A Project Report On

TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of

DIPLOMA
In
Electrical Engineering
By

ASHUTOSH KUMAR (E22228832800015)

RAMASHARY KUMAR (E22228832800005)
AMAN (E22228832800037)
KARAN RAJPOOT (E22228832800065)
ABHISHEK SINGH (E23228837800002)

Under The Guidance of

Mr. Saurabh Gupta
(Project Incharge)

Mr. Santosh Kr. Kushwaha Mr. Saurabh Gupta

(H.O.D.) (Principal)

Session 2024-25

M.G. INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW (2288)
TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “Transmission Line Fault Detection System” is bonafide
work carried out by Ashutosh Kumar, Ramashary Kumar, Aman, Karan Rajpoot and Abhishek
Singh in partial fulfillment for the award of 3-Year Diploma in Electrical Enginnering from
M.G. Institute of Management and Technology, Lucknow during the year 2024-25. This
project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirement and work carried out by
thm under by supervision and guidance.We wish him bright future.

Date: Mr. Santosh Kr. Kushwaha

(H.O.D of Electrical Engineering)

Date: Mr. Saurabh Gupta

(Project Incharge & Principal)

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TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of task would be
incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose constant guidance and encouragement
made it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you, our project, which is result of studies
blend of both research and knowledge.

We express our earnest gratitude to Mr. Santosh Kumar Kushwaha (Head of Department) and
all the faculty of the Electrical Engineering Polytechnic Department especially for their
intellectual support during my work.

I am thankful to Mr. Saurabh Gupta (Principal Polytechnic) for his constant support,
encouragement and guidance. We are grateful for his cooperation and his valuable suggestion.
Finally we express our gratitude to all other members who are involved either directly or
indirectly for the completion of this project.

ASHUTOSH KUMAR (E22228832800015)

RAMASHARY KUMAR (E22228832800005)
AMAN (E22228832800037)
KARAN RAJPOOT (E22228832800065)
ABHISHEK SINGH (E23228837800002)

M.G.I.M.T. Lucknow iii

TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.

CERTIFICATE ............................................................................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. iv

LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1-5

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Motivation of the Project .............................................................................................. 3
1.3 Overview of Power Line Transmission ........................................................................ 3
1.4 Objective of Project ...................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Advantages of Project ................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 2: FAULTS AND EFFECTS IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM ............. 6-13

2.1 Effects of Faults on Transmission Line ......................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Open Circuit Fault ............................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Short Circuit Fault ............................................................................................... 8
2.2 Causes of Electrical Faults ........................................................................................... 11
2.3 Effects of Electrical Faults ........................................................................................... 12
2.4 Fault limiting devices ................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 3: COMPONENT DESCRIPTION .................................................................. 14-30

3.1 Hardware Requirements ............................................................................................... 15

3.1.1 Accessories ........................................................................................................ 16
3.1.2 Light Emitting Diode (LED) .............................................................................. 18
3.1.3 Resistance .......................................................................................................... 20
3.1.4 Capacitor ........................................................................................................... 22
3.1.5 BC 547 NPN Transistor .................................................................................... 23
3.1.6 Diode ................................................................................................................. 24
3.1.7 Board ................................................................................................................. 26

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TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM

3.1.8 Rectifier ............................................................................................................. 27

3.1.9 Wires ................................................................................................................. 28
3.1.10 PCB Board ....................................................................................................... 29
3.2 Working Project Model ................................................................................................ 30

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION .............................................................................................. 31-32

5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 32

5.2 Future Scope ................................................................................................................ 32

REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................... 33

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Power Transmission Flow .......................................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2.1: Different types of power system fault .................................................................................................. 7

Figure 2.2: Open Circuit Fault .......................................................................................................................................... 8

Figure 2.3: Line – Line – Line Fault ............................................................................................................................. 9

Figure 2.4: Three-phase line to the ground fault ............................................................................ 9

Figure 2.5: Single Line to Line Ground ........................................................................................ 10

Figure 2.6: Line – to – Line Fault ................................................................................................ 11

Figure 2.7: Double Line – to – line Ground Fault ....................................................................... 11

Figure 3.1: Power Source Circuit ................................................................................................................................. 15

Figure 3.2: Fault Detector Circuit ................................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 3.3: Adapter ............................................................................................................................................................. 16

Figure 3.4: DIP Base .......................................................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 3.5: Power Jack ...................................................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 3.6: Different types of Switches .................................................................................................................... 18

Figure 3.7: Different types of LEDs ........................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 3.8: Symbol of LED ............................................................................................................................................ 19

Figure 3.9: Light Emitting Diode (LED) ................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 3.10: Resistors Colour Codes .......................................................................................................................... 21

Figure 3.11: Transistor ...................................................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 3.12: P-N junction in thermal equilibrium with zero bias voltage applied ............................... 24

Figure 3.13: Equilibrium, forward and reverse biased conditions in a p-n junction ........................... 25

Figure 3.14: Forward and reverse bias characteristics of a diode and it’s circuit symbol ................ 26

Figure 3.15: Relay Internal Structure ......................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 3.16: Relay Operational diagram .................................................................................................................. 27

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TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT DETECTION SYSTEM

Figure 3.17: Half-Wave Rectifier ................................................................................................................................ 27

Figure 3.18: Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier .................................................................................................................. 28

Figure 3.19: Copper Wire ................................................................................................................................................ 29

Figure 3.20: Dotted PCB Boards .................................................................................................................................. 30

Figure 3.21: Working Model .......................................................................................................................................... 30

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