PHYSICS MARKING SCHEME https://mitihanipopote.blogspot.

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SECTION A: (16 MARKS)

1.​ Here are the answers with explanations:​

○​ i) B. Danger of electric shock - This is the standard symbol to warn about

electricity.
○​ ii) B. 60 g
■​ Volume of the cuboid = length x width x height = 3 cm x 4 cm x 10 cm =
120 cm³
■​ Mass = density x volume = 0.5 g/cm³ x 120 cm³ = 60 g
○​ iii) D. Action-at-a-distance force - Gravity acts between objects without them
physically touching.
○​ iv) C. The pressure in liquid increases with depth - The increasing pressure
exerts an upward force on the object.
○​ v) E. 30°C
■​ Let the final temperature be T.
■​ Heat lost by hot water = Heat gained by cold water
■​ m * c * (100 - T) = 3m * c * (T - 20) (where 'c' is the specific heat capacity
of water)
■​ 100 - T = 3T - 60
■​ 160 = 4T
■​ T = 40°C (Note: The provided answer options have an error. The correct
answer calculated is 40°C, but the closest option is E. 30°C. There seems
to be a mistake in the options.)
○​ vi) B. Solid < Liquid < Gas - Gas particles have the highest kinetic energy, then
liquids, then solids.
○​ vii) A. How fast or slow work is done - Power is the rate of doing work.
○​ viii) B. A.C generators have slip rings and D.C generators have
commutators - This is the key difference in their construction.
○​ ix) D. -5 m/s²
■​ Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time = (5 m/s - 20 m/s) / 3 s
= -15 m/s / 3 s = -5 m/s² (The negative sign indicates deceleration).
○​ x) B. It is created - Energy is conserved; it cannot be created or destroyed, only
transformed.
2.​ Matching List A and List B:​

○​ (i) FΔt - B. Impulse (Impulse is the change in momentum, and it's equal to force
x time)
○​ (ii) Net force - G. Resultant force (Net force is the overall force acting on an
object)
○​ (iii) Resists change of state - F. Inertia (Inertia is the tendency of an object to
resist changes in its motion or state)

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 ○​ (iv) Action and reaction - C. Third law of motion (Newton's third law)
○​ (v) Act over a short period of time - E. Momentum (Note: While impulse involves
forces acting over a short time, the statement itself describes impulsive forces,
not momentum. There might be a slight inaccuracy in the matching list. However,
given the options, E is the closest association.)
○​ (vi) Kg·m/s - A. Change of momentum (Note: Kg·m/s is the unit for both
momentum and change of momentum. Again, A is the closest fit.)

SECTION B: (54 MARKS)

3.​ (a) Long focal length concave mirror:​

○​ When the focal length of a concave mirror is extremely long, it becomes almost
flat.
○​ Using the mirror formula (1/f = 1/v + 1/u), if f is very large, 1/f approaches zero.
This means 1/v + 1/u ≈ 0, or 1/v ≈ -1/u, which implies v ≈ -u.
○​ This shows that the image distance (v) is approximately equal to the negative of
the object distance (u), indicating that the mirror forms an image that is nearly the
same size as the object and at the same distance (but inverted) – similar to a
plane mirror.
4.​ (b) Prism problem:​

○​ (i) Minimum deviation (Dm):

■​ refractive index (n) = sin((A + Dm)/2) / sin(A/2)
■​ √2 = sin((60 + Dm)/2) / sin(30)
■​ √2 * 0.5 = sin((60 + Dm)/2)
■​ sin⁻¹(√2 / 2) = (60 + Dm) / 2
■​ 45 = (60 + Dm) / 2
■​ 90 = 60 + Dm
■​ Dm = 30°
○​ (ii) Angle of incidence (i):
■​ At minimum deviation, i = (A + Dm) / 2 = (60 + 30) / 2 = 45°
○​ (iii) Angle of refraction (r):
■​ At minimum deviation, r = A / 2 = 60 / 2 = 30°
5.​ (a) Water barometer:​

○​ It's impractical because water is much less dense than mercury.

○​ To measure standard atmospheric pressure, a water barometer would need to be
about 10.3 meters tall, which is very inconvenient. A mercury barometer only
needs to be about 76 cm tall.
6.​ (b) Ladder problem:​

○​ You'd need a diagram here, but the idea is:

○​ The ladder's weight acts at its center of gravity.
○​ Take moments about each boy's position to find the force the other boy exerts.

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 ○​ Let the force exerted by P be Fp and by Q be Fq.
○​ Taking moments about P: Fq * 5m = 800N * 2m => Fq = 320N
○​ Taking moments about Q: Fp * 5m = 800N * 3m => Fp = 480N
7.​ (a) Object not moving:​

○​ No, you cannot conclude that no forces are acting on it.

○​ If an object is stationary, it means the forces acting on it are balanced (net force
is zero). For example, gravity is pulling it down, and a support force is pushing it
up.
8.​ (b) Hydraulic press:​

○​ Efficiency = (Load * distance load moves) / (Effort * distance effort moves) *

100%
○​ Since we're given forces and areas, we can use the principle that pressure is the
same in a hydraulic system.
○​ Efficiency = (Load / Effort) * (Area of effort piston / Area of load piston) * 100%
○​ Load = mass * gravity = 680 kg * 10 m/s² = 6800 N
○​ Efficiency = (6800 N / 550 N) * (0.02 m² / 0.3 m²) * 100% = 82.42% (Note: There
might be a slight variation in the final answer depending on rounding.)
9.​ (a) Glass vs. Pyrex:​

○​ Glass has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than Pyrex.

○​ When heated, glass expands more, leading to uneven expansion and stress,
which can cause it to break. Pyrex expands much less, so it's more resistant to
thermal shock.
10.​(b) Iron and copper rods:​

○​ Let the length of the copper rod at 0°C be Lc. The length of the iron rod at 0°C
(Li) is 600cm.
○​ Change in length of iron rod: ΔLi = Li * αi * ΔT = 600cm * 0.00001/°C * 100°C =
0.6cm
○​ Change in length of copper rod: ΔLc = Lc * αc * ΔT = Lc * 0.00003/°C * 100°C =
0.003Lc
○​ Difference in length at 0°C = Difference in length at 100°C
○​ Li - Lc = (Li + ΔLi) - (Lc + ΔLc)
○​ 600 - Lc = (600 + 0.6) - (Lc + 0.003Lc)
○​ 0 = 0.6 - 0.003Lc
○​ 0.003Lc = 0.6
○​ Lc = 200cm
11.​(a) Strings in resonance:​

○​ For resonance, the frequencies of the strings must be equal.

○​ Frequency (f) is related to the speed of the wave (v) and wavelength (λ): f = v/λ

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 ○​ The speed of a wave on a string is related to tension (T) and linear mass density
(μ): v = √(T/μ)
○​ Since the tension is the same, v is proportional to 1/√μ. Wavelength is
proportional to length.
○​ To be in resonance, L1/√μ1 = L2/√μ2
○​ 2m / √9g/cm = L2 / √18g/cm
○​ L2 = 2m * √(18/9) = 2m * √2 = 2.83m (approximately)
12.​(b) Strontium-90 decay:​

○​ The question is a bit tricky. It asks for the time it takes to emit the same number
of particles. Since the number of particles emitted is directly proportional to the
amount of Strontium-90 present, it's essentially asking for the half-life period.
○​ It will take 28 years for it to emit half the number of particles it did in 1971. The
question is flawed.
13.​(a) Colour vs. Pigment:​

○​ Colour is a property of light. We perceive different colours based on the

wavelengths of light that reach our eyes.
○​ Pigment is a substance that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects
others. This is why objects appear colored.
14.​(b) Black cloth drying first:​

○​ Black cloth absorbs more heat from sunlight than a white cloth.
○​ This increased heat increases the rate of evaporation, causing the black cloth to
dry faster.
15.​(c) Yellow + Blue pigment:​

○​ Mixing yellow and blue pigments will produce green pigment.

○​ This is because yellow pigment absorbs blue and violet light and reflects yellow
and green. Blue pigment absorbs red, orange, and yellow and reflects blue and
green. The only color they both reflect is green.

SECTION C: (30 MARKS)

9.​ (a) Capacitors:​

○​ Total capacitance (C) in series: 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 = 1/0.6µF + 1/0.3µF = 1/0.2µF
=> C = 0.2µF
○​ Charge (Q) = C * V = 0.2µF * 3V = 0.6µC (microCoulombs)
10.​(b) Battery emf and internal resistance:​

○​ Use the formula V = emf - Ir (where V is terminal voltage, emf is electromotive

force, I is current, and r is internal resistance)
○​ Equation 1: 12V = emf - I1 * r where I1 = 12V / 20Ω
○​ Equation 2: 13.5V = emf - I2 * r where I2 = 13.5V / 45Ω

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 ○​ Solve these two equations simultaneously to find emf and r.
○​ emf = 14V
○​ r = 3.33Ω (approximately)
11.​(c) Washing machine:​

○​ Total power = motor power + heating element power = (0.5 hp * 0.75 kW/hp) + 2
kW = 0.375 kW + 2 kW = 2.375 kW
○​ Current (I) = Power / Voltage = 2375 W / 240 V = 9.9 A (approximately)
○​ Energy used per week = Power * Time = 2.375 kW * (40/60) h = 1.58 kWh
(approximately)
○​ Energy used in 12 weeks = 1.58 kWh/week * 12 weeks = 18.96 kWh
○​ Cost = Energy * Price = 18.96 kWh * 200 Tshs/kWh = 3792 Tshs
12.​(a) Relative density of mixture:​

○​ Mass of water (Mw) = 100 g

○​ Mass of liquid (Ml) = 60 g
○​ Density of water (ρw) = 1 g/cm³
○​ Relative density of liquid (rdl) = 1.20, so density of liquid (ρl) = 1.20 g/cm³
○​ Volume of water (Vw) = Mw / ρw = 100 g / 1 g/cm³ = 100 cm³
○​ Volume of liquid (Vl) = Ml / ρl = 60 g / 1.20 g/cm³ = 50 cm³
○​ Total mass (Mt) = Mw + Ml = 100 g + 60 g = 160 g
○​ Total volume (Vt) = Vw + Vl = 100 cm³ + 50 cm³ = 150 cm³
○​ Density of mixture (ρm) = Mt / Vt = 160 g / 150 cm³ = 1.07 g/cm³ (approximately)
○​ Relative density of mixture = ρm / ρw = 1.07 g/cm³ / 1 g/cm³ = 1.07
13.​(b) Buoy:​

○​ (i) Forces:
■​ Weight (W) of the buoy: Downward
■​ Buoyant force (Fb) of the water: Upward
■​ Tension (T) in the cable: Downward
○​ (ii) Tension:
■​ Buoyant force (Fb) = Volume submerged * density of water * g = (2/3 * 40
litres) * 1.04 kg/litre * 10 m/s² = 277.33 N (approximately)
■​ Weight of buoy (W) = mass * g = 10 kg * 10 m/s² = 100 N
■​ Since the buoy is in equilibrium: Fb = W + T
■​ T = Fb - W = 277.33 N - 100 N = 177.33 N (approximately)
14.​(a) Inaudible echoes:​

○​ Sources:
■​ Ultrasound from medical imaging (used to see inside the body)
■​ Sonar from ships (used to detect underwater objects)
○​ Why inaudible? These sources produce sound waves with frequencies higher
than the human hearing range.

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