RESEARCH

DESIGN
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, the learners
should be able to:
define different quantitative research design;
choose appropriate quantitative research designs
for different research questions and purposes;
and
apply the appropriate research design in your
research study.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative Research

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH NON-EXPERIMENTAL

• It allows the researcher to RESEARCH
control the situation. • Observes the phenomena
• It identify the cause and • No manipulation or
effect relationship. controlling of the variables
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Experimental Research

True Experimental

Quasi-Experimental

Pre-Experimental
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Experimental Research
True Experimental Quasi-Experimental Pre-Experimental
❑Non-equivalent ❑One-shot case
❑Pretest design (Comparison) group
❑Posttest- study
design ❑One group
Pretest design ❑Pretest-Posttest
❑Solomon-Four pretest and
Design posttest design
Group Design ❑Interrupted Time
Series Design
❑Combination Design
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Non-Experimental Research

Survey

Correlational

Ex-post Facto Studies

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

What is
Experimental
Research?
Experimental Research

•A method wherein the conditions are

controlled; so that 1 or more IV can be
manipulated to test a hypothesis.
•It evaluates causal relationships among
variables. Whether its is eliminated or
controlled.
Experimental Research
•Independent Variable
•Any variable that can be manipulated,
or altered, independently of any other
variable.
•Dependent Variable
•A criterion by which the result of the
experiment are judge.
Experimental Research
•Definition of Terms
❖Experimental Treatments
➢Alternative manipulations/intervention of the
independent variable being investigated
❖Experimental Group
➢Group of subjects exposed to the experimental
treatment
❖Control Group
➢Group of subjects not exposed to the experimental
treatment
Experimental Research
•Definition of Terms
❖Test Unit
➢An entity whose responses to experimental treatments
are being observed or measured.
❖Randomization
➢assignment of subjects and treatments to groups is based
on chance;
➢provides “control by chance”;
➢Random assignment allows the assumption that the
groups are identical with respect to all variables except the
experimental treatment.
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
❖Aims to determine causal relationships among
variables
❖Involves random selection of participants
❖Used to test a hypothesis
❖Has control group and test group
❖May or may not have a pretest
❖Considered as the most accurate type of
experimental research
TYPES OF TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
❖POST TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP
❖PRETEST-POST TEST CONTROL GROUP
❖SOLOMON-FOUR GROUP DESIGN
TYPES OF TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
1. POST TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP
❖Subjects are randomly selected and assigned to
groups
❖Treatments/Intervention is given to the
experimental/test group
❖Afterwards, both groups are tested and
conclusion is drawn from comparison of results.
TYPES OF TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
1. POST TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP
EXAMPLE: Technology Integration effects on the
academic performance of the students
TYPES OF TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
2. PRETEST-POST TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP
❖Subjects are randomly selected and assigned to
groups
❖Both groups are tested prior to
intervention/treatment.
❖Both groups are tested after the treatment to
determine the degree of changes in each group.
TYPES OF TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
2. PRETEST-POST TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP
EXAMPLE: Effect of collaborative activities as
teaching strategy to student’s reading
comprehension
TYPES OF TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
3. SOLOMON- FOUR GROUP DESIGN
❖Considered as a combination of the 2 true
experimental research design.
❖Subjects are randomly selected and assigned to
Four Groups.
❖Conducts to verify the effectiveness of a given
treatment/intervention
TYPES OF TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
3. SOLOMON- FOUR GROUP DESIGN
EXAMPLE: Effect of intensive Review Program on
students’ Mathematics Grade
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

❖Quasi means partial or half

❖Aims to determine causal relationships among
variables
❖Bears resemblance to the true experimental
research, but not same.
➢No random selection of participants
➢Involves pretest and post test
➢Control group is optional (dependent on the design)
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
1. NON-EQUIVALENCE (COMPARISON) GROUP DESIGN
2. PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN
3. INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES DESIGN
4. COMBINATION DESIGN
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

1. NON-EQUIVALENCE (COMPARISON)
GROUP DESIGN
❖Involves testing two groups
❖Considering as ‘non-equivalence’ since
numbers of groups involved are not
randomly assigned.
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

1. NON-EQUIVALENCE (COMPARISON)
GROUP DESIGN
EXAMPLE: Assessing Effectiveness of New
Method of Teaching Literature to Elementary
Students
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

2. PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN
❖Tests the dependent variable before the
treatment/intervention is given and after the
treatment has been given.
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

2. PRETEST-POST TEST DESIGN

EXAMPLE: Reading Intervention Program as
aid to students with low reading
comprehension
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

3. INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES DESIGN

❖A variant of Pretest-Post test design.
❖Involves a series of testing/measuring at
given intervals before and after an
intervention has been given.
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

3. INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES DESIGN

EXAMPLE: Effect of shortened school study
time on overall productivity of students
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

4. COMBINATION DESIGN
❖Combined the elements of both non-
equivalence design and pretest-post test
design.
❖Involves having test group and a control
group in conducting the research
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

4. COMBINATION DESIGN
EXAMPLE: Effect of Social Awareness Program
on Students’ Attitude towards Social
Responsibility
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
❖Lack of Random Assignment: Participants are not randomly
assigned to different conditions or groups.
❖No Control Group: Often, there is no comparison or control
group against which to measure the effect of the intervention.
❖Limited Internal Validity: Due to the lack of random
assignment and control groups, these designs have limited
ability to establish causal relationships.
Types of Pre-experiemental

1. One-Shot Case Study

2. One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
3. Static-Group Comparison
One-Shot Case Study

A single group is exposed to a

treatment and then measured on the
dependent variable.
One-Shot Case Study
For example: A school implements a new reading
program for a group of students. After completing the
program, the students take a reading comprehension
test. The researcher measures their reading
comprehension scores to evaluate the program's
effectiveness, but there is no pretest or comparison
group to assess changes relative to other factors.
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

A single group is measured on the

dependent variable before and
after the treatment.
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

For example: A company wants to improve

employee productivity by introducing a new
software tool. Employees' productivity levels are
measured before the software is introduced
(pretest). After using the software for a month,
their productivity levels are measured again
(posttest). The difference in productivity scores is
used to evaluate the software's impact.
Static-Group Comparison

Involves a treatment group and a

non-equivalent comparison group,
but no pretest.
Static-Group Comparison
For example: A health clinic wants to test a
new diet program. They select one group of
patients to follow the new diet (treatment
group) and another group to continue their
usual diet (comparison group). After a month,
both groups are measured for changes in
weight. The difference in weight loss between
the two groups is used to evaluate the diet
program.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

What is Non-
Experimental
Research?
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

❖research that lacks the manipulation of an

independent variable, random assignment of
participants to conditions or orders of conditions,
or both.
❖is based on the observation of phenomena in
their natural environment.
TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

1. SURVEY RESEARCH
2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
3. EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH
SURVEY RESEARCH

❖It intends to provide a quantitative or

numeric descriptions of trends, attitudes or
opinions of a population by studying a
sample of that population (Creswell, 2003).
SURVEY RESEARCH

Example: Public Opinion on Climate Change

and Environmental Policies: A Nationwide
Survey
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

❖Considered non-experimental because it

focuses on the statistical relationship
between two variables but does not include
the manipulation of an independent
variable.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

Example: Technology Use and Sleep Patterns:

A Correlational Study in Adolescents
EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH
❖aka Causal-Comparative Research
❖Used to investigate causal relationships.
❖It examine one or more conditions could
possibly caused subsequent differences in
groups of subjects.
❖It identifies differences between groups
have results in an observed difference in the
I.V.
EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH

Example: Maternal Smoking During

Pregnancy and Its Effects on Child
Development: An Ex-Post Facto Examination
Experimental vs. Non-Experimental
Manipulation of the
Control Random
Research Independent
(Group) Assignment
Variable/s

(True) Experimental   
Quasi-Experimental   X

Pre-Experimental  X X

Non-experimental X X X
RESEARCH QUESTIONS WITH APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN

Does a new drug reduce blood

pressure in hypertensive patients?

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH QUESTIONS WITH APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN

What are the factors influencing

consumer preferences for eco-friendly
products?

SURVEY RESEARCH
RESEARCH QUESTIONS WITH APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN

What are the long-term effects of

childhood malnutrition on adult
health outcomes?

Ex-Post Facto Research

RESEARCH QUESTIONS WITH APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN

Is there a relationship between hours

of sleep and academic performance
among college students?

Correlational Research
RESEARCH QUESTIONS WITH APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN

What is the impact of a brief stress

management workshop on
participants' stress levels immediately
after the intervention?
Pre-Experimental (One-shot case
study Design)
RESEARCH QUESTIONS WITH APPROPRIATE RESEARCH DESIGN

Is there a difference in math performance

between students who receive traditional
instruction and students who receive
online instruction?
Quasi-Experimental
SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, the learners
should be able to:
1. explain the meaning of sampling;

2. compare and contrast sampling techniques;

and

3. adopt the most appropriate sampling technique

for a chosen research topic.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Elements- is a member of a population who can provide
information for the population.
Sampling- is securing some of the elements of a population.

Population- consists of the total elements about which you

can make inferences based on the data gathered from
determined sample size.
Sampling frame - the list of the members of the population
to which you want to generalize or apply your findings about
the sample.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

A sample (n) is a selection of

respondents for a research study to
represent the total population (N).
You can use:
1. Slovin’s Formula
2. Raosoft
3. Power Analysis
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

Slovin’s Formula
where:
𝑁 n- sample size
n= 2
1+𝑁𝑒 N- total population
e- margin of error
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Slovin’s Formula
Example: A researcher wants to conduct a survey. If
the population of a big university is 35, 000, find the
sample size if the margin of error is 5%.
𝑁 35,000
n= 2
n=
1+𝑁𝑒 1+87.5
n=𝟑𝟗𝟓
35,000 35,000
n= 2 n=
1+(35,000)(0.05) 88.5
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Slovin’s Formula
Example: A researcher wants
to conduct a survey. If the
population of a big university
is 35, 000, find the sample
size if the margin of error is
5%.
https://www.statology.org/
slovins-formula-calculator/
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Raosoft
is a software tool commonly used for determining sample size
in survey research and for calculating various statistics
related to sample size and survey design.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Power Analysis
If your analysis plan comprises detecting a significant
association between variables of interest, a power analysis
can help you estimate a target sample size. Many free online
and commercially available power analysis calculators are
available (e.g., G*Power; Faul et al., 2007; Faul et al., 2009).
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Power Analysis (Parameters)
1. Effect Size (d): Estimate the magnitude of the effect you expect to
find. This can be based on prior research, pilot studies, or a
theoretical framework. Common benchmarks are small (0.2),
medium (0.5), and large (0.8) effect sizes.
2. Significance Level (1-α): The probability of rejecting the null
hypothesis when it is true (Type I error). This is typically set at 0.05.
3. Power (1-β): The probability of correctly rejecting the null
hypothesis when it is false. Commonly set at 0.80 or 80%, meaning
you have an 80% chance of detecting an effect if it exists.
4. Type of Test: Decide whether you will use a one-tailed or two-tailed
test.
SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
Example: You want to compare the means of two independent
groups using a t-test. You expect a medium effect size (Cohen's
d = 0.5), and you want a power of 0.80 with a significance level
of 0.05. Find the critical value (1-α/2) & (1-β)
1. 𝑍1−𝛼/2 = 1.96 𝜎- 1 usually used for
2. 𝑍1−𝛽 = 0.84 simplicity (you may refer to
the literature review of your
(𝑍
1−
𝛼 + 𝑍1−𝛽 )(𝜎) study)
n= ( 2
)2
𝑑
(1.96+0.84)(1) 2 n= 32( for group)
n= ( )
0.05
n= 31.36 n= 64 ( for two groups)
n= 32
SAMPLE PROCEDURE

Sampling is a formal process of

choosing the correct subgroup
called a sample from a population
to participate in a research study.
FACTORS AFFECTING SAMPLE SELECTION

1. Sample Size
2. Sampling Technique
a. Probability Sampling
b. Non-Probability Sampling
3. Heterogeneity of Population
4. Statistical Technique
5. Time and Cost
(Tuckman & Engel, 2012; Babbie, 2013; Edward, 2013)
SAMPLE METHODS

1. Probability Sampling- is a sampling method

where you base your selection of respondents
on pure chance (randomly).
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Systematic Sampling
c. Stratified Sampling
d. Cluster Sampling

(Tuckman & Engel, 2012; Babbie, 2013; Edward, 2013)

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
a. Simple Random Sampling- choosing of
respondents based on pure chance.

b. Systematic Sampling - picking out from the list

every nth member sampling frame until the
completion of the desired total number of
respondents.

(Tuckman & Engel, 2012; Babbie, 2013; Edward, 2013)

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
c. Stratified Sampling – choosing a sample that will
later on subdivided into strata, subgroups, or
sampling frame until the completion of desired total
number of respondents.
d. Cluster Sampling – selecting respondents in
clusters, rather than in separate individuals such as
choosing 5 classes of 40 students each from a whole
population of 5,000 students.
(Tuckman & Engel, 2012; Babbie, 2013; Edward, 2013)
SAMPLE METHODS

1. Non-Probability Sampling- is a sampling

method where your samples are not chosen
randomly, but purposefully.
a. Quota Sampling
b. Voluntary Sampling
c. Purposive Sampling
d. Availability Sampling
e. Snowball Sampling
(Tuckman & Engel, 2012; Babbie, 2013; Edward, 2013)
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

a. Quota Sampling –choosing specific samples that

you know correspond to the population in terms of
one, two, or more characteristics.
b. Voluntary Sampling – selecting people who are
very much willing to participate as respondents in
the research projects.

(Tuckman & Engel, 2012; Babbie, 2013; Edward, 2013)

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

c. Purposive Sampling –choosing respondents

whom you have judged as people with good
background knowledge about the research.

d. Availability Sampling (Convenience/Haphazard

Sampling) – picking out people who are easy to find
or locate and willing to establish contact with you.

(Tuckman & Engel, 2012; Babbie, 2013; Edward, 2013)

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

e. Snowball Sampling –researcher identifies key

informant about the research of interest and then
refers another respondents who can participate in
the study.
RANDOM SAMPLING vis-à-vis STATISTICAL METHODS

The most preferred sampling technique in

qualitative or quantitative research is random
sampling. Simple Random, Stratified, and
Systematic Samplings are depended greatly on
statistics for sample accuracy.
STEPS IN CONDUCTING STRATIFIED SAMPLING:

1. Decide on the size of the sample.

2. Divide the sample into sub-sets or sub-samples,
with the sub-samples having the same aggregate
number as that of the sample they came from.
3. Select the appropriate sub-sample randomly
from each sub-group or stratum.
4. Put together the sub-sample results to get the
total number of the overall sample.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BASIC SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BASIC SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
References
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th
ed.). Sage Publications.

Clemente, Richard, Julaton, Aaron, & Orleans, Antriman. (2016). Research in Daily Life 1. SIBS
Publishing, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines.
Creswell, J. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and
qualitative research (5th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Cristobal, Amadeo, & Cristobal, Maura. (2017). Practical Research 1 for Senior High School. C&E
Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
Minichiello, Victor. (1990). In-depth Interviewin: Researching People. Longman Cheshire. Australia

Prieto, Nelia, Naval, Victoria, & Carey, Teresita. (2017). Practical Research 2. Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City, Philippines

Sihag, Prashant. (2019). “Scientific Method for Data Analysis”. Medium. Retrieved from:
https://medium.com/analytics-vidhya/scientific-method-for-data- analysis- 41798626371a