UNIT – 4

Blockchain Consensus, Scalability, and Application Development :

Byzantine Agreement Protocols

1. What does the Byzantine Agreement Protocol aim to solve?

a) Network congestion
b) Faulty nodes reaching agreement despite malicious actors
c) Improving transaction speeds
d) Enhancing encryption algorithms

2. In the Byzantine Agreement problem, how many faulty nodes can a

system tolerate?
a) Up to 25%
b) Up to one-third
c) Up to half
d) No faulty nodes allowed

3. Which of the following statements best describes a Byzantine Fault?

a) A minor software bug
b) A network timeout error
c) A condition where components give conflicting information to different
parts of the system
d) A memory leak in the blockchain

4. The term 'Byzantine Generals Problem' illustrates which primary

challenge?
a) Data synchronization
b) Secure network broadcasting
c) Achieving consensus with potentially unreliable participants
d) Blockchain scalability
5. Which algorithm is considered an early solution to the Byzantine
Agreement problem?
a) Paxos
b) Proof of Stake
c) Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)
d) Raft

6. Which property ensures that all non-faulty nodes agree on the same
value in Byzantine Agreement?
a) Authenticity
b) Integrity
c) Agreement
d) Latency

7. In a Byzantine Agreement Protocol, what is 'termination' property?

a) The agreement process must halt after a timeout
b) Every correct process must eventually decide on a value
c) Faulty nodes are immediately removed
d) Every process stops receiving messages

8. Which of the following best defines 'validity' in Byzantine Agreement?

a) Every message must be authenticated
b) If all correct nodes propose the same value, they must decide on that
value
c) The system should detect all faults automatically
d) All faulty nodes must be isolated

9. The Byzantine Agreement Protocols are critical for which type of

blockchain?
a) Private blockchain only
b) Public blockchain only
c) Both permissioned and permissionless blockchains
d) Only Proof of Work systems
 10. Which one of the following is NOT related to Byzantine Agreement?
a) Consensus
b) Fault Tolerance
c) Smart Contract Development
d) System Reliability

11. In a network with 25 nodes, what is the maximum number of faulty

nodes that can be tolerated using Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)?
a) 6
b) 8
c) 7
d) 9

(n = 3f+1 → f = (n-1)/3 = 8)

12. If a Byzantine Agreement protocol requires 4 rounds of message

exchanges per consensus, how many total messages are exchanged in a
network of 10 nodes?
a) 400
b) 360
c) 3600
d) 100

(Total = n(n-1) * rounds = 10×9×4 = 360)

Safety and Liveness of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)

13. What does the 'Safety' property in PBFT ensure?

a) The network remains online
b) All honest nodes agree on the same sequence of requests
c) Nodes complete processing at different times
 d) The system automatically scales with users

14. In PBFT, what does 'Liveness' guarantee?

a) All messages are broadcasted securely
b) The system continues to make progress despite failures
c) All nodes execute different transactions independently
d) The network avoids overload

15. Which phase in PBFT is mainly responsible for maintaining Safety?

a) Pre-prepare
b) Prepare
c) Commit
d) View Change

16. If a primary (leader) node fails or acts maliciously in PBFT, what

mechanism helps maintain Liveness?
a) Re-encryption
b) View Change
c) Block Mining
d) Fork Recovery

17. How many faulty nodes can PBFT tolerate in a network of 'n' nodes?
a) Up to (n-1) / 2
b) Up to n / 4
c) Up to (n-1) / 3
d) No faulty nodes allowed

18. What must honest nodes do during the Prepare phase to achieve Safety?
a) Accept the first proposal they receive
b) Wait for 2f+1 matching messages
c) Only communicate with the leader
d) Randomly pick any proposal
19. In PBFT, a 'View Change' occurs when:
a) The system adds a new node
b) A timeout or suspicion occurs about the primary node
c) Consensus is achieved
d) The blockchain is full

20. Which of the following is true about PBFT's Safety?

a) Safety can be compromised if a single node fails
b) Safety is maintained as long as fewer than one-third nodes are faulty
c) Safety depends on random leader selection
d) Safety is not guaranteed in permissioned blockchains

21. What role does the 'Commit Phase' play in PBFT?

a) Validates node addresses
b) Finalizes agreement before execution
c) Disconnects faulty nodes
d) Starts the View Change process

22. What would happen if PBFT ensures only Liveness but not Safety?
a) All nodes would progress without errors
b) Nodes might execute different operations, leading to inconsistencies
c) The network becomes faster
d) Smart contracts become more secure

23. In PBFT, how many replicas are needed to tolerate 2 faulty nodes?
a) 4
b) 6
c) 7
d) 5

(n = 3f+1 → n = 7)

24. PBFT achieves consensus in how many communication rounds under

normal operation?
 a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 1

(Pre-prepare, Prepare, Commit → 3 rounds)

Hyperledger Fabric

25. What is Hyperledger Fabric primarily used for?

a) Cryptocurrencies
b) Permissioned blockchain networks
c) Peer-to-peer file sharing
d) Mining digital assets

26. Which component in Hyperledger Fabric maintains the shared ledger?

a) Chaincode
b) Endorsement Policy
c) Peer nodes
d) Ordering Service

27. What is the role of the 'Ordering Service' in Hyperledger Fabric?

a) Stores the blockchain data
b) Validates transactions
c) Provides consensus on the order of transactions
d) Processes chaincode requests

28. Which type of consensus does Hyperledger Fabric use?

a) Proof of Work (PoW)
b) Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)
c) Proof of Stake (PoS)
 d) Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET)

29. In Hyperledger Fabric, what is a 'Chaincode'?

a) A smart contract
b) A transaction in the block
c) A hashing algorithm
d) A consensus mechanism

30. Which of the following is a key feature of Hyperledger Fabric?

a) Permissioned access control
b) Cryptocurrency support
c) Proof of Work consensus
d) Random node selection

31. What are 'Peers' in Hyperledger Fabric responsible for?

a) Creating new blocks
b) Validating transactions and maintaining the ledger
c) Running chaincode
d) Both b and c

32. In Hyperledger Fabric, what is an 'Endorsement Policy'?

a) A policy that defines who can create a block
b) A rule for approving transactions before they are committed to the ledger
c) A way to calculate transaction fees
d) A protocol for inter-blockchain communication

33. What is the purpose of 'Private Data Collections' in Hyperledger

Fabric?
a) Store publicly available data
b) Allow for the sharing of sensitive information in a private and secure
manner
c) Enhance the performance of consensus
d) Manage the chaincode execution
34. What does the 'Ledger' in Hyperledger Fabric contain?
a) Transaction data and blocks
b) Only valid transactions
c) Smart contract code
d) User authentication data

35. Which of the following is NOT true about Hyperledger Fabric?

a) It supports multiple programming languages for smart contracts
b) It is a public blockchain platform
c) It allows permissioned participation
d) It uses modular architecture

36. Which component in Hyperledger Fabric is responsible for ensuring the

integrity of transactions?
a) Chaincode
b) Block Validation
c) Endorsement Policy
d) Ordering Service

37. How does Hyperledger Fabric differ from Bitcoin or Ethereum?

a) It uses a public, permissionless model
b) It supports private and permissioned networks
c) It requires mining for consensus
d) It lacks smart contract functionality

38. In Hyperledger Fabric, who is responsible for endorsing a transaction

proposal?
a) The client
b) The leader node
c) A subset of peers
d) The ordering service

39. Which of the following is a key benefit of using Hyperledger Fabric for
enterprise blockchain solutions?
a) Fully decentralized and public transactions
 b) Ability to control who can participate in the network
c) Built-in cryptocurrency support
d) No need for smart contracts

40. In a Fabric network with 3 peers per organization and 2 organizations,

how many endorsements are needed if endorsement policy is
‘AND(Org1.peer, Org2.peer)’?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

(One peer from each org)

41. Given a Fabric block size of 10 transactions and transaction size of 2

KB, what is the block size in KB?
a) 20 KB
b) 10 KB
c) 15 KB
d) 25 KB

(10×2 = 20 KB)

Hyperledger Foundation

42. What is the Hyperledger Foundation primarily focused on?

a) Developing cryptocurrencies
b) Advancing open-source blockchain technologies for enterprises
c) Creating NFT platforms
d) Building centralized databases
43. Hyperledger Foundation operates under which larger organization?
a) Ethereum Alliance
b) Linux Foundation
c) Blockchain Council
d) World Economic Forum

44. When was the Hyperledger Foundation launched?

a) 2008
b) 2015
c) 2016
d) 2020

45. Which of the following is NOT a project under Hyperledger

Foundation?
a) Hyperledger Fabric
b) Hyperledger Sawtooth
c) Hyperledger Corda
d) Hyperledger Indy

46. Which project under Hyperledger is mainly focused on identity

management?
a) Hyperledger Fabric
b) Hyperledger Indy
c) Hyperledger Besu
d) Hyperledger Burrow

47. What is the structure of the Hyperledger Foundation’s community?

a) Only open to companies
b) Open-source contributors, enterprises, and developers
c) Only blockchain miners
d) Closed group of blockchain validators

48. Which Hyperledger project is Ethereum-compatible?

a) Hyperledger Fabric
b) Hyperledger Burrow
 c) Hyperledger Besu
d) Hyperledger Indy

49. What type of governance model does Hyperledger Foundation promote?

a) Centralized governance
b) Open and collaborative governance
c) Single-leader governance
d) Mining-based governance

50. Which statement is true about Hyperledger Foundation?

a) It creates its own cryptocurrencies
b) It focuses only on public blockchains
c) It promotes permissioned blockchain frameworks
d) It is owned by IBM

51. Hyperledger Foundation mainly aims to develop blockchains for:

a) Public networks like Bitcoin
b) Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs)
c) Enterprise-level use cases
d) Crypto-mining operations

52. Which project under Hyperledger supports modular consensus

mechanisms?
a) Hyperledger Fabric
b) Hyperledger Indy
c) Hyperledger Besu
d) Hyperledger Avalon

53. Hyperledger Foundation supports which of the following blockchain

types?
a) Only public blockchains
b) Only permissionless blockchains
c) Only private blockchains
d) Both permissioned and private blockchains
 54. Which of the following is a permissioned blockchain project under
Hyperledger?
a) Ethereum
b) Hyperledger Fabric
c) Bitcoin
d) Solana

55. Hyperledger Foundation emphasizes:

a) Cryptocurrency creation
b) Open-source enterprise-grade blockchain development
c) Building new mining technologies
d) Developing decentralized gaming platforms

56. Who can participate in Hyperledger Foundation projects?

a) Only selected corporations
b) Only miners and validators
c) Anyone – developers, organizations, and users
d) Only blockchain startups

Fabric Architecture

57. In Hyperledger Fabric, what is the primary role of peers?

a) Manage cryptocurrencies
b) Validate and commit transactions
c) Create smart contracts
d) Generate blocks independently
58. Which component in Fabric is responsible for ordering transactions?
a) Peer
b) Ordering Service
c) Chaincode
d) Membership Service Provider (MSP)

59. What is a "chaincode" in Hyperledger Fabric?

a) A cryptocurrency
b) A type of ordering node
c) A smart contract that runs business logic
d) A block validation algorithm

60. What type of blockchain network is Hyperledger Fabric?

a) Permissionless and public
b) Permissioned and private
c) Only private
d) Only consortium based

61. Which Fabric component handles identity management?

a) Ordering Service
b) Endorsement Policy
c) Membership Service Provider (MSP)
d) Channel

62. What is the purpose of a channel in Hyperledger Fabric?

a) Encrypt transactions
b) Connect peers to the ordering service
c) Create a private blockchain network between specific members
d) Order blocks randomly

63. In Hyperledger Fabric, a transaction must be _____ before being

committed to the ledger.
a) Rejected
b) Endorsed
c) Ignored
 d) Stored offline

64. Which of the following is NOT a component of Hyperledger Fabric

architecture?
a) Peer
b) Ordering Service
c) Channel
d) Miner

65. Hyperledger Fabric separates the transaction flow into how many
phases?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 5

66. Which of these steps is NOT a part of Hyperledger Fabric's transaction

flow?
a) Transaction Proposal
b) Transaction Endorsement
c) Mining of blocks
d) Transaction Commit

67. In Fabric, who verifies that transaction proposals have been properly
endorsed?
a) Ordering service
b) Committing peers
c) Chaincode developers
d) Certificate authorities

68. What are Fabric Smart Contracts called?

a) Chaincode
b) Scripts
c) Fabric Apps
 d) Endorsements

69. Who defines the Endorsement Policy in Hyperledger Fabric?

a) Ordering service
b) Chaincode administrator
c) Channel administrator
d) Application developers

70. Which of the following correctly defines a Fabric Ledger?

a) Only the blockchain component
b) Blockchain and world state
c) Only smart contracts
d) A mining record of transactions

71. Hyperledger Fabric supports which type of consensus?

a) Proof of Work
b) Proof of Stake
c) Crash Fault Tolerant (CFT)
d) Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT)

72. What is the world state in Fabric architecture?

a) The history of all transactions
b) A database storing the latest value of all assets
c) A blockchain network map
d) A miner list

73. Which database is commonly used for storing the world state in
Hyperledger Fabric?
a) MySQL
b) LevelDB
c) Oracle
d) MongoDB
 74. Which Fabric component provides the trust model through identity
validation?
a) Chaincode
b) Ordering Service
c) Membership Service Provider (MSP)
d) Ledger

75. Fabric's modular architecture allows pluggable components for:

a) Consensus, Membership, and Ledger storage
b) Only mining algorithms
c) Wallet generation
d) Public blockchain creation

76. Which Hyperledger Fabric node stores a full ledger copy and validates
transactions?
a) Ordering Node
b) Peer Node
c) Client Node
d) Admin Node

Fabric Test Network

77. What is the Fabric Test Network primarily used for?

a) Deploying production blockchains
b) Testing smart contracts and network configurations
c) Mining cryptocurrencies
d) Performing public blockchain validation

78. Which tool is commonly used to bring up the Fabric Test Network?
a) Geth
b) Docker Compose
 c) Kubernetes
d) Fabric Composer

79. The Fabric Test Network uses Docker to simulate:

a) Cryptocurrency wallets
b) Multiple organizations and peers
c) Public miners
d) Mobile blockchain nodes

80. In the Fabric Test Network, which file defines the network
configuration?
a) config.yaml
b) docker-compose.yaml
c) peer-config.json
d) chaincode-config.txt

81. Which component is NOT launched in the basic Fabric Test Network
setup?
a) Ordering Service
b) Peer Nodes
c) Mining Pools
d) Certificate Authorities (CAs)

82. The Fabric Test Network provides sample scripts for:

a) Generating mining rewards
b) Deploying chaincode and creating channels
c) Public transaction validation
d) Creating NFTs

83. Which programming language is most commonly used to write Fabric

Test Network chaincodes?
a) Python
b) C++
 c) Go
d) PHP

84. What does the 'network.sh' script do in the Fabric Test Network?
a) Automates network startup, channel creation, and chaincode deployment
b) Automates cryptocurrency mining
c) Builds Docker images for external applications
d) Compiles smart contracts only

85. Which directory typically contains the crypto materials (certificates and
keys) in Fabric Test Network?
a) /docker
b) /crypto-config
c) /network-keys
d) /cert-chain

86. In Fabric Test Network, what is the purpose of Certificate Authorities

(CAs)?
a) Block transaction proposals
b) Generate cryptographic identities for participants
c) Validate mining algorithms
d) Launch public APIs

87. Which command is used to bring up the Fabric Test Network?

a) ./network.sh up
b) ./startNetwork.sh
c) docker-run-network
d) fabric-run-network.sh

88. Which database is often used with Fabric Test Network to store world
state by default?
a) MongoDB
b) LevelDB
 c) MySQL
d) Firebase

89. What needs to be done first before deploying a chaincode in Fabric Test
Network?
a) Install Docker
b) Create a channel
c) Set mining difficulty
d) Build Node.js client

90. Which Fabric Test Network component orders transactions into blocks?
a) CA
b) Peer
c) Ordering Service
d) Chaincode

91. In Fabric Test Network, which step follows after chaincode approval?
a) Chaincode commitment to the channel
b) Mining of chaincode
c) Issuing Ether tokens
d) Creating a validator set

92. In a test network with 3 orderer nodes using Raft consensus, how many
orderers must be online to maintain consensus?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 1
d) None

Raft needs majority: ceil(3/2) = 2)

Fabric Transaction Flow

93. In Hyperledger Fabric, a transaction starts when:
a) An orderer initiates a block
b) A client submits a transaction proposal
c) A peer validates a block
d) A chaincode is deployed

94. Who endorses the transaction proposal in the Fabric transaction flow?
a) Orderer
b) Endorsing Peers
c) Client Application
d) Certificate Authority

95. What does an endorsing peer return to the client after simulating a
transaction?
a) Block confirmation
b) Signed endorsement response
c) Transaction receipt
d) Chaincode hash

96. After receiving endorsements, the client application:

a) Discards the transaction
b) Sends the transaction to the ordering service
c) Stores the transaction locally
d) Creates a new peer

97. Which component in Fabric batches multiple transactions into a block?

a) Endorsing peer
b) Orderer
c) Client
d) Chaincode

98. The ordering service in Hyperledger Fabric is responsible for:

a) Transaction validation
b) Block creation and delivery
c) User authentication
 d) Chaincode execution

99. When a block reaches a peer, the peer first:

a) Executes chaincode again
b) Validates endorsements and checks the read-write sets
c) Sends it to the client
d) Mines the block

100. What is checked during the validation phase of a Fabric

transaction?
a) Proof of Work
b) Endorsement policies and versioning conflicts
c) Mining difficulty
d) Node reputation

101. After validation, valid transactions are:

a) Added to the ledger and update the world state
b) Sent back to the client
c) Stored as pending
d) Deleted

102. Invalid transactions in Fabric are:

a) Included in the block but marked invalid
b) Re-executed for correction
c) Sent to the orderer again
d) Re-endorsed by endorsing peers

103. What is the main purpose of the endorsement policy in Fabric?

a) To define who can order blocks
b) To specify which peers must approve a transaction
c) To authorize client connections
d) To create new organizations
104. In Fabric, the final transaction commitment is done by:
a) Orderer
b) Client
c) Peer nodes
d) Chaincode itself

105. In which phase of Fabric transaction flow is concurrency conflict

detected?
a) Endorsement
b) Ordering
c) Validation
d) Execution

106. Which element of Fabric ensures that a transaction is only

committed if it satisfies endorsement and versioning checks?
a) Chaincode
b) Ordering Service
c) Validation Phase
d) State Database

107. Which order accurately describes the basic steps of the Fabric
transaction flow?
a) Order → Endorse → Validate → Commit
b) Endorse → Order → Validate → Commit
c) Validate → Order → Endorse → Commit
d) Endorse → Validate → Commit → Order

108. If Fabric transactions take 2 seconds for endorsement, 1 second

for ordering, and 2 seconds for validation, what is the total transaction
latency?
a) 4 sec
b) 5 sec
c) 6 sec
d) 3 sec

(2+1+2 = 5 sec)
 109. A Fabric channel has 5 organizations, each with 2 peers. How
many total peers participate in the channel?
a) 5
b) 10
c) 15
d) 20

(5×2 = 10)

Writing your own Chaincode

110. In Hyperledger Fabric, chaincode is equivalent to:

a) A peer
b) A smart contract
c) A transaction proposal
d) A block

111. Chaincode in Fabric is typically written in which programming

languages?
a) Java, Python, Ruby
b) Go, Java, JavaScript
c) C++, C#, PHP
d) Rust, Solidity, Swift

112. Which function is mandatory when writing a basic chaincode in

Fabric?
a) Validate()
b) Init()
c) Execute()
d) Send()
113. Which method handles transaction invocation in chaincode?
a) main()
b) Invoke()
c) Call()
d) Execute()

114. The Init function in chaincode is called:

a) Every time a transaction is invoked
b) Only during chaincode instantiation or upgrade
c) After every block creation
d) After transaction validation

115. In Fabric, the context parameter 'stub' in chaincode represents:

a) Blockchain database
b) The interface to access and modify the ledger
c) A peer node
d) A client application

116. Which API would you use in chaincode to store a key-value pair?
a) SaveValue()
b) PutState()
c) WriteData()
d) AddEntry()

117. Which API is used to retrieve a value from the ledger within
chaincode?
a) GetValue()
b) FetchData()
c) GetState()
d) RetrieveEntry()

118. Which function is used inside the Invoke() method to dispatch the
right function?
a) stub.ExecuteFunction()
b) stub.InvokeChaincode()
 c) stub.GetFunctionAndParameters()
d) stub.Run()

119. When writing chaincode, which statement is true about error

handling?
a) Errors can be ignored
b) Errors must be properly handled and returned
c) Errors are only needed during Init()
d) Errors are logged but not returned

120. A basic chaincode structure consists of:

a) Only an Init function
b) Init and Invoke functions
c) Only a Query function
d) Only Put and Get functions

121. In chaincode, what happens if a transaction returns an error?

a) It is ignored and committed
b) It is rejected and marked invalid
c) It is auto-corrected
d) It is retried automatically

122. Which Go package is commonly imported while writing

chaincode in Go?
a) "fabric/chain"
b) "github.com/hyperledger/fabric-chaincode-go/shim"
c) "blockchain/fabric"
d) "fabric/peer"

123. Chaincode deployment involves:

a) Only saving it locally
b) Installing and approving it for organizations, then committing it
c) Sending it directly to peers without approval
d) Running it on the orderer
 124. Chaincode must be packaged before installation in Fabric as:
a) .zip file
b) .tar.gz file
c) .rar file
d) .sh file

125. What command-line tool is mainly used to package and install

chaincode?
a) docker-compose
b) fabric-ca-client
c) peer CLI
d) orderer CLI

126. If a chaincode function adds 0.05 units of gas per iteration, how
much gas will 200 iterations consume?
a) 10
b) 20
c) 15
d) 5

(200×0.05 = 10)

Fabric Application

127. In Hyperledger Fabric, a Fabric Application typically refers to:

a) A smart contract running on Ethereum
b) A client application that interacts with Fabric network
c) The Fabric Certificate Authority
d) A new peer node

128. Which component connects a Fabric application to the blockchain

network?
a) Orderer
 b) Channel
c) SDK (Software Development Kit)
d) Chaincode

129. Which programming languages are commonly used to build

Fabric applications?
a) Solidity and Rust
b) Go, Node.js, Java
c) C#, PHP, Python
d) Ruby, Swift, Perl

130. In a Fabric application, what is a 'wallet'?

a) A place to store blockchain data
b) A file where user credentials (identities) are stored
c) A backup of the ledger
d) A type of consensus mechanism

131. Which service helps a Fabric application discover network peers

and orderers?
a) Channel Service
b) Discovery Service
c) Identity Service
d) Gossip Service

132. In a typical Fabric application flow, which step comes first?

a) Submit transaction
b) Connect to gateway
c) Send proposal
d) Commit block

133. What is the purpose of the Gateway in a Fabric application?

a) It manages chaincode execution
b) It provides a simplified API to interact with the Fabric network
c) It validates blocks
 d) It stores the ledger

134. Which of the following is true about Fabric applications using the
SDK?
a) They can install chaincode
b) They can query and submit transactions
c) They can create channels directly
d) They can update block data manually

135. In Fabric, the communication between application and peers is:

a) Encrypted using TLS
b) Plain text over HTTP
c) Unsecured socket communication
d) Encrypted using SSH

136. Which file in a Fabric application specifies the network

connection profile?
a) wallet.json
b) chaincode.yaml
c) connection.json or connection.yaml
d) blockconfig.json

137. When a Fabric application submits a transaction, it must first:

a) Query all peers
b) Send a transaction proposal for endorsement
c) Write data directly to ledger
d) Update block headers

138. An endorsed transaction proposal in Fabric application is sent to:

a) Peer node only
b) Orderer node
c) Client's local storage
d) CA Server
 139. Which Fabric SDK is primarily used with JavaScript/Node.js
applications?
a) fabric-sdk-py
b) fabric-sdk-node
c) fabric-sdk-go
d) fabric-sdk-java

140. What happens after a transaction is committed in Fabric?

a) It is deleted from the ledger
b) It becomes immutable and recorded permanently
c) It is sent back to the application to modify
d) It triggers a rollback

141. Which Hyperledger project provides APIs and SDKs for Fabric
application development?
a) Hyperledger Explorer
b) Hyperledger Caliper
c) Hyperledger Fabric SDK
d) Hyperledger Iroha

DAPP

142. What does DAPP stand for in blockchain technology?

a) Digital Application for Payment Protocol
b) Decentralized Application
c) Distributed Automated Payment Process
d) Direct Application for Private Protocol

143. Which of the following is a characteristic of a DAPP?

a) Centralized control
b) Hosted on a single server
c) Open-source code
 d) Owned by a private company

144. Where is the backend code of a DAPP usually deployed?

a) On a centralized database
b) On a cloud server
c) On a blockchain network
d) On a private intranet

145. Which blockchain feature allows DAPPs to operate without

downtime?
a) Smart Contracts
b) Mining Pools
c) Centralized Servers
d) Private Keys

146. Which platform is most popular for developing DAPPs?

a) Bitcoin
b) Ethereum
c) Ripple
d) Hyperledger Fabric

147. In a DAPP, which component handles the business logic?

a) Blockchain
b) Central Server
c) Smart Contract
d) Web Browser

148. What is required to interact with a DAPP?

a) Normal internet connection only
b) Private server credentials
c) Cryptocurrency wallet
d) Java Runtime Environment
149. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of DAPPs?
a) High transparency
b) Decentralization
c) Single point of failure
d) Enhanced security

150. Which cryptocurrency is most commonly used to pay for

transaction fees in DAPPs on Ethereum?
a) Bitcoin
b) Ether (ETH)
c) Ripple (XRP)
d) Dogecoin (DOGE)

151. What distinguishes a DAPP from a traditional app?

a) Requires higher internet speed
b) Operates through decentralized blockchain
c) Is installed using Play Store only
d) Uses relational databases

152. A DAPP's frontend (user interface) is usually built using:

a) Only blockchain code
b) Traditional web technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript)
c) Python Blockchain Framework
d) Solidity

153. Which layer of a DAPP is responsible for interacting directly with

smart contracts?
a) Presentation Layer
b) Application Logic Layer
c) Data Access Layer
d) Blockchain Layer

154. What is the primary disadvantage of DAPPs compared to

centralized apps?
a) Lower security
 b) Expensive deployment
c) Complex updates and upgrades
d) Dependency on single organization

155. Which term refers to DAPPs operating on multiple blockchain

networks?
a) Cross-chain DAPPs
b) Multi-wallet DAPPs
c) Hybrid-Apps
d) Smart DAPPs

156. What governs the rules and execution of operations in a DAPP?

a) System administrator
b) Smart contract code
c) Server maintenance team
d) Central firewall policies

157. A DApp sends 500 requests per minute. If each request consumes
0.01 gas units, what is the total gas consumed in 10 minutes?
a) 50
b) 100
c) 500
d) 10
(500×0.01×10 = 50)

Blockchain Scalability

158. What does blockchain scalability primarily refer to?

a) Security of the blockchain
b) The ability to process a high number of transactions
c) Number of smart contracts executed
d) The energy consumption rate
159. Which of the following factors directly impacts blockchain
scalability?
a) Hash rate only
b) Block size and block time
c) Number of miners
d) Smart contract length

160. What is the major scalability issue with Bitcoin?

a) Unlimited transaction speed
b) Low transaction throughput (transactions per second)
c) Centralized mining farms
d) Absence of digital signatures

161. Which approach increases scalability by processing transactions

off-chain?
a) Sharding
b) Lightning Network
c) Proof of Work
d) Full Node Mining

162. Increasing block size can:

a) Decrease network decentralization
b) Increase the energy consumption only
c) Eliminate transaction fees
d) Reduce blockchain security

163. Which of the following scaling solution divides the blockchain into
smaller parts?
a) Forking
b) Lightning
c) Sharding
d) Proof of Burn

164. What is the typical transaction throughput of Bitcoin?

a) 1000 transactions per second
 b) 7 transactions per second
c) 100 transactions per second
d) 700 transactions per second

165. Which layer solution aims to improve blockchain scalability

without altering the base protocol?
a) Layer 0
b) Layer 1
c) Layer 2
d) Layer 3

166. An example of a Layer 2 scalability solution is:

a) Proof of Work
b) SegWit
c) Lightning Network
d) Hard Fork

167. What is the main trade-off when improving blockchain

scalability?
a) Decreased decentralization and/or security
b) Increased mining rewards
c) Lower transaction fees
d) Faster hard drive performance

168. Which mechanism compresses more transactions into a single

block to improve scalability?
a) Proof of Stake
b) Sidechains
c) Segregated Witness (SegWit)
d) Proof of Authority

169. In blockchain scalability, TPS stands for:

a) Transactions Per Security
 b) Total Processing Speed
c) Transactions Per Second
d) Token Processing System

170. Which blockchain platform is well-known for experimenting with

sharding to improve scalability?
a) Bitcoin
b) Ripple
c) Ethereum
d) Litecoin

171. Rollups are scaling solutions that:

a) Increase mining rewards
b) Execute transactions outside Layer 1 but post data on Layer 1
c) Replace proof-of-work algorithms
d) Create new blockchains

172. Sidechains help scalability by:

a) Replacing the main blockchain
b) Creating separate blockchains connected to the main chain
c) Destroying old transaction records
d) Increasing block mining difficulty

173. If Bitcoin processes 7 TPS and a scalability upgrade increases

throughput by 5x, what is the new TPS?
a) 28
b) 35
c) 14
d) 21

(7×5 = 35)

174. Given a block size of 1 MB and an average transaction size of 500

bytes, how many transactions fit in a block?
a) 2000
b) 1000
 c) 1500
d) 500

(1MB = 1,000,000 bytes → 1,000,000 / 500 = 2000)

Bitcoin – NG (Next Generation Protocol)

175. What does Bitcoin-NG aim to solve in traditional Bitcoin?

a) Mining decentralization
b) Scalability and transaction throughput
c) Increase block difficulty
d) Reduce number of nodes

176. In Bitcoin-NG, the leader is elected through:

a) Proof of Authority
b) Proof of Stake
c) Solving a Proof-of-Work puzzle
d) Proof of Burn

177. What is a 'leader' responsible for in Bitcoin-NG?

a) Verifying identities
b) Creating microblocks
c) Validating network hardware
d) Increasing mining rewards

178. In Bitcoin-NG, transactions are recorded in:

a) Macroblocks only
b) Microblocks only
c) Both macroblocks and microblocks
d) Regular Bitcoin blocks
179. What happens when a new leader is elected in Bitcoin-NG?
a) The blockchain resets
b) Previous leader’s transactions are discarded
c) The new leader starts creating new microblocks
d) No change, old leader continues

180. What does Bitcoin-NG use to divide time into?

a) Epochs
b) Periods
c) Rounds
d) Chains

181. Microblocks in Bitcoin-NG:

a) Contain only coinbase transactions
b) Are generated without solving Proof-of-Work
c) Require mining for each microblock
d) Include new leader election

182. What are macroblocks in Bitcoin-NG?

a) Blocks that elect new leaders
b) Blocks that carry multiple transactions
c) Blocks that contain smart contracts
d) Blocks containing microblocks

183. In Bitcoin-NG, who collects transaction fees?

a) Only the first miner
b) The leader and next leader share
c) Only the next leader
d) No transaction fees are collected

184. Bitcoin-NG improves transaction confirmation times by:

a) Creating multiple blockchains
b) Reducing the mining difficulty
c) Separating leader election and transaction serialization
 d) Removing Proof-of-Work entirely

185. Bitcoin-NG divides block generation into:

a) Staking and mining
b) Leader election and microblock creation
c) Proof and Burn phases
d) Header and body phases

186. Which of the following best describes Bitcoin-NG's microblocks?

a) Generated after mining a new block
b) Created by the leader without mining
c) Require solving Proof-of-Stake puzzles
d) Mined with high difficulty

187. Bitcoin-NG was proposed to overcome Bitcoin's limitation

regarding:
a) Centralization
b) Smart contract complexity
c) Low transaction throughput and high latency
d) Inflation issues

188. Bitcoin-NG separates which two functionalities that Bitcoin

combined?
a) Mining and storage
b) Transaction ordering and leader election
c) Key generation and transaction signing
d) Staking and transaction fees

189. Who are the authors behind Bitcoin-NG?

a) Vitalik Buterin and Gavin Wood
b) Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer
c) Satoshi Nakamoto and Hal Finney
 d) Nick Szabo and David Chaum

190. If Bitcoin-NG proposes 1 leader every 10 seconds, how many

leaders are elected in 1 hour?
a) 360
b) 600
c) 720
d) 180

(3600 sec / 10 = 360 leaders)

Collective Signing (CoSi)

191. What is the primary goal of Collective Signing (CoSi)?

a) Increase mining difficulty
b) Allow multiple participants to jointly sign a message
c) Reduce block size
d) Encrypt all blockchain data

192. Which of the following cryptographic techniques is CoSi based

on?
a) Zero-knowledge proofs
b) Merkle Trees
c) Schnorr multi-signatures
d) RSA encryption

193. In CoSi, what is the name of the main entity that initiates the
signing process?
a) Coordinator
b) Validator
c) Leader
d) Miner
194. What is the role of witnesses in CoSi?
a) Generate private keys
b) Verify and co-sign the statement
c) Store the blockchain
d) Initiate transaction mining

195. What advantage does CoSi offer for scalability?

a) Smaller block headers
b) Compact collective signatures
c) Faster Proof-of-Work
d) Distributed data encryption

196. Which structure is typically used in CoSi to organize the signers?

a) Binary Merkle Tree
b) Hashgraph
c) Tree topology
d) Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)

197. In Collective Signing, a statement is considered signed if:

a) Only a majority of participants sign
b) At least one participant signs
c) All witnesses approve and co-sign
d) A miner validates the signature

198. Which application benefits most from using CoSi?

a) Decentralized storage
b) Transparent logging and auditing systems
c) GPU mining
d) Staking reward distribution

199. What happens if a participant fails to co-sign in CoSi?

a) The entire signature is invalid
b) The participant is blacklisted permanently
c) The coordinator can exclude non-responding participants and proceed
 d) The transaction is retried automatically

200. What does CoSi primarily enhance in blockchain systems?

a) Transaction throughput
b) Consensus speed
c) Trust and transparency
d) Hash rate

201. How does CoSi improve fault tolerance?

a) By allowing retries for failed signers
b) By electing new coordinators every minute
c) By ensuring quorum signatures even if some nodes fail
d) By eliminating the need for nodes altogether

202. Which of the following statements is true about CoSi?

a) CoSi eliminates the need for cryptographic signatures
b) CoSi relies on a centralized database for storage
c) CoSi allows scalable signing across thousands of participants
d) CoSi is only used for encrypting blockchain data

203. In CoSi, how many signature shares are needed to aggregate a

final signature in a 30-member committee with a 2/3 threshold?
a) 10
b) 15
c) 20
d) 25

(2/3×30 = 20)