?. 1. What is the basic concept of vibration?

\ns. All bodies having mass and elasticity are capable of

vibration. When external force is applied on the body, the
internal forces are
set up in the body which tend to bring the body in the
original position. The internal forces which are set up are the
elastic forces which tend to bring the body in the equilibrium
position. Consider an example of swinging of pendulum.
At extreme position whole of the kinetic energy of the ball is
converted into elastic energy which tends to bring the ball in
the equilibrium/mean position. At mean position whole of
the, elastic '

energy is converted into kinetic energy and body continues

to move in opposite direction because of it. Now the whole of
kinetic energy is converted into elastic energy and this
elastic energy again brings the ball to the equilibrium
position. In this way, vibratory motion is repeated indefinitely
and exchange of energy takes place. This motion which
repeats itself'after certain interval of time is called vibration.

Q. 2" Wlrat are the main causes of vibration?

Ans. The main causes of vibration are:
1. Llnbalanced centrifugal force in the. system due to faulty
design and poor manufacturing.
2. Elastic nature of system.
3. External excitation applied on the sysbm
4. Winds may cause vibration of cerim sv stem such as
electricity lines, telephone lines etc.

Q. 3. What are the disadvantages of effects of

vibration?
Ans. Disadvantages [Armful effects vibration:
1. Vibration causes efcessive and unpleasant stresses in the
rotating system.
2. Vibration causes rapid wear and tear of machine parts
such as gears and bearings.
3. Vibration causes loosening of parts from the machine.
4. Due to vibrations locomotive can leave the track causing
accident or heavY loss.
5. Earthquakes are the cause of vibration because of which
buildings and other
structures (like bridges) may collapse.
6. Proper readings of instruments cannot be taken because
of heavy vibrations.
7. Resonance may take place if the frequency of excitation
matches with the natural
frequerrcy of system causing large amplitudes of vibration
thereby resulting in
failure of systems e.g. - Bridges

Q. 4. (a) How can you eliminate/reduce unnecessary

vibrations?
Ans. Unwanted vibrations can be reduced by:
1. Removing external excitation if possible,
'2. Using shock absorbers.
3. Dynamic absorbers.
4. Proper balancing of rotating parts.
5. Removing manufacturing defects and material
inhomogeneities.
6_
l??_tllg
t* 'v:-l:* on Pl,gPer vibr*ton i3grators'
Q. 4. (b) What are the advantages of vibration?
Ans. Advantages of vibration
1. Musical Instruments like guitar.
2. In study of earthquake for^geological reasons.
3. Vibration is useful for vibration testing equipments.
4.. Propagation of sound is due to vibrations.
5. Vibratory conveyors are based on concept of vibration.
6. Pendulum clocks are based on the principle of vibration.

Q. 5. What is the importance of vibration study?

Ans. Importance of vibration study. The irnp of vibratiorr
study is to reduce or eliminate vibration effects over
mechanical components by designing them suitably. Proper
design and manufacture of parts will reduce.unbalance in
engihes which causes excessive and unpleasent stress irt
7

r ()t,rting system because of vibration, roper design of

rn;lchine parts will reduce and tear due to vibration and
ioc,;ening parts. The proper designing and material
rlis!:ribution prevent the locomotive m leaving the track due
Io rlxcessive vibration which may result in accident or heavy
lrrc-:;. Proper designing of structure buildings can prevent the
r:ondition of resonance which causes dangerously large
t:;rillations which may result in failure of that part.

c). 6. Define the following:

(i) Periodic Motion (ii) Time period (iii) Frequency (iv)
Amplitude (v) Natural frequency
{vi) Fundamental mode of vibration (vii) Degree of
freedom (viii) Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.) (ix)
llesonance
(x) Damping (xi) Phase Difference (xi,) Spring
stiffness
Ans. Definitions
t.i) Periodic motion: A motion which repeats itself after
r..ertain interval of time is
r,alled periodic motion.
t,ii) Time Period : It is time taken to complete One cycle.
(iii) Frequency: No's of cycles in one sec, Units = H
(iv) Amplitude: Maximum displacement of a vibrating body
from mean position is
r-alled Amplitude.
(v) Natural frequency: When there is no external force
applied on the system and it is given a slight displacement
the body vibrates. These vibrations are called free vibrations
;rnd frequency of free vibration is called Natural frequency.

Unib classffied as

@=2nf )

(vi) Fundamental mode of vibration: Fundamental mode of

viL:r!sternis a mode
(vii) Degree of freedom:

3. Three de$ee
of freedom

Fig. lI
 . The minimum no's of co-ordinates required to specify
motion of a system at any instant is called degree of
freedom.
(viii) Simple Harmonic Motion (S,H.M..) : The motion of a
body "to" and "fro" about a fixed point is called S.H.M.
S.FLM.. is a periodc motion and it is function of "Sine" or
"Cosine". Acceleration of S.H.M. is proportional to
displacement from the mean position and is directed towards
the centre
' x =Asinatl
Differentiate w.r.t.' l'

r =
Aar cos atl
differentiate w,r.t.'l'
i =-A r;.Zsinot [e"". = i I
1r",. =* l

In S.H.M. acceleration is directly proportional to the

displacement from the mean position and is directed towards
the centre.
(zx) Resonance : When the frequency of external force is
equal to the natural frequency of a vibrating body, the
amplitude of vibration becomes excessively large. This is
known as "Resonance" . At resonance there are chances of
machine part or structure to fail due to excessively large
amplitude. It is thus important to find natural freuqencies of'
the system in order to avoid resonance.
(x) Damping: It is resistance provided to the vibrating body
and vibrations related to it are called damped vibration.
. (xi) Phase difference : Suppose there are two vectors
r, = A, sin arl
x2 = A, sin kot + q7
f, = phase difference.

(xii) Spring stiffness : It is defined as unit deflection. Units :

N/m. '

Q. 7. What are the various parts of a vibrating system?

Ans. Various parts of the mechanical system (vibratory
system) are : -
(A) Spring
(B) Damper
(C) Mass
 Dsmper
Spring
-----+ I" 1",
where K 3 stitrtess/Bpring conllrni; C . d-rtirg coctticient
t..
x lmx
t
Fig. 1.3

Damping force c * acting upwards Accelerating force m

acting downwards '

Spring force kx acting upwards

Q. 8. Explain different methods of vibration analysis ?

Ans. Different methods of vibration analysis are:

Energy method : According to this method total energy of
the system remains constant i.e. sum of kineti'c energy and
potential energy always remains constant.

'1
11.9. = , m*2

1
P.E. = kxz
;
K.E.+P.E. = c

l^* *|*,2-,

Rg. r.a

Diffurentiating w,r.t. r
mtt\Kri =0
rai+ Kx = 0
L€t x =Aslnarl
t = - Aar2 sin arr
i ''tozx
Putting in (l) we get
mx(-otzx)+Kr =0'

a- IR-tr
,l-
nd/a

Raylelgh wtbttroO i ff''ir method is based on the principle that

maximum kinetic energy of the term is equal to the
maximum potential energy of the system.
 (KE)-"* = (PE),n",
,

l,1,i')
\2 ,/.", =(io'L
- A sin orl
**i =A
i =Aarccrul
(*).ur =Aat s

' ,*^r',=lno'
IK
rad/s
Yr,

Pandulum
-_--}l

According to this method the sum of forces and moments

acting on the system is zero if no external force is applied on
the system.
Consider fig. I
'mi+ci+Kr=0 (If no external force is applied)
mi+ci+IG=F (lf external force F is applied)

Q. 9. Classify different types of vibrations.

Ans. Types of Vibrations
I. Free and Forced
To and fro motion of the system when disturbed initially
without any'extornal force acting on it are called free
vibrations. e:g. pendulum. To and fro motion of the system
under the influence of external force are called forced
vibrations. e.g. Bell, Earthquake.
II. Linear: and Non-linear vibtations
Linear vibrations : The linear vibrations are those which obey
law of superimposition. If a1 and az are the solutions of a
differential equation, then a1 + a2 should also be the
solution.
ttri + ci + Kx = Fr (r)
m* + ci+ Xr = F, (0
mi+ci+kx=Fr(0+F2(r)

Non-linear vibrations : when amplitude of vibrations tends

t.owarrls large value, then vibrations become non-linear in
nature. They do not obey law of superimposition' III'
Damped and UndamPed vibrations
Dampetl vibrations are those in which amplitude of vibration
rjecreases with time. These vibrations are real and are also
called transient vibrations

Fls. 1.6

Undamped vibrations are those in which amplitude of

vibration remains constant. In ideal system there would be
no damping and so amplitude of vibration is steady'
1V. Deterministic and Random vibrations
(Non-Deterministic).
beterministic vibrations are those whose external excitation
is known or can be determined whereas Random vibrations
are those whose external excitation cannot be determined.
e.g. Earthquake
V. Longitudinal, Transverse and Torsional vibrations

(l) Longltudlnal (ii, Transvors.

Flg. 1.7

Q. 10. What are beats?

Ans. When two harmonic motions pass through some point
in a medium simultaneously, the resultant is the sum of two
motions. This superimposition of harmoBics is called
interference. When two harmonics are iii phase then their
resultant amplitude is maximum and the resultant amplitude
is minimum when-two harmonics are out of phase' This
phenomenon .oniinrously occurs i'e' amplitud.e be.comes
maximum and minimum repeatedly. This is called "beats".
For beats to occur, the difference in frequencies of two
waves should be verY less.
r
r
'----r

"

+i

rloAslnorl, :

ra=Asina)2 I
rr'here ar, = ,7 * N,

f'ff',to. -@-

:
. ..:

MaxlrnUm amplitude = 2A
Minimum amplitude 0.

Q. 11. Derive the relation fur the wod< done by the

hlrmonic force
' !r.J: .: .

Ans. Let harmonlc force F = F0 sin cot is acting on a

vibrating body having mqtion r=x6sln{ot-S)'
Work done by force during cmall dicplacement'dx' bHdx,

:.

I
 -!
T
W = JFo sin arl x6 cos (art- P) cr dt
0

w = xo ro, (cos rul cos 0 + sin rrrr sin O)dr]

[]ri. 'r
w - xo Fo o ctx orl cos 0 * sinz OF'l
[iOt,, ''
'r 'in

w = xoFnor ar + sinf]s:t'"]
[].*ri"t,,-r
w = ro Fo,,
[;*"r,
-lt#[ .',"ri(ry*)"]
w = ro Foor
[].o,0'o*""0']'']
w = xo r, lff * - u,Uo"'n, ['r=*]

harmonic motions analytically

Q. 12. Add the followinggraphically'
ind irt""k the solution
It ={co6(of +10')
tt -6cin(art+50')

Ans. By Analyttcally - frequency is same for both ' r'' and' x' 2
I The
I = i t*i ail + a) "'(1)
Adding'r', and '.x'2
- l + (art + lff)
+ 6 sin (a't.+ 6()0)
, r, xz* Acos
r - 4 [cos arf cos te - sin ot sin 10ol + 6 [sin rol cos 6f sin 6f; cos arf]
+

1 = [4 cos ot .* ff - 4 sin arl sin 10o] + [6 sin tut cos 6f + 6 sin 60" cos arll

r = [4cos art cos lff + 6 sin 6f cos ol) + [6 sin arl cos 6f4 sinsinortl
arl sin 10e]
.
, = {[4 coe 1f + 5 sin 6tr] cos arl] + l[6 cos 5ff - 4 sin 1ff]
; =e':'J:i:ril'il^T':-)il*,,
Comparing e.9. $) & (2)
Q)

A cos o' = [6 cos 60'- 4 sin 1fJ = [3-0'69] = 2'30-5

9.13
A sina = [4 cos1g'"i o sin60"] = (3'939+ 5'1961 =
' Acosg =2'305and Asins=9"13
Squadng & Adding both
A = ,,(z3of *te.rrf = Jt5iil6r5,
A=9.427 = tancr= ffi ='S''S"

GraphicallY:
 Lol Ecale is 1 unil : 1 cm

Ir=6sh(@l+0{)P)
123ar.l(al.too')

Fig. '1.9

OB = xr = 6 cm at an angle of 5ff
OD = 12 - 4 cm at an angle of 100P

Draw BC parallel to OD and DC parallel to OB

Measure OC, OC = 9.6 cm at an angldT60
Hence by graphically we get the same result as by analytical
method.

Q. 13. Split the harmonic motion x = 1O sin (wt +

2rl6) into two harmonic motions one having phase
angle of OO and other having 45o phase angle.
Ans. Let the equations are:
. xr '= a
sin arl
x2 =bsin(art+45)
Since r =xt+xz
10 sin (art + */5\ - a sin art + D sin (arf + 45o)
1l
10 * ail sinn/61'= a sinart+ b [sinartcoo45 + coo<otsin45]
[sinarlcos t "o,

sJ5 sin a,r + Scos ,, =(r*S) ,inarr * * "* rt

a*4
!z =s.tl
;l
-E
J'
-
Solving, a e3.67
b =7.o7
fu, x, * 3.67 sin orl,'r, = 7,07 sin (arl + 45")

Q. 14. Show that the resultant motion of three

harmonic motions given below is zero.

O/l 4i-t!1'
 ri -s3lnorf
12 Etcin lot+bt/31
lr
r3 _asin(of +
,)
Ans. Let resultant motion be r
r -11+12+x3
x = asin arr +' a ,i" (rr * f) + a rin (ror + 1I)
: btt zJt
r = a sin arl + a lsinarl cos-- + cos ortsin
f I
.J

t. +alsinorrcos 4tt 4tt -

T*"*otsin 5l
t

r =asinarl+asinar! ,** ocosarrf+asinart ,t* r"**t,

+
x =a sinarf- a sinart *.i.,6cosarf - J5
a cosarf - 0
" f
Hence proved.

Q. 15. A forcc P, lln ot acts on a dicplacement .16 ein lot - tlll.If p, = lH) N,
ru = 0.02 trr, or = 2* radl* Flnd the work done during
(a) the ftret cycle (&) Ilret second k) ftrst quarter recond.

,l
.wo{k
Anc. done = Jo.*,
bdt
Irr ,
= I[oo r,nr, xos;n1at - n / q]at
o fi

= Po rs ro ).i* ort.o. (ut - n/31dt

- Po ro or J sin arl (coo arr cos * / I + sln @ t sin x / 3l dl

rso *"z,ttfat
= P3
lt*+ry+frr -

= Po ro, r - *,2,0]ar
l[*P.f
= Po ro,,
[-:913I. +,
,-
*i#l 4
Po'o'[- cr:-t
=. 4 L 2", + "5r - {rrr,zrrTt'
2,r-
-----$

*
l#.vi, f o. r,,f
1oo x x-2,r
{2 -

0j1.4/1nt1.. -r
 (r)Work done during.fAu, (f =3.I =f;r:t u"o1a)

(it)Puftingt=1

"l-#!+.8-f",pr,.*]
l,iifuttir,g t=7/4

Q.-16. Hory do you add two harmonic motions having

diffe rent frequencies?
Ans. Let two harmonic motions with slighily different
frequencies be: -
11 =Asinarrl
tz = B sin (a.r, + Aar) t
Let x=xl+x2
r = A sin arrl + B sin (ar, + Aar) I
r = A sinarrl + B [sinar, I cos Lr;t+ cos orlf sin AarlJ
r = (A +.8 cos Aar f) sin arrt + (B sin Aarf) cos o1t
Now r = Xsin(orf +{)
.x = X [sin o,l cos @ * cos arr l sin f]
x = (X cos f) sin a.r,t + (X sin /) bos rrr,t

Bsin Aart
0=tan -r

Q. 17. How can we make a system vibrate in one of its

natural mode?
Ans. when a system is displaced slighily from its equilibrium
position and allowed to vibrate then these are called free
vibrations and the system is said to vibrate m its
natural mode without any external force impressed on it.

Q. 18. How does a continuous system differ fronr a

discrete system in the nature of its equation of
motion?
Ans. continuous systems have infinite degree of freedorn

o/ldl.)ltr^ 1
and so the no. of solutions are.infinite'
Theff'1*1:l
)
"ffi
*Tl:li :: #J'iil.
Lirtrs \!''' il'i''ui".svstems have
rnit*"gi=:i
'lli##;#;Ju;'il;en'-inuoru".b-9!1"95P1":11::'^f
as YYs* o>
s arg finitg'
sotution Thgdiscrgte
iieeOom and so the no' of , -.-- -.,.-L^a -t Aanra
L,r:ffi ;;Jv;''iigi"&s'g:'ll':'"1"-T-'lll3]L,i"desree
;ffiffi;;tfi inlJ" o'i' lllenYmb:I 911111*:::?
j,f:::i'
ffiffi!ii,o'''$;g"si*"orI.?S*IJ..1L'^T.::
oi oii.rete sysrems invorve onry
ffiril1.'#;lj;;"#;;i'ron-
time (t)'
biiitio" (i)- and not i
---*

Olll/a^i^
 :
. j-

by undamped free vibr ations?

Q. 1. What do you nfean
Ans. If the bodv vibrates with interl?!,Pt^::::i9ff31':ff'
il?i; iL ;ffi ffii, ii il;ftg ii"i
u'i n no
-"1 ! l*i T:-'l
o
l'. :*i;'
[::""I#ilil;"'to friction or resi-stance, it is known as
undamPed free vibration'

fo-rthe frequency of spring

Q. 2 Considerthe relation
ir-"i" system in vertical position'
Ans.

,) ra t K(rl+x)
I r-J-
L-J LJ
I.r + t
r rng mx

(0 (ii) (iii)

Flg. 2.1

as shown in Fig' 2'1'

Consider vertical spring mass system
l,ct d - static deflection of sPring
K * spring constant (stiffness)
nr + mas6 of bodY
W - weight of bodY = rtg
From fig.2.1. (ii) ...(A)
nt8 = K6
p"riti'on and then ieleased'
Uy aistant'x; from its equilibrium
so after time'tn seconds,
Restoring force ; W - K (d + r)
! o,i =W-K(d+x)
ni =W -Kd-Kr
nri * mg- Kd - Kr
 From (A), ttrg = Y5
, mi =-Kx
nri+K-t =0 ...(B)
' x =Asinarl+Bcosarl
i = - A otzsin arl - B a2 cos at
i =-azx

I'utting in (B)
m {- a2x\ + K1 =0
K
x*0, '@2
m

IK
'=rh rad/s
1 lK
) .l-
ztr Yril
Hz

Q. 3. What is D'Alembert's PrinciPle?

Ans. DAlembert's principle states that if the resultant force
aiiing on a body aiong with the inertia force is zero, then the
body will be in static equilibrium.
Inertia force acting on the body is given by
F, = rt n. where
,,, = mass of the body and
n "= linear acceleration of the centre of mass

Assuming that the resultant force acting on body is F, then

the b'ody will be in static equilibrium if
F+F- =0

consider fig. 2.2., the spring force of the body Kx is acting

upwards arid acceleration oittre body i is acting in downward
direction. The accelerating force is acting downward so
inertia force is acting upwards, so the body is
M static equilibrium under the action of the two forces Kx
and mi. Mathematically it can be written as

1*
t.-
I-,
Fig. 2.2

lxi + K.x = 0 (D'Alernbert's principle)

of
Q. 4. Derive the relation for natural frequency
torsional vibrations.
7' ':::'

Ans. Consider a rotor having mass moment of lnertia I

connected at end of the shaft having torsional stiffness KT
and is rotated by an angle 0 as shown in fig. 2.3.
According to Newton's law equation of motiofl can be written
AS:

s Io =-Kro
lB+Kr0=0
K-
3i+=t-0
I
=O

Comparingwith . 6 *rn20 =O

we get

From Stiengtli of Material,

TC0
by a
Torsion Equatlon is givqn = -l-'
)t

where J = Polar moment of Inertia = #,n

C = Modulus of rigidity
0 = Angle of twist
I = length of shaft
d = diameter of shaft

'0I-cl I '

T
'0 =CII
'

*, = ? (Torsional stiffness i.e. K1 is defined as

torque per unit tw'ist)

Q. 5. Derive the relation for natural frequency of the

compound pendulum.
Ans. The system which is suspbnded vertically and oscillates
with small amplitude under the action of force of gravity is
known as compound pendulum (Fig. 2.4)
ri* w = weight of rigid bodY
1r ::Point of suspension
1.' =. Radius of gyration about an
axis passing
thrr:ugh centre of gravitY G'
t'l ,.,'iligrtt of poin[ of suspension frQnl G'
i =, tt4ori"nt of Inertia of the body about 0'
I .. .t- mh2 (Parallel axis theorem)

T is grven by :
If OG is dirplaced by an angle 0, rest'oring torque
T =-orsin0ft
T =-mghstn9
T --mgh| $fgissmalltlrensin0-0)
l0 '-'mghA
1$ +mgh? =0
., mch
0+f0 =o

Compariirg with e *rn20 -O

,,-W,d/'
@a. =

0o, =

f.=*m*
of the column of liquid
Q. 6. Find the naturat frequency as shown in
contained in a fi;t; i-ilt"
ryanometer
tigrt" 2.5. Length of tube is O'2 m'
Ans. Let P mass densitY, of .liquid
A cross-sectional area of tube'
length of the .orr*n oi liquid
"a

or monorneter tube. by a
Let at any moment liquid is displaced
ALt.n." x from'its mehn Position'
Applying EnergY method
F"

68. -
lkaDrr.
(Whole mass is considered)
P.E. = (pAr) gr
_pfug*
(rnass above mean position is coruidered)
K,E.+P.8.-constant

Flg, 2.i

pAt*z + pAgxz = g
;
Differentiating w.r.t. dme, we have
PAI*I + ?p$g;,i =0 =r li + Zgy = g

,, =
ff nd,/sec or l,= % =l-
P= 1.58 FIz'

Q. 7. Determine the effect of mass of spring on naturar

frequency of the system as shown in fig. Zie.
.
Ans. Let x be the displacement of mass rn and so velocity
will be x. The verocity of sp.ring erement at distance y from
xy

. the fixed end is given by T" *her" 1 is the totar rength of

spring,
Let p be the mass per unit length of spring element, the

Flg, ?.0
kineticenargy of the rpring elcrnent
dy ts writren * i'ntll'f '

Total ktnetic energy of the system

i K.E' =
:1**.1,$lyo,

Ks' = 1m*'+-
1 .7.rPFITI
*'lvaf

x.r. = |,i2+},r+'ri
' d i
Nat/v- Mals of sprtng (mr) = I

# K'E'= !,niz a!n'-iz

z ,.
6
1^Krr
Potentiat erergy of spting (P'E') -;

Fb. r..

Total errergy of the aystem ' +la.'i2 + ] rct' = constant

f,^;'2
'

Dlfferentiating the above equation

t ':: - '

1
. n*i+imrii+Kr* -0
,a,

,5 ni++i+Kr =0

..

So Qa.*

)l
*

inass
Ans.

(4"
t\_r/
I
t

,.i uoo, o,"n,",

FA-Ll

'Ans' kinctic
'^- =-Yirctirener!\'ofulass'rll'+Rotationnl
Total Energy (I) of the system
Kinetic energy
(
spring'K'
o*rgl * I'otential energy-of
or pttii"y

'i = -]n,ir *);b'+);r-" = '

that
From free Uoay Oiug'u*' it is clear
x = r0

rr * -lo
r'a*
Moment of Inertia of pulley Ot = | '

, * I*' -'
+f,*f,u,?b' +f,vu' "o)

"r -f,^r'dt *lu"b'*\x"o' "

"'00

pquation
Diffurentiating the above

nP 6'6+
=o
f,ur'b'0*Krzoo

@?*f,Mfl0+K/o=o

So

rad/s

a
r-*- r"d/s
r.rn = {;ffi
D.and rnass in floats
O. 9. A cylinder of diameter aeniitv p.as.sho-wn in Fis'
vLrticauy in a liq"ui;';i;;;s
2.8. Find ilre peliil; ;i ;ffrruiion
depressed
ir'id is
and released' '
"tigtttlY of the cylinder,
Ans. Let us assume x be the displacement
,..rrr -,-rr vrulotIUIlJ r rclP t/ 7
Pr*r r re !

Reetoring force = p (Ax) g

Acrording to Newton's law
mt *_pAxt
pi + pAtg *0
so @n-
J44g
,udl,
FlC. 2.t

fn= tlz

Q. lO, Determi.ne the frequency of oscillation of the

system shown in Fig. 2.9. '

Fle. 2.0

Ant.
The equation of mo6on can be written as;
t6 --lcaza-Ka20-mgt0
l0+2Y.B2A+rrrgl0 -0
But l - m12.
a . (zro'1i'd)e -o

So ,?, -{*;;i"d},"ar,

.rn'ffi r^o/,

Q. 11, Determine the natural frequency of spring

cbntrolled-simple pendulum as shown in Fig' 2'10'

1.

Fls, 2.10
7

an angle 0 to the
Ans. Let us say lre system isdispraced by
ffi;i.-iq*tion'of rnoiion can be written as; -
l'6 *-m|,singl-Ka20
1fi + mglA+@e =O [sin 0 =g when 0 is smalll

n.IN_-|),='
But | = ni2

n. (i.#), =o

of the system
o. 12. Determine the natural frequency
;#;;l;iig' z.rr

cylinder and r be the

Ans. Let m be the mass of circular
ruOirt of the cYlinder'
'total K.E. of sYstem = +f,tb'
f,^;''

= L^*? 1!.7".,nffi2 [ '=]'{]

2"' 22

of the sYstem * 1^
P.F,.
i.K";

]**' +'f,n"'b'*l
rtut u.,ergy of the system Ol = r<t'
i

... i =r0
Nowr=r0i

7=L ,,r2b2 +t*,'b' *f,x"0'

Differentiating the above equation

 m* bO +!nvzb| + Kr20b =0

(|^*)0. Krzo = s

fKt :

So
'" =
16l '^a/"
L

l2K

Q. 13. The natural freguelgy o, spring-mass system

". is atlached to its
is 2o Hz and when exti'a 3 kg mass
mass the natura_l frequency leduces by 4' ni, o.t.rmine
the mass and stiffneis of the system.

Ans,
ft=N"r= *E
f-r--
fz=120-qru=;\h;
r
' f, ,tFfr
f, - rc-
20

'frn+3.'
-
(1.2s)" =
klm rn*3
im+3=-;
nr = 5.33 &g
Stiffness of thO spring can be calcutabd as

rt,:l f
ar \ nr'

7 tk
zo =;1irg
& = 81220 N/m

a. 11:_l spring-ma_ss $ystem has a time period of 0.25

sec. What will be the new
time period.if the spring coristant is increased by 3oo/o?
Ans. We know

Timeperiod(I)-f."".

T-Ztt t, t*'
vT ^

So
.T1 =0.25=.2x
 l*
. t/* = o'*

f ,ri
,-
'r='ffi='o 1lrst

2tt lm
rr - .le5r/T
Tr-5.51 x0.04
Tz = 0.22 sec.

Q. 15. A car is having a mass of 1OOO kg and

gets deflected 3 cm under its own road.] rind itsihe
spring
natural frequency of car in vertical directio;:- -
Ans. Stiffness of spring is given by
($D it t**to*
sdffrress 111 - deflection
lTd
(d) in meEe

- 1000x9.81 N/m-3.?7rtdN/m
k= OnS
Natural frequency of spring-mass system in verticar position
is given by

I- =_
lff t_
rn Zz.lm

/'t_IW;G
- E.{ looo
f^ =2.878H2
l,

Q. 15. A torsional pendulum has a rod of 5 mm

diameter. Find out its-rength for naturar frequency
1o Hz. The inertia of the mass fixed at irreliee end of
O.O12O kg rn1., Take G O.84 x l0lt N/mZ.- -
is
=
Ans. The natural freduen.y 6f pendulum is given as

,=lE I
rn Zn\

10=1.8
2n 10.0120

We know that f =9f dr *,=;=?

I
 ,=#rn*fix(0.00s){
. 0.84x1011xrx(0.005)a
321

kt- 5.154
t

r fEiEi-
'o
= r;l/*r-
. ,', I = 0.1088 m
I - 10,88 cm

i'
i Q. 17. Find the natural frequency of the system shown
I in Figure 2.12.
Gtven Q - 10fit N/m, tz =tr - 15fi) Vuu la - 10 k8.

T txr.xz*xsl
3"

II
Ltjsj'

?b.2.12

Ans. Since the three springs are in parallell their equivalent

sfess can be calculated

k" - kln kz*h = lm + 1500 + 1500

= 4000 N/m

fn *3'18tlz'

Q. 18. A mass is suspended from a spring system as

shown in figure 2.13, Determine the natt}fal frequency
of the system.

tr * S0fi)N/m, kz* k3'n 8$0 N/fS' m * 25 kE

ln?' since spring k2 and k3 are connected in pararterl so
their equivalent k is given as k = + k3. egain [;rd
connected in series, so the equivalent ke is gir"n ui kl are
1:1*1= I *l
kt k' k, kz+kt &l

'1
--L-+
= 8m0+8000 5000
&, = 3809.52 N/m

The natural frequency

f^= *l;=Gl
r lC r ls8oe.52
E
f - 1.96llz

Flg. 2.1t

Q. 19. Consid€r the syetem shown in figure

2.14

If k, =2kgf/cm,tz=t.5ketlcrr, I
kt = 3k+il.-:,ln, kt= ks= o'5 kgflcm
Flnd weight W if the system has a natural frequency of 10 [lz-
Ane. Spr,ings k1 , Q and t3 are in series

1 111
equivalent stiffness
ksl -+-+-
kl k2 k3
111
:+-_+=
= 21.5 3 =1.499
-

k,, = A.p67 kgflcm

Springs to and t5 are in parallel

.'. equivalent stiffness, ko, = &n + ks = 0.5 + 95 = 1 kgf/cm.
again krr. and tr, are in parallel
.'. theirequivalentstiffness, k, = krr* krr= 0.662 + 1.0
= 1.667 kgf/cm = 1.667 x td Nlm
7 1
l,. = U,l;,10
lk"
Now, 1"t.667 x1000
= Gl-w7s.sl-

W =4.14N
 Q. 20. A cantilever beam of negrigibte mass is
with mass 4m'at the free enO.li-nO tne naiurairoaded
frequency of the mass sm,.

Re. 2.rt

llns. Deflection of cantilever beam loaded at one end can be

given as .

. deflecrio" =
F13
EEI

and therefore stiffness of beam can be calculated as

. Force __=_
F 3E I
^ - deflection=: p7=ffi=Ir
G.eneral equation of motlon for undamped free vibration is
given as

mi +kt =O
.. 3EI
rtr+T-r=0
..:
/5Er
So ," = lm radlsec

t-a
u
and
lil- i;
: _l i_l1z
l3Er
2x \ mtt

a. 21. Determine the natural frequency of the system

as shown in figure. 2,16.

e|o,2.tc "+

Ans. Deflection'of rri a system is gtven as

7

F'3
deflection = l,,EI

force
and stiffness - -:--:-::-
deflecBon

F 192E I
t FTne2Ei= P

Equation of motion for undamped free vibration is given as

mi +kx =O
192E I
mi + X =O
-:t-t'

mrET
," = radf sec.
{-;r-
, =!o=.L/@
G=il{;r* H,
tn =

Q. 22. A,simply supported beam of square cross

u " section 5 mm x 5 mm and length 1 m, carrying a mass
of 2.3 kg at the middle, is found to have a natural
frequency of transverse vibrations of 30 radls.
Determine the Young's modulus of elasticity of
the beam.

Srur

fJ'"*
Ftg.2.1t

m = 2.3kg, I = 1 m, Area of cross-section - 5 mm x E mm

E -?,a =30rad/s

*'i +x* =g
...
x*-rK
nt =O

, = .Erud/,
YM

Deflection (d) of simply supported b""^ = #*

 K
W 48EI
- ?-=15-

, _rlr,K _{T;
'48
EI

,=
#(nectangte) l

,=$tt"*l
1

,, = 10-3lr'
(5 x .

--r-..
30-
(1I x2.3x12
E *&S x tgil N/mz

Q, 33. A olryf-le p_€ndulum of length t+ bob m6ss m, and

rod mass M, ls vlbrating in ttre veftical plane. calculate
the frequency of free vibrations.
Airr. nr - maeg of bob
M - mass of iod
L = lengtltofpendulum
I, - Mwtent of Inertia of bob
Ii - Moment of &t€rua ; rod

'I = Moment
of lnertia of the bob and rod
I-Ir+I,
Iii - -rrgsln0L
16+wgtl -A [oin0=0J

6* rysila' -o

Fls. l.tt
 ,=F
I=Ir+1,
\=mL2
r,=g*M(9'-g

I = mLz.+

(D=