Form 3 Revision Exercise on Deductive Geometry

Revision Notes
1. Using the deductive approach to solve geometric problems that involve triangles.
Based on the properties or conditions of congruent triangles, similar triangles and isosceles
triangles, we can use deductive approach to prove and obtain more geometric results.

2. Some special lines in a triangle

(a) An angle bisector is a line segment which divides an angle into two equal parts.
e.g. In the figure, AD is the angle bisector of BAC . B

A C

(b) A perpendicular bisector is a line which bisects a side and is perpendicular to that side.
e.g. In the figure, DE is the perpendicular bisector of AC.
B
D

A C
E

(c) A median is a line segment which joins a vertex to the mid-point of its opposite side.
e.g. In the figure, BD is a median. B

A C
D
(d) An altitude is a perpendicular line segment which drops from a vertex to its opposite side.
e.g. In the figure, BD is an altitude. B

A C
D
3. Triangle Inequality
In any triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two sides is always longer than the length of the

a b
P.1

c
 third side.
e.g. In the figure, a + b > c,
b + c > a,
c + a > b.

4. Relations between the lines in a triangle

(a) The 3 angle bisectors of a triangle are always concurrent.
A
The point of intersection is called the in-centre.
A circle (inscribed circle) can be constructed with
the in-centre as the centre and touching the 3 sides P
Q
of the triangle.
I
e.g. In the figure, I is the in-centre C B
R
and PQR is the inscribed circle.

(b) The 3 perpendicular bisectors of a triangle are always concurrent.

The point of intersection is called the circumcentre.
A circle (circumcircle) can be constructed with
centre at the circumcentre and passing through B
the 3 vertices of the triangle. O

e.g. In the figure, O is the circumcentre

and ABC is the circumcircle.
A C

(c) The 3 medians of a triangle are always concurrent.

The point of intersection is called the centroid. B

R P
e.g. In the figure, G is the centroid and
G
AG：GP =BG：GQ
A Q C
=CG：GR
=2：1
C
(d) The 3 altitudes of a triangle are always concurrent. P
Q
The point of intersection is called the orthocenter.
H
e.g. In the figure, H is the orthocenter.
A B
R

P.2
Theorem review:
Theorem The sum of the angles of a triangle is 1800.

i.e. a + b + c = 180 0 [  sum of  ]

Theorem In a triangle, the exterior angle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles,
i.e. c1 = a + b [ ext. of  ]

Theorem The sum of the interior angles of an n-sided convex polygon

is (n − 2)  1800 [  sum of polygon ]
Theorem If the sides of a convex n-sided polygon are produced in order,
the sum of the exterior angles is 3600. [ sum of ext.  of polygon ]
A

Theorem The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal,

i.e. when AB = AC, then ABC = ACB
[ base s, isos.  ]
A B C
Theorem When ABC = ACB , then AB = AC.

[ sides opp. equal s ]

B C

Tests for Congruent Triangles

P.3
Tests for Similar Triangles

If ABC = XYZ AB AC BC If CAB =ZXY

If = = =k
BCA = YZX XY XZ YX AB AC
= =k
CAB =ZXY XY XZ
A A
c b c b
B C B
a C
X
X
kc kb
kc kb

Y Z
Y Z
ka

[ A.A.A. ] [3 sides proportional] [ ratio of 2 sides, inc. ]

then we have ABC ～ XYZ

P.4
Multiple Choice Section

1. In the figure, AB // CD, which of the following is incorrect?

B

A
p r D

s
C
q

A. r + s = 180
B. p + q = 540
C. p + q + r + s = 740
D. p + r = q + s

2. In the figure, AB // DC and BC // DE. Which of the following must be correct?

A D E
y

x
B C

A. x = y
B. x + y = 180
C. y − x = 90
D. None of the above

3. The figure shows ABC. If ED = EC and DE // BC, which of the following must be
correct?

P.5
 A

d
D E
a
b
c
B C

I. a=b
II. b = c
III. b + c = d
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I, II and III

4. The figure shows the trapezium ABCD where AB // DC. Which of the following must be
correct?
A B
a b

d c
D C

I. b=c
II. a + bd = 180
III. a − b = c − d
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only

5. In the figure, AEC and BED are the angle bisectors of BCD and ABC respectively. If p
+ q = 90, which of the following must be correct?

P.6
 A D

a d

p q
B C

A. a = d
B. a + d = 45
C. a + d = 90
D. None of the above

6. In the figure, ACD and BCE are straight lines, AB // ED. Which of the following must be
correct?
A E

a e

c
C
b
d
B
D

I. a=e
II. a + b = d + e
III. a + b + c = 180
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

7. In the figure, ABE, CDE, AFD and BFC are straight lines. Which of the following must
be correct?

P.7
 A

B
F y

x z
C E
D

A. y = z
B. y = 2x − z
C. y = 90 − z
z
D. y = 2 x −
2

8. In the figure, ABCD, DEG, CEF and FGB are straight lines. Which of the following must
be correct?
F

G
E

r
p
A s
D
B C

A. q = p − r − s
B. q = p − r + s
C. q = p − 2(r − s)
r−s
D. q = p −
2

9. In the figure, ABD, ACE and FBCG are straight lines. Which of the following must be
correct?

P.8
 F
D

B z

x E
A C y

A. x + y = z
B. x + z = y
C. x + y + z = 180
D. x = y

10. The figure shows ABC. D is a point on BC. Which of the following must be correct?
A

20 40 20

B C
D

I. AB = AC
II. AB = BD
III. AD = BD
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only

11. In the figure, ACEF is a straight line and AB // CD. Which of the following must be
correct?

P.9
 D

y
B

y q
y
A F
C E

A. p + q = 180
B. q − p = 90
C. 2p = q
D. 3p = q

12. In the figure, ABD and ACEF are straight lines. Which of the following must be correct?
D
B
q
s

p r
F A
E C

A. p + q = r + s
B. p + r = q + s
C. p + s = q + r
D. p + q + r + s = 360

13. The figure shows ABC. D is a point on AB. If BAC = BCD, which of the following
must be correct?
D
B A

P.10
 AD AC
I. =
CD AB
AB BC
II. =
CB BD
AC BC
III. =
CD BD
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

14. In the figure, ACE and BCD are straight lines, AB // DE. If AB = 6, BC = 3 and CD = 4,
find x.
E

3 C x

6
4
D
A

A. 10
B. 8
C. 6
D. 4

15. In the figure, O is the

P.11
 B

A. incentre of ABC.
B. circumcentre of ABC.
C. centroid of ABC.
D. orthocentre of ABC.

16. In the figure, O is the

B

O
C
A

A. incentre of ABC.
B. circumcentre of ABC.
C. centroid of ABC.
D. orthocentre of ABC.

17. In the figure, O is the

A

P.12
 A. incentre of ABC.
B. circumcentre of ABC.
C. centroid of ABC.
D. orthocentre of ABC.

18. In the figure, O is the

A

C
O

A. incentre of ABC.
B. circumcentre of ABC.
C. centroid of ABC.
D. orthocentre of ABC.

19. In the figure, O is the circumcentre of ABC. Find the perimeter of ABC.
A

5 cm

P O
R
10 cm

B
Q C
9 cm

A. 14 cm
B. 28 cm
C. 48 cm
D. 84 cm

P.13
20. In the figure, O is the centroid of ABC, BP = 3 cm, QC = 4 cm and AP = 6 cm. Find the
perimeter of APC.
B

R P

O
A C
Q

A. 13 cm
B. 17 cm
C. 18 cm
D. 26 cm

21. In the figure, O is the circumcentre of ABC, AP = 4 cm, QC = 5 cm and RC = 6 cm. Find
the perimeter of ABC.
A

P Q

O
B C
R

A. 30 cm
B. 25 cm
C. 20 cm
D. 15 cm

22. In the figure, O is the circumcentre of ABC, BE = 4 cm and ER = 3 cm. Find the area of
REC.

P.14
 B

P
D E

A C
R F Q

A. 5 cm 2
B. 6 cm 2
C. 12 cm 2
D. 15 cm 2

23. In the figure, O is the incentre of ABC. Find AOB.

A

P 50 R
O

15
B Q C

A. 65
B. 70
C. 100
D. 115

24. In the figure, O is the incentre of ABC. Find a.

B

50

D E
O

a 10

A C
F

P.15
 A. 10
B. 30
C. 50
D. 60

25. Which of the following centres of a triangle lie(s) outside the triangle?
I. An incentre of an acute-angled triangle
II. An orthocentre of an obtuse -angled triangle
III. A circumcentre of a right -angled triangle
A. I only
B. II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

26. The figure shows ABC, O is the circumcentre of ABC. If AB = 6, BC = 8 and CA = 10,
which of the following is a /are right -angled triangle(s)?
B
U

P T

A C
Q R S

I. ARU
II. QTC
III. ABC
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I, II and III

P.16
27. In the figure, O is the orthocentre of ABC, AD = AF = 2, DB = FC = 6 and BF = 8. Find
the length of CD.
B

D
O
A C
F

A. 8
B. 9
C. 10
D. 11

28. The figure shows the isosceles triangle ABC, AB = AC = 8 cm and OBE = OCF = 22.5.
If O is the incentre of ABC, find the area of ABC.
A

8 cm 8 cm
D F
O
22.5
22.5
B C
E

A. 64 cm 2
B. 64 2 cm 2
C. 32 cm 2
D. 32 2 cm 2

P.17
29. In the figure, O is the orthocentre of ABC, CAB = 80°, ACB = 60°, find AOC.
C

Q
P
O

A R B

A. 40
B. 80
C. 120
D. 140

30. In the figure, O is the circumcentre of ABC, BAC = 70°, BCA = 60°, find POR.
B

P R

O
Z
Y
70 60
A C
Q

A. 65
B. 110
C. 130
D. 150

P.18
Section A(1)

1. In the figure, EF intersects AB and CD at X and Y respectively. Prove that AB // CD.

E

X
A B
72

108
C D
Y

2. In the figure, EF intersects AB and CD at X and Y respectively. Prove that AB // CD.

A C

75 X Y
E F
75

B D

3. In the figure, EF intersects AB and CD at M and N respectively. Prove that AB // CD.

E
A
M
132
C

N
48 D
F

P.19
4. In the figure, BCD is a straight line. BAC = 31, ACB = 85 and ECD = 64. Prove
that AB // EC.
A
31
E

85 64
B D
C

5. In the figure, BCD is a straight line. AC // ED, ACB = 56, CED = 81 and AEC = 43.
Prove that AE // CD.
A E
43
81

56
B D
C

6. In the figure, A = 70. Prove that B + C = 110.

A

70

7. In the figure, ABC, BDE and ADF are straight lines. Prove that z = x + y.

P.20
 E
F
x

z
y
A C
B

b
8. In the figure, BCD and CAE are straight lines and AC = AD. Prove that a = .
2
E
A b

a
B D
C

9. In the figure, AOC and BOD are straight lines. Prove that a + b = c + d.
A D

a d

O
b
c
B
C

10. In the figure, prove that ABC ~ XYZ.

P.21
 A
X

50
50

70 60
Z Y
60 70
B C

11. In the figure, AB = AC, XY = XZ and A = X. Prove that ABC ~ XYZ.
A
X

B C Y Z

12. In the figure, AOC and BOD are straight lines and AB // DC. Prove that AOB ~ COD.
A D

13. In the figure, AMB and ANC are straight lines.

P.22
 B
3
M
2
A
5
4

(a) Prove that ABC ~ AMN.

(b) Find the length of BC.

14. In the figure,

A

8
D

10 4
O
5
x
53 3
6
C
B

(a) prove that OAB ~ ODC.

(b) find x.

15. In the figure, ABC ~ ADE. Find the marked unknowns.

C

D x

y 70
A B
E

P.23
16. In the figure, ABC ~ ADB. Find the marked unknowns.
B

70

40 x
A C
D

17. In the figure, ABC ~ ADE. Find the marked unknowns.

B

E 5
3
2
A C
x D 4

18. In the figure, ABC ~ DEC. Find the marked unknowns.

y
E D
3 3.5
C

7 x

A B
8

19. In the figure, find the incentre of ABC.

P.24
 A

B C

20. In the figure, find the circumcentre of ABC.

A

B C

Section A(2)

21. In the figure, ABC = 141, BCD = 82 and CDE = 121. Prove that AB // DE.
B
A
D
141 E
82
121

22. In the figure, ABC = 132, BCD = 85 and CDE = 37. Prove that AB // DE.
A B
132

85 C

37
D E

P.25
23. In the figure, ABC and BDE are straight lines and AD = AE. Prove that a + b = 180.
E

2a
D

b
a
A C
B

24. In the figure, ADC is a straight line. AB = AD and DB = DC. Prove that 4a + b = 180.
C

a
D

b
A B

25. In the figure, DB and DC are the angle bisectors of ABC and ACB respectively. Prove
that x = 2y − 180.
A

D
a b
y
a b
B C

26. In the figure, AGB, CFD and HGFE are straight lines and AB // CD.

P.26
 Prove that a + b + c + d = 180.
H

G b
A B

C D
F c
d

27. In the figure, AB = BC = BD, ABD = a and DBC = b.

D

a b
A C
B

(a) Express ADB in terms of a.

(b) Express BDC in terms of b.
(c) Prove that ADC is a right angle.

28. In the figure, AMB and ANC are straight lines. x = y and m = n.
A
4
5
M m
x
N
8

y n
B C

(a) Prove that ABC ~ ANM.

(b) Find the length of NC.

P.27
29. In the figure, ABC and AED are straight lines.
A

5
12 E
B
2x − 1
C D
7x + 3

(a) Prove that ABE ~ ACD.

(b) Find x.

30. In the figure, ABC, AFE, BDE and FDC are straight lines.
A
10
a F
16

B
11 x D
x
C E

(a) Prove that AEB ~ ACF.

(b) Find the length of FE.

31. In the figure, ABC = 90, XY // BC, AX = 3, XB = 2 and BC = 12.

A

3
X
2
Y
B

12
C

(a) Prove that AXY ~ ABC.

(b) Find the length of XY.
(c) Find the area of trapezium XBCY.

P.28
Section B

32. In the figure,

A

60 3
13
E
5.2
b c 2
30 D
B
12 C 4.8

(a) prove that ABC ~ EDC.

(b) find b and c.
(c) prove that BCD is a straight line.

P.29
Answer
Multiple Choice Section

1. C
r + s = 180 (int. s, AB // CD)
∴ A is correct.
p + r = 360 (s at a pt.)
q + s = 360 (s at a pt.)
i.e. p + r = q + s
∴ D is correct.
∵ p + r + q + s = 360 + 360
p + q + 180 = 720
p + q = 540
∴ B is correct.
∵ p + q + r + s = 720
∴ C is incorrect.

2. B
ABC + BCD = 180 (int. s, AB // DC)
BCD = 180 − x
BCD = CDE (alt. s, BC // DE)
180 − x = y
∴ x + y = 180

3. D
∵ ED = EC (given)
∴ a=b (base s, isos. )
∴ I is correct.
∵ a=c (alt. s, DE // BC)

P.30
 a=b (proved)
∴ b=c
∴ II is correct.
∵ b+c=d (corr. s, DE // BC)
∴ III is correct.

4. D
b + c = 180 (int. s, AB // DC)
But b and c are not necessarily right angles.
∴ I is incorrect.
a + d = 180 (int. s, AB // DC)
∴ II is correct.
b + c = 180 (int. s, AB // DC)
∴ a+d=b+c
a−b=c−d
∴ III is correct.

5. C
∵ AEC is the angle bisector of BCD and BED is the angle bisector of ABC.
∴ DCA = ACB = q and ABD = DBC = p
In ABC,
a + p + p + q = 180 ( sum of )
a = 180 − 2p − q .......(1)
In BCD,
d + q + q + p = 180 ( sum of )
d = 180 − 2q − p .......(2)
(1) + (2),
a + d = 180 − 2p − q + 180 − 2q − p
= 360 − 3p − 3q
= 360 − 3(p + q)

P.31
 = 360 − 3(90)
= 90

6. C
ACB = c (vert. opp. s)
In ABC,
a + b + c = 180 ( sum of )
∴ III is correct.
In CDE,
c + d + e = 180 ( sum of )
∴ a+b+c=c+d+e
a+b=d+e
∴ II is correct.
In ABC and DEC,
ACB = DCE (vert. opp. s)
a =d (alt. s, AB // ED)
b =e (alt. s, AB // ED)
∴ ABC ~ DEC (equiangular)
But BAC and CED are not the corresponding angles of two similar triangles.
∴ a and e are not necessarily equal.
∴ I is incorrect.

7. A
Let AEC = a.
In ADE,
a + x + z = 180 ( sum of )
In BCE,
a + y + x = 180 ( sum of )
∴ a+x+z=a+y+x
y=z

P.32
 8. A
In CDE,
r + s = BCF (ext.  of )
In BCF,
q + BCF = p (ext.  of )
q+r+s=p
∴ q=p−r−s

9. A
BCA = y (vert. opp. s)
x+y=z (ext.  of )

10. C
In ABC,
∵ ABC = ACB = 20 (given)
∴ AB = AC (sides. opp. eq. s)
∴ I is correct.
In ABD,
BAD + 20 = 40 (ext.  of )
BAD = 20
∵ BAD = ABD = 20
∴ AD = BD (sides. opp. eq. s)
∴ III is correct.
ADB + 40 = 180 (adj. s on st. line)
ADB = 140
∵ BAD  ADB
∴ AB  BD
∴ II is incorrect.

P.33
11. C
p=y (alt. s, AB // CD)
In CDE,
q=y+y (ext.  of )
q = 2y
∴ q = 2p
i.e. 2p = q

12. C
Let BAC = a.
In ABC,
a + s = r ........(1) (ext.  of )
In ADE,
q + a = p........(2) (ext.  of )
(1) − (2),
a + s − (q + a) = r − p
s−q=r− p
p+s=q+r

13. C
In ABC and CBD,
BAC = BCD (given)
CBA = DBC (common angle)
∵ BCA + BAC + CBA = 180 ( sum of )
BCA = 180 − BAC − CBA
BDC + BCD + DBC = 180 ( sum of )
BDC = 180 − BCD − DBC
∴ BCA = BDC

P.34
 ∴ ABC ~ CBD (equiangular)
AB BC AC
= = (corr. sides, ~ s)
CB BD CD
∴ II and III are correct.

14. B
In ABC and EDC,
BAC = DEC (alt. s, AB // DE)
ABC = EDC (alt. s, AB // DE)
BCA = DCE (vert. opp. s)
∴ ABC ~ EDC (equiangular)
AB BC
∴ = (corr. sides, ~ s)
ED DC
6 3
=
x 4
x =8

15. A
The angle bisectors of the interior angles of any triangle intersect at a point. This
intersecting point is called the incentre of the triangle.

16. B
The three perpendicular bisectors of the sides of any triangle intersect at a point. This
intersecting point is called the circumcentre of the triangle.

17. C
The three medians of any triangle intersect at a point. This intersecting point is called
the centroid of the triangle.

P.35
18. D
The three altitudes at any triangle intersect at a point. This intersecting point is called
the orthocentre of the triangle.

19. C
∵ O is the circumcentre of ABC.
∴ AP = BP = 10 cm
RC = AR = 5 cm
BQ = QC = 9 cm
∴ Perimeter = [2  (10 + 5 + 9)] cm
= 48 cm

20. B
∵ O is the centroid of ABC.
∴ PC = BP = 3 cm
AC = 2QC = 8 cm
∴ Perimeter = 3 cm + 8 cm + 6 cm
= 17 cm

21. A
∵ O is the circumcentre of ABC.
∴ BP = AP = 4 cm
AQ = QC = 5 cm
BR = RC = 6 cm
∴ Perimeter = [2  (4 + 5 + 6)] cm
= 30 cm

22. B

P.36
 ∵ O is the circumcentre of ABC.
∴ BE = EC = 4 cm
1
∴ Area = (  4  3) cm 2
2
= 6 cm 2

23. D
∵ O is the incentre of ABC.
∴ PAO = OAR = 50
PBO = OBQ = 15
In ABO,
AOB + BAO + ABO = 180 ( sum of )
AOB + 50 + 15 = 180
AOB = 115

24. B
∵ O is the incentre of ABC.
∴ FBC = ABF = 50
DCA = BCD = 10
EAC = BAE = a
In ABC,
ABC + BAC + BCA = 180 ( sum of )
50 + 50 + a + a + 10 + 10 = 180
2a = 60
a = 30

25. B
The incentre of any triangle lies inside the triangle.
∴ I is incorrect.

P.37
 The orthocentre of an obtuse -angled triangle lies outside the triangle.
∴ II is correct.
The circumcentre of a right -angled triangle lies on the vertex of the right angle of the
triangle.
∴ III is incorrect.

26. D
B
U

P T

A C
Q R S

In the figure, APS, BPS, ARU, CRU, BTQ and CTQ are right angles.
Also, AB 2 + BC 2 = 6 2 + 8 2
= 100
= AC 2
∴ ABC is a right angle. (converse of Pyth. theorem)
∴ ARU, QTC and ABC are right-angled triangles.

27. A
∵ O is the orthocentre of ABC.
∴ BDC = BFC = 90°
AC  BF
∵ Area of ABC =
2
(2 + 6)  8
=
2
= 32

P.38
 AB  CD
Area of ABC =
2
(2 + 6)  CD
=
2
= 4CD
∴ 4CD = 32
CD = 8

28. C
∵ O is the incentre of ABC.
∴ OBD = OBE = 22.5°
OCE = OCF = 22.5
In ABC,
ABC + ACB + BAC = 180 ( sum of )
2  22.5 + 2  22.5 + BAC = 180
BAC = 90
88
∴ Area of ABC = ( ) cm 2
2
= 32 cm 2

29. D
∵ O is the orthocentre of ABC.
∴ AQC = CRA = 90°
In ACQ,
QAC + ACQ + AQC = 180 ( sum of )
QAC + 60 + 90 = 180
QAC = 30
In ACR,
ACR + CAR + CRA = 180 ( sum of )

P.39
 ACR + 80 + 90 = 180
ACR = 10
In AOC,
AOC + OAC + ACO = 180 ( sum of )
AOC + 30 + 10 = 180
AOC = 140

30. C
∵ O is the circumcentre of ABC.
∴ BPZ = BRY = 90°
In ABC,
ABC + BAC + BCA = 180 ( sum of )
ABC + 70 + 60 = 180
ABC = 50
In the quadrilateral BPOR,
PBR + BPO + POR + BRO = (4 − 2)  180 ( sum of polygon)
50 + 90 + POR + 90 = 360
POR = 130

P.40
Section A(1)

1. BXY + XYD = 72 + 108

= 180
∴ AB // CD (int. s supp.)

2. XYC = DYF = 75 (vert. opp. s)

∵ EXA = XYC = 75
∴ AB // CD (corr. s eq.)

3. CNM = FND = 48 (vert. opp. s)

∵ AMN + CNM = 132 + 48
= 180
∴ AB // CD (int. s supp.)

4. ACE + 85 + 64 = 180 (adj. s on st. line)

ACE = 31
∵ ACE = BAC = 31
∴ AB // EC (alt. s eq.)

5. EDC = ACB = 56 (corr. s, AC // ED)

∵ AED + EDC = 43 + 81 + 56
= 180
∴ AE // CD (int. s supp.)

P.41
 6. ∵ A + B + C = 180 ( sum of )
∴ B + C = 180 − A
= 180 − 70
= 110

7. ADB = x (vert. opp. s)

∵ y + ADB = z (ext.  of )
∴ z=x+y

8. ADC = a (base s, isos. )

a + ADC = b (ext.  of )
a + a= b
2a = b
b
∴ a=
2

9. In ABO,
a + b = AOD (ext.  of )
In CDO,
c + d = AOD (ext.  of )
∴ a+b=c+d

10. In ABC and XYZ,

∵ A = X = 50 (given)
B = Y = 60 (given)
C = Z = 70 (given)
∴ ABC ~ XYZ (equiangular)

P.42
11. In ABC and XYZ,
∵ A = X (given)
AB = AC (given)
XY = XZ (given)
AB AC
∴ =
XY XZ
∴ ABC ~ XYZ (ratio of 2 sides, inc. )

12. In AOB and COD,

∵ BAO = DCO (alt. s, AB // DC)
ABO = CDO (alt. s, AB // DC)
AOB = COD (vert. opp. s)
∴ AOB ~ COD (equiangular)

13. (a) In ABC and AMN,

AB 3 + 2 5
∵ = =
AM 2 2
AC 6 + 4 10 5
= = =
AN 4 4 2
AB AC
i.e. =
AM AN
BAC = MAN (common angle)
∴ ABC ~ AMN (ratio of 2 sides, inc. )
BC AB
(b) = (corr. sides, ~ s)
MN AM
BC 5
=
5 2
BC = 12.5

P.43
14. (a) In OAB and ODC,
OA 8
∵ = =2
OD 4
OB 6
= =2
OC 3
AB 10
= =2
DC 5
OA OB AB
i.e. = =
OD OC DC
∴ OAB ~ ODC (3 sides proportional)
(b) OCD = OBA (corr. s, ~ s)
∴ x = 53

15. ∵ ABC ~ ADE

∴ ACB = AED (corr. s, ~ s)
x = 70

In ADE,
y + 70 + 90 = 180 ( sum of )
y = 20

16. ∵ ABC ~ ADB

∴ ABD = ACB = x (corr. s, ~ s)
In ABC,
40 + ABD + 70 + x = 180 ( sum of )
40 + x + 70 + x = 180
2x = 70
x = 35

P.44
17. ∵ ABC ~ ADE
AB BC AC
∴ = =
AD DE AE
3+ y 5 x + 4
= =
x 2 3
x+4 5
∴ =
3 2
2 x + 8 = 15
2x = 7
x = 3. 5

3+ y 5
=
3.5 2
6 + 2 y = 17.5
2 y = 11.5
y = 5.75

18. ∵ ABC ~ DEC

AB BC AC
∴ = =
DE EC DC
8 x 7
= =
y 3 3.5
x 7
∴ =
3 3.5
x
=2
3
x=6

P.45
 8 7
=
y 3.5
8
=2
y
2y = 8
y=4

19. A

O
B C

O is the incentre of ABC.

20. A

O
B C

O is the circumcentre of ABC.

Section A(2)

21. Produce ED to G such that EG intersects BC at F.

B
A
141 D
G E
F 82
121

P.46
 FDC + 121 = 180 (adj. s on st. line)
∴ FDC = 59
GFC = 82 + FDC (ext.  of )
= 82 + 59
= 141
∵ GFC = ABF = 141
∴ AB // GE (corr. s eq.)
i.e. AB // DE

22. Construct the straight line FG passing through C and parallel to AB.
A B
132
85 C
F G

37
D E

AB // FG (by construction)
FCB + 132 = 180 (int. s, AB // FG)
∴ FCB = 48
FCD + 48 = 85 (given)
∴ FCD = 37
∵ FCD = CDE =37
∴ FG // DE (alt. s eq.)
∵ AB // FG and FG // DE
∴ AB // DE (transitive property of // lines)

23. In AED,
EDA = 2a (base s, isos. )
BDA + EDA = 180 (adj. s on st. line)
BDA + 2a = 180
∴ BDA = 180 − 2a
In ABD,

P.47
 a +BDA = b (ext.  of )
a + (180 − 2a) = b
180 − a = b
∴ a + b = 180

24. In ABD,
ADB = ABD (base s, isos. )
ADB + ABD + b = 180 ( sum of )
2ADB = 180 − b
180 − b
ADB =
2
In DCB,
DBC = a (base s, isos. )
DCB +DBC = ADB (ext.  of )
180 − b
a+a =
2
180 − b
2a =
2
4a = 180 − b
4a + b = 180

25. In BDC,
a + b + y = 180 ( sum of )
a + b = 180 − y
In ABC,
x + 2a + 2b = 180 ( sum of )
x + 2(a + b) = 180
x + 2(180 − y) = 180
x + 360 − 2y = 180
x = 2y − 180

P.48
26. In HGB,
BGF = a + b (ext.  of )
In DEF,
DFG = c + d (ext.  of )
∵ BGF + DFG = 180 (int. s, AB // CD)
∴ a + b + c + d = 180

27. (a) In ABD,

ADB = DAB (base s, isos. )
ADB + DAB + a = 180 ( sum of )
2ADB = 180 − a
180 − a
ADB =
2

(b) In CBD,
BDC = BCD (base s, isos. )
BCD + BDC + b = 180 ( sum of )
2BDC = 180 – b
180 − b
BDC =
2

(c) a + b = 180 (adj. s on st. line)

ADC = ADB + BDC
180 − a 180 − b
= +
2 2
1
=  (180 − a + 180 − b)
2
1
=  [360 − (a + b)]
2
1
=  (360 − 180)
2
= 90
∴ ADC is a right angle.

P.49
28. (a) In ABC and ANM ,
BAC = NAM (common angle)
y =x (given)
n =m (given)
∴ ABC ~ ANM (equiangular)
(b) ∵ ABC ~ ANM
AB AC
∴ = (corr. sides, ~ s)
AN AM
8 + 4 AC
=
5 4
AC = 9.6
∴ NC = 9.6 − 5
= 4.6

29. (a) In ABE and ACD,

BAE = CAD (common angle)
ABE = ACD = 90 (given)
AEB + BAE + ABE =180 ( sum of )
AEB + BAE + 90 =180
AEB = 90 – BAE
ADC + CAD + ACD = 180 ( sum of )
ADC + CAD + 90 = 180
ADC = 90 − CAD
∴ AEB = ADC
∴ ABE ~ ACD (equiangular)

P.50
 AB BE
(b) = (corr. sides, ~ s)
AC CD
5 12
=
5 + (2 x − 1) 7 x + 3
5  (7 x + 3) = 12  (2 x + 4)
35 x + 15 = 24 x + 48
11x = 33
x=3

30. (a) In AEB and ACF,

EAB = CAF = a (common angle)
AEB = ACF = x (given)
∵ ABE + AEB + EAB = 180 ( sum of )
ABE = 180 – x – a
AFC + ACF + CAF = 180 ( sum of )
AFC = 180 – x – a
∴ ABE = AFC
∴ AEB ~ ACF (equiangular)
AE AB
(b) = (corr. sides, ~ s)
AC AF
10 + FE 16
=
16 + 11 10
10 + FE 8
=
27 5
5  (10 + FE ) = 8  27
50 + 5FE = 216
5FE = 166
FE = 33.2

31. (a) In AXY and ABC,

YAX = CAB (common angle)
AXY = ABC = 90 (corr. s, XY // BC)
AYX = ACB (corr. s, XY // BC)

P.51
 ∴ AXY ~ ABC (equiangular)
AX XY
(b) ∵ = (corr. sides, ~ s)
AB BC
3 XY
∴ =
3 + 2 12
5 XY = 36
XY = 7.2

(c) Area of trapezium XBCY

( XY + BC )( XB)
=
2
(7.2 + 12)(2)
=
2
= 19.2

Section B

32. (a) In ABC and EDC,

AB 13 5
∵ = =
ED 5.2 2
BC 12 5
= =
DC 4.8 2
AC 3 + 2 5
= =
EC 2 2
AB BC AC
i.e. = =
ED DC EC
∴ ABC ~ EDC (3 sides proportional)
(b) ABC = EDC (corr. s, ~ s)
∴ b = 30

In ABC,
b + 60 + c = 180 ( sum of )
30 + 60 + c = 180
c = 90

(c) ECD = ACB = 90 (corr. s, ~ s)

P.52
∵ BCA + ECD = 90 + 90
= 180
∴ BCD is a straight line. (adj. s supp.)

P.53