dxdy gives volume under the surface z =
RR
D
f (x, y), i.e., Z Z
Volume Under The Surface = f (x, y)dxdy
D

as shown in the following figure. In particular, if we take f (x, y) = 1 over its domain D,

Figure 1.3: Volume under a surface=

RR
D f (x, y)dxdy

then the double integral is just the area of domain D, i.e.,

Z Z
Area of the Domain D = dxdy.
D

1.2 Examples: Iterated Integral

In iterated or repeated integrals, we integrate the function with respect to one variable at a
time keeping the other variable fixed. The Fubini’s theorem suggest that in case of constant
integration limits, we are free to choose any order of integration. However, in case of variable
integration limits, we first integrate with respect to that one whose limits are non constant.

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

The following examples will illustrate the working method.

Example 1. Evaluate
R3R2
0 1 xy(1 + x + y)dydx.
Solution: In this case, limits of the integration are constant, therefore, we can proceed in
any order. We first choose y then x for integration.
Z 3 Z 2 Z 3 Z 2 
xy(1 + x + y)dydx = xy(1 + x + y)dy dx
0 1 0 1
!2
y2 y2 Z
y3 3
= x. + x2 . + x. dx
0 2 2 3 1
Z 3
23 3

= x + x2 dx
0 6 2
23 2 1 3 123
=[ x ]+ x ]= .
12 2 4
You may try reversing the order of integration by choosing x first, then y. Examine, whether
we get same result in both way!
Example 2. Evaluate
R2R1
0 0 (x2 + 6y 2 )dxdy.
Solution:
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 
(x2 + 6y 2 )dxdy = (x2 + 6y 2 )dx dy
0 0 0 0
!1
2 3
x Z
= + 6y 2 x dy
0 3 0
Z 2
1

2
= + 6y dy
0 3
2
1

= y + 2y 3
3 0
2
= + 16
3
50
= .
3
Example 3. Evaluate 0 0 (x + 6y )dxdy.
R2R1 2 2

Solution:
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 
2 2 2 2
(x + 6y )dxdy = (x + 6y )dx dy
0 0 0 0
!1
2 3
Z
x
= + 6y 2 x dy
0 3 0
Z 2
1

= + 6y 2 dy
0 3
2
1

3
= y + 2y
3 0
2 50
= + 16 = .
3 3
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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

R 1 R √1+x2
Example 4. Evaluate 0 0
dxdy
1+x2 +y 2
.
Solution: Note that one set of limits in this repeated integral is non-constant. These limits
corresponds to variable y (why? Just look back at figures 1.1 and 1.2 to find the answer).
The integration will be done with respect to y first. Therefore, we start as below:
√ Z 1 "Z √1+x2 #
Z 1 Z 1+x2 dxdy dy
= dx
0 0 1 + x2 + y 2 0 0 (1 + x2 ) + y 2
Now, we use the formula 1 1
tan−1 xa , we get
R
a2 +x2
dx = a
√ " #√1+x2
dxdy Z 1 Z 1
Z
11+x2 y
2 2
= √ tan−1 √ dx
0 0 1+x +y 0 1+x 2 1 + x2 y=0
Z 1
1 h
−1 −1
i
= √ tan 1 − tan 0 dx
0 1 + x2
πZ1 1
= √ dx
4 0 1 + x2
πh √ i1
= log (x + 1 + x2 )
4 0
π √
= log (1 + 2).
4
R a R a2 −y2 √
p
Example 5. Evaluate the repeated integral 0 0 a2 − x2 − y 2 dxdy.
Solution: We shall use the following integral formula
Z √ x√ 2 (a2 − x2 ) −1 x
 
a2 − x2 dx = a − x2 + sin .
2 2 a
A serious look at limits of the integral will reveal that x has variable limits. So, the integration
will be done with respect to x first. So, we write
p  p 
Z a Z a2 −y 2 q Z a Z a2 −y2 q
a2 − x2 − y 2 dxdy =  (a2 − y 2 ) − x2 dx dy.
0 0 0 0

Now, using the above integral formula, we obtain

p  p 
Z a Z a2 −y 2 q Z a Z a2 −y2 q
a2 − x2 − y 2 dxdy =  (a2 − y 2 ) − x2 dx dy
0 0 0 0
p
   a2 −y2
2 2
Z a xq (a − y ) −1  x
=  (a2 − y 2 ) − x2 + sin q  dy
0 2 2 (a − y )
2 2
0
2 2
Z
π a −y
a
= · dx
0 2 2 #
" a
π y3
= · a2 y −
2 3 0
πa3
= .
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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

1.3 Sketching the Region of Integration

The domains are described by a set of equations as we have seen in case of type-I and type-II
regions (figures 1.1 and 1.2). In order to evaluate double integrals over the domain, we need
limits for the iterated integrals and limits can be found easily when we have a clear picture
of the region in our mind. Sketching a region can be extremely helpful especially when it is
non-rectangular. No special instructions are there for sketching the region. We use all the
geometry that we know.

To draw the region of type-I given by a ≤ x ≤ b and f (x) ≤ y ≤ g(x), we simply draw the
two straight lines x = a, x = b (these are lines parallel to the y-axis) and the two curves
y = f (x) and y = g(x). The region bounded by these lines and curves is the required region.

Similar is the case for the regions of type described by a ≤ y ≤ b and f (y) ≤ x ≤ g(y). This
time, we draw the straight lines y = a, y = b parallel to the x-axis and the curves x = f (y)
and x = g(y).

A few examples will illustrate the process.

Example 6. Suppose, we are to find D f (x, y)dxdy and D is the region of integration
RR

given by followings inequalities. Draw a rough sketch of D in each case.

(i) 0 ≤ y ≤ 8, 14 y ≤ x ≤ y 1/3 ; (ii) −1 ≤ x ≤ 2, x − 1 ≤ y ≤ x2 ;

(iii) −2 ≤ y ≤ 2, y 2 ≤ x ≤ 4; (iv) 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2x.

Solution: (i) The region is bounded by the straight lines y = 0, y = 8, x = 14 y and the
curve x = y 1/3 . The sketch of the region is given in figure (1.4).

(ii) The region is bounded by the lines x = −1, x = 2, y = x − 1 and parabola y = x2 . The
sketch is given by figure (1.5).

Figure 1.4: Region D of (i) Figure 1.5: Region D of (ii)

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

(iii) The region is bounded by the straight lines y = −2, y = 2, parabola x = y 2 and x = 4.
The sketch is given in figure (1.6).

(iv) The region is bounded by the lines x = 0, x = 3, y = 0 and y = 2x. The sketch is given
in figure (1.7).

Figure 1.6: Region D of (iii) Figure 1.7: Region D of (iv)

1.4 Double Integral and Area

In this section, we illustrate how to calculate double integral of a function f (x, y) over domain
D. Whenever f (x, y) = 1, the double integral is the area of D.

Example 7. Evaluate xy dxdy, where D is the positive quadrant for which x + y ≤ 1.

RR
D

Solution: First we sketch the region. The

region of integration is the portion of first
quadrant for which x+y ≤ 1 as shown in the
following figure. The region is bounded by
the lines x = 0, x = 1, y = 0 and y = 1 − x.
So, the double integral is
Z Z Z 1 Z 1−x 
xy dxdy = xy dy dx
D 0 0
" #1−x
Z 1 y2
= x dx
0 2 0
Z 1
x
= (1 − x)2 dx
0 2
" #1
1 x2 2x3 x4
= − +
2 2 3 4 0
1 1 2 1 1
 
= − + = .
2 2 3 4 24
Figure 1.8
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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

Example 8. Find area of a triangle whose base is b and height is h.

Solution: A sketch of triangle ABC with
base b and height h is given in the follow-
ing figure. This triangular region is bounded
by the linesx = 0, x = b, y = 0 and
y = h 1 − xb . Therfore, area of the triangle
ABC is given by
Z Z
Area = dxdy
D


h 1− xb
"Z #
Z b
= dy dx
0 0
b


h 1− x
Z
= [y]0 b dx
0
Z b 
x

= h 1− dx
0 b
!b
x2
=h x−
2b
!0
b2
=h b− Figure 1.9: The Triangle
2b
1
= bh.
2
Thus, area of the triangle with base b and height h is 12 bh.
Example 9. Evaluate p xy dxdy where D is the positive quadrant inside the circle
RR
D a2 −y 2
x 2 + y 2 = a2 .
Solution: The required region is shown in the figure. The
region
√ is bounded by the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0 and
y = a − y 2 . Therefore, the required integral is
2

Z a "Z √a2 −x2 #

Z Z
xy y
√ 2 dxdy = x √ 2 dy dx.
D a − y2 0 0 a − y2
In
√ 2order2 to evaluate the inner integral, let us put
a − y = t, so that p y
2 2
dy = −dt. Also, the limits
a −y
of inner integral becomes from t = a to t = x. Thus, we
have
Z a Z x 
Z Z
xy
√ 2 dxdy = − x dt dx.
D a − y2 0 a
Z a
=− x(x − a)dx
"0 #a
x3 ax2
=− − Figure 1.10
3 2 0
a3
= .
6
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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

Example 10. Find area of a circle x2 + y 2 = a2 .

Solution: From the adjoining figure, it is obvious
that
Area of the Circle = 4 · Area of Region D,
where D is the shaded portion of the circular area
that lies in the first quadrant. Now,
Z Z
Area of D = dxdy
D
" √ #
Z a Z a2 −x2
= dy dx
0 0
Z a √
2 2
= [y]0 a −x dx
0
Z a h√ i
= a2 − x2 dx
"0 #a Figure 1.11: The Circle
x√ a 2
x
= a2 − x 2 + sin−1
2 2 a 0
πa2
= .
4
Thus area of the circle is = 4 · Area of Region D = πa2 .
Example 11. Find area of the ellipse x2
a2
+ y2
b2
= 1.
Solution: We shall employ similar trick to find this
area. First, we draw the sketch of the ellipse as shown
in the adjoining figure. The area A of the ellipse is 4
times the area of the region D. Now, we find area of
the region D as below
Z Z
Area of the region D = dxdy
D
 q 
x2
a
 b 1− a2
Z Z
=  dy 
 dx
0 0
q
2
Z a b 1− x2
a
= [y]0 dx
0
b a h√ 2 Z i
=
a 0
a − x2 dx Figure 1.12: The Ellipse
b πa2 πab
= · = .
a 4 4
Now, Area of the ellipse = 4 · Area of the region D = πab.
Example 12. Evaluate y dydx, where D is the region bounded by y 2 = 4x and x2 = 4y.
RR
D

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

Solution: The region is bounded by two parabo-

las as shown in figure (1,13). We first find points
of intersection of these two curves. We solve the
two equations y 2 = 4x and x2 = 4y together. We
2
get x4 = 4x, which gives x(x3 − 64) = 0. Fi-
2


nally, we obtain x = 0, 4. For, these values of x,

values of y are 0 and 4. Thus, the points of in-
tersection are (0, 0) and (4, 4). Now, we see that,
the region D is bounded by the lines x = 0, x = 4
and the two parabolas x2 = 4y and y 2 = 4x. So,
the required double integral is
"Z √ #
Z Z Z 4 2 x
y dydx = 2
y dy dx
D 0 y= x4
# √ Figure 1.13
2 2 x
"
Z 4 y
= dx
0 2 y= x4
2

" #
1Z 4 x4
= 4x − dx
2 0 16
" #4
1 x5
= 2x2 −
2 80 0
48
= .
5
Example 13. Find the area bounded by the parabolas x2 = 4y and y 2 = 4y.
Solution: The sketch of the region is already given by figure (1.13). The area A of the
region bounded by these two parabolas is given by
Z Z
A= dydx
D
Z 4 "Z √ #
2 x
= 2
dy dx
0 y= x4
Z 4 √
2 x
= [y] 2 dx
0 y= x4
√
" #
Z 4 x2
= 2 x− dx
0 4
" #4
4 3 x3
= x2 −
3 12 0
32 16
 
= −
3 3
16
= .
3
Example 14. Evaluate where D is region bounded by the parabola y = x2
RR
D (4x+2)dydx,
and the line y = 2x.

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

Solution: The region of integration is bounded by the parabola y = x2 and the line y = 2x.
To find the limits of x and y, we need to calculate points of intersection of the two curves. Ob-
viously, for the points of intersection, we have 2x = x2 . This gives x = 0 or x = 2. Then, y =
0 and y = 4. Thus, points of intersection are (0, 0) and (2, 4). A sketch of the region is shown
below.
The desired double integral is
Z Z Z 2 Z 2x 
(4x + 2)dydx = (4x + 2)dy dx
D x=0 y=x2
Z 2
= [(4x + 2)y]2x
y=x2 dx
x=0
Z 2 h i
= (4x + 2)(2x − x2 ) dx
x=0
Z 2
= (6x2 − 4x3 + 4x)dx
x=0
= [2x − x4 + 2x2 ]20 = 8.
3

Also, area of the domain D is given by

Z Z
A= dydx
D
2 2x
Figure 1.14
Z Z 
= dy dx
x=0 y=x2
Z 2 Z 2 h i
= [y]2x
y=x2 dx = 2x − x2 dx
x=0 x=0
!2
x3 8 4
 
2
= x − = 4− = .
3 0
3 3

Example 15. Evaluate D x2 dydx, where D is the region in the first quadrant bounded
RR

by the hyperbola xy = 16 and the lines x = y, y = 0 and x = 8.

Solution: The region D of integration is sketched below as a region ABCEA.

For the points of intersection of the parabola
xy = 4 and the line y = x, we have x2 = 4,
which gives x = ±2. Consequently, we have
the points (2, 2) and (−2, −2). Out of these
two, the one point (2, 2) is shown as the
point B which lies in first quadrant. Now,
we need to calculate the limits for the in-
tegration. But, we observe that the upper
boundary of the region D is comprised of the
two curves. Therefore, it is difficult to find
the limits. Hence, we divide the whole region
in two parts R1 and R2 with the help of line
x = 2 so that each part has only one upper
boundary. Thus, the region D becomes the

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

union of R1 and R2 , i.e., D = R1 ∪ R2 . Now, we can write

Z Z Z Z Z Z
x2 dxdy = x2 dxdy + x2 dxdy.
D R1 R2

Now, we evaluate the integral as below

Z Z Z Z Z Z
2 2
x dxdy = x dxdy + x2 dxdy
D R1 R2
4
"Z #
Z 2 Z x  Z 4 x
2 2
= x dy dx + x dy dx
0 0 2 0
Z 2 h ix Z 4 h i4
= x2 y dx + x2 y x
dx
0 0 2 0
Z 2 Z 4
3
= x dx + 4xdx
0 2
" #2 " #4
x4 x2
= +4
4 0
2 2
= 28.

1.5 Double Integral and Volume

Although, there is nothing new for this section. We have already learnt that the double
integral gives the volume under the surface. Here, we illustrate the concept with the help of
suitably chosen examples. We find volume of some special solids such as sphere and ellipsoid.
We start with the rectangular domains.
Example 16. Find volume of the region bounded above by the surface z = 4 − y 2 and below
by the rectangle D = [0, 1] × [0, 2].
Solution: Graph of the surface over the domain D is shown in the adjoining figure.
The required volume is calculated through
Z Z
V = f (x, y)dxdy.
D
Since, the domain is given to be a rectangle
D = [0, 1] × [0, 2], therefore, we have
Z Z
V = f (x, y)dydx
D
Z 1 Z 2
= (4 − y 2 )dydx
x=0 y=0
" #2
Z 1 y3
= 4y − dx
x=0 3 0
Z 1
8

= 8− dx
0 3
16 Z 1
= dx
3 0
16
= .
3
Figure 1.15
16
DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

Example 17. Find the volume under the surface f (x, y) = 1

xy
over the square 1 ≤ x ≤ 2,
1 ≤ y ≤ 2. Sketch the region.

Solution: The required volume under the sur-

face is shown in theR adjoining figure. It is calcu-
lated through V = D xy dxdy. Now, we have
R 1

Z Z
1
V = dxdy
D xy
Z 2Z 2
1
= dxdy
1 1 xy
!
Z 2 Z 2
1
= dx dy
1 1 xy
Z 2
1
= (loge x)21 dy
1 y

= loge 2 (loge y)21

= (loge 2)2 . Figure 1.16

Example 18. Find the volume below the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and above the square
D = [−1, 1] × [−1, 1].

Solution: The solid between the paraboloid and

the square is depicted in the figure. The desired
volume is given by
Z Z
V = (x2 + y 2 )dydx.
D

Now, as the domain is square, we have

Z Z
V = (x2 + y 2 )dydx
D
Z 1 Z 1 
2 2
= (x + y )dy dx
−1 −1
" #1
Z 1 y3
2
= x y+ ) dx
−1 3 −1
Z 1 
2

= 2x2 ) dx
−1 3
Figure 1.17
" #1
3
2y 2
= +
3 3 −1
8
=
3

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

Example 19. Find volume of the prism whose base is the triangle in the xy-plane bounded
by the x-axis and the lines y = x and x = 1 and whose top lies in the plane z = 3 − x − y.

Solution: The prism has triangular base.

The volume of the prism under the given
plane and the domain are depicted in the
following
RR
figures. The required volume is
V = D f (x, y)dxdy.

Z Z
V = f (x, y)dxdy.
D
Z 1 Z x 
= (3 − x − y)dy dx
0 y=0
" #x
Z 1 y2
= 3y − xy − dx
0 2 0
!
Z 1 3x2
= 3x − dx
0 2
" #1
3x2 x3
= −
2 2 0
Figure 1.18: Volume of the Prism
= 1.

In the above calculation, we integrated the function first with respect to y then w.r.t. x.
However, if we wish, we may evaluate the double integral by changing the order of integration.
For this, we will have to change the description of the region of integration as shown in the
following figure. Now, we evaluate the double integral as below

Figure 1.19: Domain of Integration

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202
Z Z Z 1 Z 1 
f (x, y)dxdy = (3 − x − y)dx dy
D y=0 x=y
" #1
Z 1 x2
= 3x − − xy dy
y=0 2 x=y
Z 1
5 3 2

= − 4y + y dy
0 2 2
3 1
" #
5 2 y
= y − 2y +
2 3 0
= 1.

Example 20. Calculate D sinx x dxdy by changing the order of integration. The domain D
RR

is a triangle in plane bounded by the x-axis, the lines y = x and x = 1.

Solution: The region of integration is same as shown in figure (1.19) above. So, one choice
is to take
sin x Z 1
sin x x
Z Z Z 
dydx = dy dx
D x x=0 y=0 x
Z 1 
sin x x

= y· dx
x=0 x y=0
Z 1 
sin x

= x· dx
x=0 x
Z 1
= sin xdx
x=0
= [cos x]10
= − cos 1 + 1
= 0.46.
If, we try other way, we face a problem. Let us try integrating the function fist with respect
to x then w.r.t y. The limits, in this case will be as below:
sin y Z 1 1 sin x
Z Z Z 
dxdy = dx dy.
D y y=0 x=y x
Now, we are at a dead end. The integration can not be done further now. Thus, changing
the order of integration is not possible in this case.
Example 21. Find volume of sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
√
Solution: The√ 2 sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 is union of two hemispheres z = a2 − x2 − y 2
and z = − a − x2 − y 2 . Because of symmetry of sphere about xy-plane, its volume is
two times of the volume of one hemisphere (say upper hemisphere). Therefore, we evaluate
volume of the upper hemisphere. The domain D for this upper hemisphere is the circular
disk x2 + y 2 = a2 . The volume of the upper hemisphere is
Z Z q
VHemisphere = a2 − x2 − y 2 dydx.
D

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

Figure 1.20: The Sphere

The limits for integration over the circular domain D are

x = −a to x = a

and √ √
y= a2 − x2 to y = − a2 − x2 .

Therefore, the required volume of the hemisphere is

Z Z q
VHemisphere = a2 − x2 − y 2 dydx
D
"Z √ #
Z a a2 −x2 q
= √ a2 − x2 − y 2 dy dx
−a − a2 −x2
" √ #
Z a Z a2 −x2 q
=2 a2 − x2 − y2 dy dx
−a 0
" q #√a2 −x2
2 Z a y
= y a2 − x2 − y 2 + (a2 − x2 ) sin−1 √ 2 dx
2 −a a − x2 0
Z a h i
= (a2 − x2 ) sin−1 1 dx
−a
πZah 2 i
= a − x2 dx
2 −a
2π Z a h 2 i
= a − x2 dx
2" 0 #a
2 x3
=π a x−
3 0
" #
a3 3
=π a −
3
2
= πa3 .
3
Therefore volume of the sphere is V = 2 · 23 πa3 = 43 πa3 .

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DOUBLE INTEGRALS EX-202

Example 22. Find volume of the ellipsoid x2

a2
+ y2
b2
+ z2
c2
= 1.

Solution: You are invited to solve this problem yourself. The solution would be same as
was in case of a sphere. A little detail about ellipsoid is presented for your convenience.

The quadric surface given by an equation of the form:

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 =1
a2 b c
is known as ellipsoid. In general, an ellipsoid is egg-shaped (think of an ellipse rotated
around its major axis) surface. It is bounded and symmetric about all coordinate planes. A
graph of ellipsoid is given below
z
c

y
0 b
a

Figure 1.21: Ellipsoid

In case a = b = c, the ellipsoid reduces to just a sphere. Therefore, an ellipsoid is a deformed

sphere. The deformity being stretching or squeezing. Its volume is
4
V = πabc.
3
For more information about ellipsoid visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoid

Improve Yourself
* Thomas’s Calculus, Chapter 15, Exercise Set (15.1), (15.2) and (15.3).

References:

1. Basic Multivariable Calculus, 6e, J. E. Marsden, A. J. Tromba and A. Weinstein;

Springer India Private Limited, 2013.(JM)

2. Thomas’s Calculus, 14e, J. Hass, C. Heil and M.D. Weir; Pearson India Education
Services Pvt. Ltd. (TC)

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