Contemporary

Issues in Sport
(R184)

Cambridge
National
Sports Studies
Revision Guide

Version 2 (First teaching September

2022)
 Topic area 1: Issues which affect participation
in sport

1.1 User groups

1.1.1 Different user groups who participate in sport:
 Gender
 People from different ethnic groups
 Retired people/people over 60
 Families with children
 Carers
 People with family commitments
 Young children/Teenagers
 People with disabilities
 Parents (singles or couples)
 People who work, the Unemployed/economically disadvantaged people
To Include:
Know the user groups that participate in the physical activity or sport. The user group
categories are as follows in this qualification:
 Gender - sometimes different genders have different needs, goals and
requirements for sport
 Carers - adults or children, caring for relatives, elderly, parents or siblings
 Young children - from birth to the end of primary school
 Teenagers - compulsory secondary school age
People with disabilities - an awareness of a range of disabilities should be included, not
just physical disabilities or wheelchair users

1.2 Possible barriers

1.2.1 Possible barriers which affect participation in sport:
 Employment and unemployment
 Family commitments
 Lack of disposable income
 Lack of transport
 Lack of positive sporting role models
 Lack of positive family role models or family support
 Lack of appropriate activity provision
 Lack of awareness of appropriate activity provision
 The lack of equal coverage in media in terms of gender and ethnicity by the media
To Include:
An appreciation that not everyone in society has an unlimited choice of when and where
they might participate in physical activity and sport
The barriers impacting user group participation. This may include:
 Lack of awareness of appropriate activity provision –not knowing the local area or
the activity provision available
 Negative portrayal by the media - for example stereotypical gender or ethnicity
images, the volume of specific sports coverage/reporting and the gender/ethnicity
imbalance in sport punditry may adversely affect both

1.3 Possible barrier solutions

1.3.1 Possible solutions to the barriers which affect participation in sport:
Provision of:
 Appropriate programmes
 Sessions
 Activities
 Times for the different user groups
Promotion strategies:
 The use of targeted promotion
1.1 User groups
Different user groups that participate in sport:

Different Retired Families with

Gender Teenager children
ethnic groups People
s

Unemployed or
People with User groups that economically
family participate in disadvantaged
commitments
sport
Young People
Carers People with
Children Parents at work
disabilities

User Group Explanation

 sometimes different genders have different
needs, goals and requirements for sport.
Gender broadly means being male or female although
there are other possible examples including
transgender or gender neutral.
In sports such as football, rugby, and boxing, at adult
level it is not allowed for males to play against
females, although there are sports that allow mixed
teams such as badminton and tennis.
Gender
Some sports allow females to participate in the same
competitions such as darts. On 17 December
2019, Fallon Sherrock became the first woman to
beat a man at the PDC World Championships.
In 2004 the IOC (international Olympic committee)
allowed trans gender athletes to compete in the
Olympics. However, some sports have disallowed this
such as rugby league and swimming which have
banned trans women from competing.
Adults or children, caring for relatives, elderly,
parents or siblings
Being a carer can be very stressful and time
consuming. It is important that carers get a chance to
participate in sport. This may give the carer an
Carers opportunity to relax and give them a break from their
responsibilities.
There may be opportunities to participate with the
person you are caring for. E.g. being a guide runner
for a person who is visually impaired.

Legally anyone under the age of 18 is a child

Younger children are up to the age of leaving primary
school (11 years old) Teenagers are someone over
the age of thirteen. Young children take part in sport
Young
at school and in their free time. They will often rely on
Children &
their parents to take them to training and to matches.
Teenagers This will limit the sports they can take part in. Often it
will depend on how much time, money and the
distance a parent has to travel take their children to
sports clubs.
If you have a physical or mental impairment
that has a ‘substantial’ and ‘long-term’
negative effect on your ability to do normal
daily activities
People with Physical disabilities can be easily identified if a person
has a prosthetic limb or is in a wheelchair. Other
disabilities
disabilities may be hard to identify for example if a
person is deaf, has learning difficulties or has mental
health issues, People with disabilities find it harder to
participate in sport as there are fewer opportunities
due to the limited access to sports clubs.
 The sport you participate in can be influenced
by your culture or ethnicity
The sport or activity you take part in can be
Different influenced by your family and peers. People from
ethnic different ethnicities may be steered towards or away
groups certain activities. E.g. a person of African origin may
be encouraged to take part in athletics rather than
swimming.
Retired people may have time and money to
participate in sport
Retired people are generally older people in society.
Retired The type of sports suitable may be limited. It would
People be unlikely a retired person would take up sports such
as boxing or rugby. Older people may take part in
sport for social or health reasons.
Unemployed or economically disadvantaged
Unemploye people may struggle to afford to play sport
d or Sport can be expensive such as gym memberships,
economicall equipment such as golf clubs, it may be expensive to
y travel to venues. Some activities run by local councils
disadvanta are much cheaper such as holiday clubs and council
ged run gyms. Some sports are inexpensive such as
walking or jogging.
People who work may have more money
available to take part in sport but find it hard to
find time
People at Some companies have sports facilities on site so
work workers can take part in sport. People may also
exercise around work such as cycling to work or
exercising in their lunch hour.

1.2 Possible barriers

Possible barriers which affect participation in sport:

Employment Family Lack of Lack of

& commitment transport disposable
unemploymen s income

Possible Barriers
Lack of appropriate which affect Lack of positive
activity provision sporting role
participation in
models
sport
Lack of positive The lack of equal coverage Lack of
family role in media in terms of gender awareness of
models or family and ethnicity by the media appropriate
support activity provision
 Barrier Explanation
If you work you may find it hard to find the time to
take part in sport. Some people work shifts and
Employmen weekends which may clash with training or matches.
t&
unemploym If you unemployed you may find it difficult to take
part in sport due to financial constraints. Gym
ent
memberships and sports such as golf are expensive
to play.
Family commitments may not leave you enough
Family time to take part in sport. If you have to pick up your
commitmen younger brother/sister from school it may prevent
ts you from taking part in after school clubs.

A lack of transport will prevent you travelling to

Lack of where sport takes place. This will limit your
transport opportunities and your choice of sport which must
be within walking or cycling distance.
Disposable income is the money you have left after
Lack of paying bills and essential things like food and
disposable accommodation. Some sports are expensive such as
income skiing, some people will not be able to afford the
equipment or the cost of travel to the snow slopes
A role model can be a famous athlete, coach or
Lack of family member. These people can influence you into
positive participating in sport. In football Girls have many
sporting more role models as there is increase in the profile
role models and the coverage the sport. This has led to an
increase in participation
In order to participate in a sport, you must be aware
Lack of of what provision is available. Provision means what
awareness is provided. If you do not know what sports clubs are
of activity available in your area you will not know where or
provision when you can take part.
Media coverage is important to promote individual
The lack of sports and to provide positive role models. It can be
equal argued that the media accentuates stereotypes.
coverage in Gender and ethnicity are not often promoted in the
media in media, this can demotivate and lower the self
terms of esteem of individuals.
gender and Recently, media coverage has improved with female
ethnicity by sports gaining more coverage, ethnic females
competing wearing headscarves helps provides
the media
positive role models for Muslim girls.
A lack of family role models and support will have an
Lack of impact on taking part in sport. Family is needed to
positive provide support when taking part in sport especially
family role if you are a child. Children are often introduced to
models or sports clubs through their parents or family
members. Support is needed to travel to
family
training/matches. Financial support is needed to buy
support kit/equipment and pay for membership fees.
 Lack of Activity provision is the sports that are available in
appropriate your area. If a sport is not available you will not be
activity able to take part. This is especially a problem for
provision individuals with a disability or have no transport.

Individual groups with possible barriers

Gender Ethnicity Retired People Families
 Stereotyping  Lack of awareness  Confidence  Family
 Gender imbalance  Lack of provision  Lack of fitness commitments
 Lack of role models  Lack of role models  Illness  Childcare costs
 Sexist attitudes  Discrimination  Transport  Transport
 Media coverage  Language barriers  Cost  Time
 Stereotyping  Discrimination  Disposable income
 Media coverage  Self esteem

Carers Young Children Disabilities Work

 Commitments  Lack of Role models  Activity provision  Work commitments
 Time  Activity awareness  Activity awareness  Lack of time
 Disposable income  Activity options  Transport  Fatigue/tiredness
 Activity provision  Cost  Role models  Activity awareness
 Homework  Cost of equipment  Activity options
 Transport  Discrimination  Transport
 Confidence/self
esteem

1.3 Possible barrier solutions

Possible solutions to the barriers which affect participation
in sport:
Provision of: Promotion strategies:
 Appropriate programmes  The use of targeted promotion
 Sessions  Role models
 Activities  Initiatives
 Times for the different user
groups

Solutions for individual groups:

Group Possible solutions

 Targeted campaigns (this girl can)  Same sex sport sessions

Gender  Role models and pundits  Clubs target certain genders
 Subsidised costs for sessions  Don’t Tolerate Sexism
 Sessions to appeal to many
 Targeted Campaigns (sport for all)
Ethnicity ethnicities
 Ethnic role models and pundits
 Encourage integration
 Subsidised transport/sessions
 Targeted campaigns (walking
 Sessions suitable for older people
Retired football)
 Subsidised sessions for elderly
people  Elderly role models
 Positive representation of age
 Sessions during the day (easy
group
access)
Families  Target campaigns for families (fun  Subsidised transport
runs)  Kids exercise free
  Role models with family
commitments  Soft play provision
 Free creches
 Campaigns for carers (lottery funds)  Subsidised sessions
Carers  Role models who a carers  Timings of activities
 Exercise at home  Support network to free up time

 Targeted campaigns (holiday camps)  Taster sessions

Children  Positive role models for children  Free transport
 Free subsidised sessions  Extra-curricular school clubs
 Targeted campaigns (together we  Media coverage
will)  Wheel chair access/disabled
Disability  Disabled role models parking
 Subsidised sessions  Targeted taster sessions
 Equipment such as brail and hoists  Hearing loops for the deaf
 Out of work hours sessions
 Promotion of available activities
Work  Specialist membership schemes
 Positive role models
 Medical cover with fitness
 Work place gymnasiums
incentives
 Subsidised sports/activities
Unemploye  Free activities
 Economically disadvantaged role
d  Link activities to job centre
models
 Free/discounted equipment
 Subsidised transport

1.4 Factors which can positively and negatively impact upon

the popularity of sport in the UK
Positive and negative impacts on the popularity of sport in the UK
includes:
 The number of people participating
 The provision of facilities
 Environment/climate activity influences
 Live spectator opportunities
 The amount and range of media coverage
 The high-level success of both individuals and teams
 The number and range of positive role models available in a sport
 Social acceptability
Sport England - Active Lives Study key findings

27% of adults do less than

30 minutes of exercise per
week

61% of adults do an
average of 150+ minutes
of exercise per week

63% of men Activity

are active levels
compared to decrease
60% of with age
 People who People who
are long term have a
unemployed disability are
are less likely less likely to
to be active be active

There are differences in activity

levels dependent on your ethnicity

Impact Explanation
The more people participate in sport the more it
The number of generates interest. These further drives
people participation. This has happened recently to
women’s football. The opposite is also true if
participating
people do not participate in a sport, participation
decreases as there is little interest
If there are more facilities in an area for certain
The provision sports it will allow participation and increase its
popularity. On the other hand, if there are no
of facilities
facilities then this will have the opposite effect.
How many people in the country can go surfing?
The weather and environment can have a huge
impact on the popularity of sport. Although
Environment &
technology allows many environments to be
climate recreated. These are not available to many people
activity due to cost/location. Mountains are needed for
influences skiing/snowboarding and coastal waters are
needed for sailing.
The more opportunities to watch live sport will
Live spectator increase its popularity, this can be seen for sports
opportunities such as football, rugby cricket. Sports that you are
unable to spectate will reduce in its popularity.
The more media coverage a sport has the more
The amount popular it will become. Many sports channels such
and range of as SKY or BT offer live coverage of many sports
media such as boxing, netball, football rugby etc… They
coverage also offer highlights and replays which raises their
popularity.
 The greater success an individual or team has, the
The high-level more popular the sport becomes. This can be seen
success of from gold medal winners at the Olympics
both increasing popularity of sports such as cycling,
individuals boxing & athletics. The popularity of tennis
and teams increased when Andy Murray won Wimbledon.
The number Popular role models increase the popularity of their
and range of sport. It is important that role models form sport
positive role include both males, females, ethnic minorities and
disability groups. Female footballers such as Ellen
models
White help increase popularity of women’s
available in a football.
sport
Popular sports such as football, netball, rugby and
tennis are socially accepted. People are
encouraged to play these sports from all ages.
Social Other sports may not be seen as socially
acceptability acceptable such as boxing or MMA as they are
deemed to be violent. This can affect their
popularity.

1.5 Emerging/new sports in the UK

The growth of emerging/new sports in the UK:

Sports that appear in the media become more popular. Although tennis is not an
emerging sport it becomes more popular when Wimbledon is on the Tv the same
can be said of golf when the Ryder Cup is televised.
Less popular sports become more popular if a team or individual is successful. For
example, skateboarding became more popular after winning a medal in the
Olympics. Cycling became more popular after Bradley Wiggins and Chris Froome
won the Tour De France
Examples of current emerging sports

Foot Golf
FootGolf – a hybrid precision sports combining
football and golf – is fast growing in popularity.
It involves the players kicking a football into a
hole, being very similar to golf. Played in over 30
countries worldwide in its original or a variated
version, this sport continues to trend with the
support of the American FootGolf League (AFGL),
and AFGL’s founder, Roberto Balestrini, predicts
its overwhelming potential as an emerging sport.
The true measure of its popularity lies in in the
fact that since 2013, the number of golf courses
has risen from 22 to 240 in just 40 states in US
alone!

Kabaddi
Kabaddi, a rough contact sport with its roots
in ancient India, is a lot like a game of Red
Rover or British Bulldog, but with an added
Quidditch
Thanks to Harry Porter (and of course J. K. Rowling),
we have the unique revolutionary game- Quidditch or
Muggle Quidditch- that has come alive on sports
pitches straight out of the pages of Rowling’s books!
A competitive wizarding game played with broomsticks
on a hockey rink-sized pitch, Quidditch is a unique mix
of tag, rugby and dodgeball.
With more than 170 official college teams and 4200
registered players, this game is sure becoming a rave
with the crowd, especially going by the 3000-odd
number of spectators that were in attendance at the
US Quidditch-sponsored IQA World Cup VII event in
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

Pickleball
Essentially a family paddle sport, Pickleball suits all
ages (and skill levels!). A cross comprising elements
from badminton, table tennis and tennis, this racquet
sport is named after the family cocker spaniel, Pickles,
of one of the co-inventors of the game.
Since then, Pickleball has bagged several accolades
with more than 100,000 players, and several courts
across 50 states in US alone. In fact, the USA Pickleball
Association (USAPA) has purported an upward trend of
almost 59% in enrolments to pickleball courses.

Disc golf
Disc golf dates back to 1926, when it was first seen being
played in Bladworth, Saskatchewan, Canada. Since then, and
especially since its formalization in 1970, the game has been
on a steady rise. In the current day, this precision and
accuracy sport that involves playing golf with a Frisbee, has
.
Topic Area 2: The role of sport in promoting
values

2.1 Sporting values

2.1.1 Values which can be promoted through sport:
 Team spirit- refers to the support given to fellow team/squad members and being
able to work together to reach a collective goal
 Fair play - where performers adhere to the rules and do not cheat whilst
performing
 Citizenship - relates to how people create community links and community spirit by
getting involved in local sports clubs and teams
 Tolerance AND Respect - one sporting value not two separate values, and relates
to how sport can generate a greater understanding of other cultures
 Inclusion - refers to the fact that in order that all social groups can participate in
sport, there should be equal opportunities for all social groups in society to play
sport
 National pride - support for your national team/squad in a sport creates national
pride by uniting the whole population in their support of for the team/sport
 Excellence - can be evident in sport at all levels when performers strive to be the
very best that they can in their activity and work with maximum effort
To Include:
 Awareness of how the values can be seen in sport
 Examples of each value in a sporting context

2.2 The Olympic and Paralympic movement

2.2.1 Olympic and Paralympic:
The Creed
The Symbol
The Olympic and Paralympic values:
 The Olympic values of Excellence, Friendship and Respect
 The Paralympic values of Courage, Determination, Inspiration and Equality
To Include:
 Know the Creed - “The most important thing is not to win but to take part, just as
the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential
thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well”. Pierre De Coubertin
 Know the that the five interlocking rings represent the closeness between the five
continents
Know the Olympic values:
 Excellence - Excellence means doing the best we can, on the field of play or in our
professional life. The important thing is not winning, but taking part, making
progress and enjoying the healthy combination of body, will and mind
 Respect - This includes respect for yourself and your body, for other people, for
rules and regulations, for sport and for the environment
 Friendship - Friendship is at the heart of the Olympic Movement. It encourages us
to see sport as an instrument for mutual understanding between individuals, and
between people all over the world

Know the Paralympic values:

 Courage - Paralympic athletes, through their performances, showcase to the world
what can be achieved when testing your body to its absolute limits
 Determination – Paralympic athletes have a unique strength of character that
combines mental toughness, physical ability, and outstanding agility to produce
sporting performances that regularly redefine the boundaries of possibility
 Inspiration – Paralympic athletes maximise their abilities, empowering and
exciting others to be active and participate in sport
 Equality - Paralympic athletes celebrate diversity and show that difference is a
strength. As pioneers for inclusion, they challenge stereotypes, transform attitudes
and break down social barriers and discrimination towards persons with disabilities
2.1 Sporting values
Values which can be promoted through sport:

National
Excellence pride Inclusion

Sporting
Tolerance Team
& Values spirit
Respect
Fair Play Citizenship

Value Explanation
Refers to the support given to fellow team/squad
members and being able to work together to reach a
Team spirit collective goal, for example the captain of the team
encouraging other team mates to stay focussed and
motivated.
Where performers adhere to the rules and do not cheat
Fair play whilst performing. When playing rugby, you do not
tackle around the neck or take performance enhancing
drugs.
 Relates to how people create community links and
community spirit by getting involved in local sports
clubs and teams. For example, Marcus Rashford raising
Citizenship awareness of food poverty. Professional football cubs
delivering coaching sessions and supporting local
charities.
One sporting value not two separate values, and
relates to how sport can generate a greater
Tolerance & understanding of other cultures. For example,
Respect respecting national anthems at sports events.
Respecting team mates from a different culture or
religious belief.
Refers to the fact that in order that all social groups
can participate in sport, there should be equal
Inclusion opportunities for all social groups in society to play
sport. Every social group can take part in football. For
example, the elderly can play walking football.
Support for your national team/squad in a sport creates
National national pride by uniting the whole population in their
pride support of for the team/sport. For example, displaying
flags and posters of your national team.
Can be evident in sport at all levels when performers
strive to be the very best that they can in their activity
Excellence and work with maximum effort. For example,
representing your club or country at all levels (junior –
senior)
2.2 The Olympic and Paralympic movement
Olympic and Paralympic:
The Olympic creed:
The Olympic creed is a statement created by the founder of the modern Olympic
Games; this message appears on the scoreboard at all modern Olympic Games.

‘The most important thing is not to win but to take part, just
as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the
struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to
have fought well.’ (Baron Pierre de Coubertin)

Olympic symbol:
The Olympic symbol is made up of five interlocking
rings. These rings represent the closeness (union)
of the five continents of the world and the coming
together of athletes from across the globe at the
Olympic Games.

Olympic values:
Value Explanation
This includes respect for yourself and your body, for other people, for
Respect rules and regulations, for sport and for the environment

Excellence Excellence means doing the best we can, on the field of play or in our
 professional life. The important thing is not winning, but taking part,
making progress and enjoying the healthy combination of body, will and
mind
Friendship is at the heart of the Olympic Movement. It encourages us to
Friendship see sport as an instrument for mutual understanding between
individuals, and between people all over the world

Paralympic values:
Value Explanation
Paralympic athletes have a unique strength of character that combines
Determinati mental toughness, physical ability, and outstanding agility to produce
on sporting performances that regularly redefine the boundaries of
possibility
Paralympic athletes maximise their abilities, empowering and exciting
Inspiration others to be active and participate in sport
Paralympic athletes, through their performances, showcase to the world
Courage what can be achieved when testing your body to its absolute limits
Paralympic athletes celebrate diversity and show that difference is a
strength. As pioneers for inclusion, they challenge stereotypes, transform
Equality attitudes and break down social barriers and discrimination towards
persons with disabilities

2.3 Sporting values initiative and campaigns

Other initiatives, campaigns and events which promote sporting
values:
 Local
 Regional
 National

Local and regional initiatives and campaigns

Sports clubs and the people who run them may decide to actively promote Olympic
and sporting values for example,
Local and regional teams may promote fair play by playing by the rules and
respecting the opposition, clubs could also fine those who get yellow or red cards
in football and rugby.
Local and regional clubs could support citizenship by supporting local charities and
create links between schools and other organisations to encourage a sense of pride
in representing your local team.
Local and regional clubs should always be tolerant and respect all members of
the club including those from different cultures and religious beliefs.
Everyone playing for a local or regional club should strive to be the best they can.
Many clubs have award ceremonies at the end of the season to celebrate
excellence.
People who play for the same sporting club often share many experiences and
memories this can forge friendships that last for years.
National
Explanation
Initiatives
Kick it out is a national campaign that aims to put an
Kick it out end to all forms of discrimination within sport
including: Racism. Sexism. Homophobia. Transphobia.
 Launched in January 2015, This Girl Can is our
nationwide campaign to get women and girls moving,
This girl can regardless of shape, size and ability. This was to
reduce the gap between the activity levels of males
and females
We Are Undefeatable is a national campaign to support
We are the 15 million people who live with one or more long-
undefeatabl term health conditions in England. It aims to help those
e with conditions such as diabetes, cancer, arthritis and
Parkinson’s to build physical activity into their lives.
Welcome to Join the Movement, a National Lottery-
Join the funded campaign helping us all find ways to get active.
movement We're all about simple, fun and free ways to get active,
both indoors and outdoors, that you can enjoy safely.
Rainbow Laces is a Stonewall campaign where
Rainbow participants do something active while wearing
laces Rainbow Laces in their boots or trainers, to show their
support for LGBT equality.

2.4 The importance of etiquette AND sporting behaviour

The importance of etiquette AND sporting behaviour of performers:

Etiquette and sporting behaviour

Performers who follow the etiquette and adopt a positive sporting behaviour follow
a unset of written rules such as, playing fair, promoting positive values, ensuring
the safety of themselves and others, and being a positive role model. People who
follow these rules are known as ‘sportsmanship’. Some performers do not show this
type of behaviour and bend the rules this is known as ‘gamesmanship’.

Sportsmanship Gamesmanship
 Kicking the ball out of play in football  Time wasting by dribbling the ball into
when a player is injured the corner of the pitch in football
 Admitting that the ball touched your  Grunting when playing tennis to try
bat in cricket and put their opponent off
 Performers at the Wimbledon Tennis  Faking a foul or injury
Championships being expected to leave  Trying to distract or put the batsman
the court together at the end of the off by sledging them
match  Going for excessive toilet breaks in
 Shaking hands at the beginning and tennis to put opponent off
end of a match  Entering a weakened team
 Being gracious and respectful both in
victory and defeat
 Being respectful to officials at all times

The importance of etiquette AND sporting behaviour of spectators:

Spectator etiquette
Like performers, spectators have a responsibility to each other and the
 Appropriate
players to view thebehaviour when spectating
action in a manner that does not jeopardise fellow
spectators or players. Spectators do not always follow sporting etiquette as
they often try and put the opposition off and often unpleasant to opposition
fans.
It is important that spectators act in a way that encourages a safe
  Safety

Examples of spectator etiquette

 Be quiet during tennis rallies  Do not entering the field of play
 Be quiet during golf shots before, during or after the game
 Respect the referees and not boo  Be respectful to opposition fans
decisions the disagree with  Be respectful to opposition players
 Sing the national anthem and respect and clap if they perform well
the oppositions  They should not chant anything that
 Enter and leave the venue safely could cause offensive

2.5 The use of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED’s) in

sport
The reasons why sports performers use PED’s

To gain advantage Pressure from

Think everyone
over the coaches/family/sponso
else is doing it
opposition r
Reasons why
To win Improve the
trophy/medal sports
performance
performer use
Lose PED’s
Financial
weight Mask pain/train gain
harder/recover quicker

The reasons why performers should not use PED’s

Suffer consequences
when found guilty
Immoral to take Unfair
PED’s and cheat Reasons why advantage over
sports performer others
May suffer Should NOT use Can cause
ill health PED’s addiction
Can damage reputation of
performer

Examples of athletes taking PED’d

Athlete Explanation
Dwain Chambers, Took anabolic steroids to increase his muscle size and
(Sprinter) strength. It would also allow him to recover quicker.
Took EPO to increase the amount of red blood cells in the
Lance Armstrong
body this would allow him to get more oxygen to the
(Cycling)
working muscles
Shane Warne Took diuretics to help lose body fluids this could be to mask
(Cricket) other drugs or to lose weight quickly

Ahmed Fiaz Took stimulants/amphetamines to increase alertness and to

(long Jump) improve reaction time

The role of WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) in eradicating the use

of PEDs:

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established in 1999 as an international

independent agency composed and funded by the sport movement and
governments of the world. Key activities include scientific research, education,
development of anti-doping capacities, and monitoring of the World Anti-Doping
Code – the document harmonizing anti-doping policies in all sports and all countries.

WADA’s Whereabouts Rule:

Some athletes, usually elite performers are required to provide whereabouts
information. This information is used by Anti-Doping Organizations (ADOs) to locate
athletes for effective out of competition doping control. Athletes are required to
provide the following whereabouts information on a quarterly basis:
 Home address, email address and phone number
 An address for overnight accommodations
 Regular activities, such as training, work, and school, the locations and the
times of these activities
 Competition schedules and locations
 A 60-minute time slot for each day where they’ll be available and accessible
for testing and liable for a potential ‘missed test’

WADA testing methods

If you are competing at the national or international level, you are subject to doping
control and can be tested anytime or anywhere. Testing methods include:
 Blood sample
 Urine sample
 Hair/nail samples (less common)
Urine sample:
The athlete will choose a urine sample collection vessel from a selection made
available by the doping control personnel.
A chaperone will witness the passing of the urine
The athlete will divide their urine into the A and B bottles. The B is needed in the
event their ‘A sample returns and adverse analytical finding (a ‘positive’ result)
The athlete will seal the A and B bottles.
The athlete completes Doping Control Form (DCF)
The sample is sent to the laboratory
Blood sample:
The athlete will choose a blood collection kit from a selection made available by the
doping control personnel.
A blood collection officer will draw blood from the athlete using two vials (which will
become the A & B sample).
The blood vials will be placed in the A and B blood sample collection bottles. Only
Sanctions to prevent the use of PEDs

A sanction (punishment) is one of the most common methods used by sports

organisations to try to stop performers from using PEDs. The most common
sanctions within sport are:
 Bans
 Fines
 Removing medals, records and achievements
 Damaged reputation

Athlete Punishment
Tested positive for steroids
Dwain Chambers Gold medal taken away
100 m sprinter Stripped of European title
Banned for 2 years

Tested positive for EPO

Lance Armstrong Lifetime ban,
Tour de France All achievements after 1998 removed,
including all 7 Tour de France wins

Tested positive for meldonium

Maria Sharapova
Banned for 15 months (from 2 years after
Tennis player appeal)

Tested positive for a diuretic

Anderson Silva
Banned for a year
UFC Fined nearly $400 000

Tested positive for cocaine

MUTU
banned for seven months and fined £20,000
Footballer by the Football Association.

Educational strategies to prevent the use of PEDs

UK Anti-Doping is an active participant in the global

fight against doping in sport - and is the national
body responsible for creating a UK-wide environment
of confidence in clean sport. UKAD’s strategy is
to educate current and future performers about
the dangers and consequences of taking performance
enhancing drugs (PED’s). This involves the use of
targeted strategies and campaigns to promote the
importance of being a clean athlete.
 Strategy Explanation
Provides a values-based education to help athletes make the right
choices. It supports the principle of strict liability, which means
100% Me that athletes are solely responsible for what is found in their
system, regardless of how it got there, or whether there was any
intention to cheat
Clean sports A national campaign to emphasise the importance of being a
week clean athlete

Protect your A whistleblowing strategy to encourage parents, coaches,

sport performers to report drug cheats to UKAD

Athlete
The UKAD website includes detailed information to support
Support
athletes to know the rules and provide informed guidance
Personnel
UKAD offers a wide range of education programmes for school
aged performers such as:
Spirit of sport: (7-10 year olds) To promote Olympic and
paralympic values
Future Spirit of sport in competition: (11-14 year olds) reinforces
performers values in a competitive environment
Think Real: works in partnership with Sport England, the British
Olympic Foundation, the British paralympic Association and the
English Institute of sport. It helps young people understand about
nutrition, recovery and physical activity.

Impact of the use of PEDs on the sport

When performers are caught taking performance enhancing drugs or other

prohibited substances, not only does it damage their reputation but it
damages the sport itself:
 The reputation of the sport is damaged if it is connected to drug scandals
 Spectators may question if they are watching a clean and fair sport
 There may be mistrust in the results in the sport
 It can affect the credibility of the sport
 People may stop watching or taking part in the sport

Something to think about!

In 2017, Usain Bolt was stripped of his 2008 100

m
relay gold medal when a sample from his
teammate
Nesta Carter, dating from 2008, tested positive
for
PEDs. This means that Usain Bolt is no longer
the
record-breaking athlete who won a ‘triple triple’
Topic Area 3: The implications of hosting a major sporting
event for a city or country
3.1 The features of a major sporting event
3.1.1 The types and scheduling of major sporting events:
 Regular
 ‘One-Off’
 Regular and recurring
3.1.2 The nature of the participants and spectators
To Include:
 The importance of the different types of event
 Applied examples of these
 Comparing and contrasting between them and the different types of sporting
activities they include
For example:
 Regular events - the UEFA Champions’ League Final, held in a different city each
year but could return after a few years
 ‘One-Off’ events - the Olympic/Paralympic games, held in a host city once in a
generation
 Regular and recurring events - such as a Formula One Event or Wimbledon are
held each year at the same venue/city
 Nature of participants and spectators - the event is usually international: involving
participants
3.2 Positive and negative pre-event aspects of hosting a major sporting
event
3.2.1 Positive and negative pre-event aspects of hosting a major sporting
event:
 Bidding for the event
 Infrastructure and transport systems development
 Financial/commercial investment/support
 The potential for increased employment
 Local/national objections to the bidding process
To include:
Comparing and contrasting of positive and negative pre-event aspects of hosting a major
sporting event, specific examples for:
 Bidding - should include justifications relating to both the positive & negative
aspects of bidding for a major event
 Financial/commercial investment - impact of the social and economic
attractiveness of a host city/country in securing investment
 Local/National Social objections - how money is used for bidding for an event,
instead of being spent on perceived greater social needs and the impacts

3.3 Potential positive and negative aspects of hosting a major sporting

event
3.3.1 During the event:
Positive aspects/benefits include:
 Improved social infrastructure
 Improved national morale/social cohesion
 Increase in national status
 Greater national interest in sport
 Increased media coverage of the sport(s)
 A potential increase in direct and indirect tourism
 An increase in short-term employment during the event
3.1 The features of a major sporting event
The types and scheduling of major sporting events:

Type of event Description Examples

A regular event is held in a  Champions league final
different city each year (but could  Rugby league grand final
return after a few years).  Ryder Cup (Biennial)
Regular Can be annual (held at the same  British open Squash
time each year) or biennial (held at Championships
the same time every two years)
A one-off event is held only once or  Olympic/Paralympics games
‘One-Off’ very occasionally in a certain city or  Worlds Cup Finals
country.
Regular and recurring events  Formula 1 Grand prix
that happen around the same time  Wimbledon
Regular and each year (regular) and are usually  Masters Golf tournament
recurring hosted at the same place each time  FA Cup Final
(recurring).

The nature of the participants and spectators:

Most major sporting events that happen are international events, and usually involve
more than 1 country. For example, the Olympics is a major sporting event and involves
over 200 countries. Major sporting events are watched by millions of people all over the
world. The tour de France is the highest viewed sporting event with over 3.5 billion
viewers. It is important to understand that not all major sporting events are international
for example the 2020 Super Bowl was watched by over 112 million people and the 2022
Cup Final was watched by over 8 million people.

3.2 Positive and negative pre-event aspects of hosting a

major sporting event:

Pre-event
Local/national aspects of The potential for
objections to the hosting a major increased
bidding process employment
event

Bidding for
the event
 Infrastructure and
Financial/
transport systems
commercial
development
investment/suppor
t

Bidding for an event

Positives Negatives
 The city/country can bid and win the  Bidding for a sporting event is costly
right to hold an event this holds a certain Tokyo spent over 100 million pounds on
kudos and can be a major achievement a failed bid to host the 2016 Olympics
 The city/country can promote positive  May get very little in return for the
aspects of their city/country money spent on the bid
 People can back the bid in the city can  Money spent on the bid may not be
get a feeling of national pride returned even if the bid is successful
 Cities/countries generate money and can  The population may think money should
develop infrastructure as part of the bid be spent else wear such as social car,
such as stadiums, venues health care or education

Infrastructure and transport system development

Positives Negatives
 Many cities improve their transport  Taxes may need to be increased. The
systems and infrastructure. London 2012 Russian World cup in 2018 infrastructure
spent over 6 billion on transport and was paid through an increase in taxation
construction. This improves the lives of  Building work causes disruption to
local residents everyday life (could last years)
 Some venues will have Improvements  Infrastructure may have to meet legacy
made which are available to the public, requirements
such as venues, improved roads and  The city/country may me shamed if seen
facilities to be exploiting workers working on the
 Planning rules may be relaxed to allow infrastructure
new infrastructure

Financial/commercial investment/support
Positives Negatives
 Investment is generated at government  There is a financial risk to sponsoring a
level and directed fund something bid as there is no guarantee the success
related to sport of the bid
 Private and commercial opportunities will  There is a huge financial cost to running
help raise funds. These funds can be a major sporting event. It took Montreal
significant. It costs between 10-25 million to pay off the losses of the 1976
dollars to sponsor the world cup. It costs Olympic games
300 million to sponsor the Olympics over  Governments may find it hard to
a 4 year cycle persuade people that the costs and
 Encourages different agencies to work potential tax raises are worthwhile
together such as: National Governing  Commercial sponsors may only
Bodies, department of transport, culture, contribute if there is a successful bid
media and sport.
 The potential for increased employment
Positives Negatives
 Construction firms and workers will see  There is a huge organisation and
and increase in employment building logistics to fulfil all the roles required
roads and stadiums  All employees will need to be checked
 Increased employment in marketing, for security reasons
communications, policing, stewarding
and security. People will need training
prior to the event

Local/national objections to the bidding process

Positives Negatives
 Improved facilities for local people will be  There may be protests about the cost of
improved and can be used for years hosting the major event. The world cup
 Transport to and from venues are likely is 70% funded by public revenue
to improve  Some parts of the country will not
 Tourism will improve in the local area benefit from the improvements in
 There will be a build-up of national pride infrastructure and facilities
as the event gets nearer

3.3 Potential positive and negative aspects of hosting a

major sporting event

During the event

Positives
 Improved infrastructure and transport which improves tourism E.g. new
accommodation, public transport and roads are built to cope with rising numbers.
The 2016 Rio Olympics doubled the amount of public transport.
 Improved national pride which gives people a feel good factor. People will be
displaying flags etc... this improves the mood of the country especially if the
team/individual is successful. After the 2012 London Olympics the royal mail
painted post boxes gold to celebrate
 Commercial gains as there are more visitors spending money on hotels,
transport, merchandise, bars and restaurants. The local economy gets a boost
 The event shows the city/country as a shop window promoting local landmarks
and historical sites. This improves the status of the city/country
 The improvements in infrastructure and venues can be used after the event, this
often regenerates often deprived areas for example Sport City in Manchester
 Big events generate interest. They can improve participation in sports/events and
creates new role models
 Improves short term employment opportunities in event venues, hotels, bars,
restaurants and volunteers the 2016 Rio Olympics generated 90,000 new jobs

During the event

Negatives
 Increase in transport and visitors means more pollution, litter and noise which has
an effect on the environment
 Major sporting events may increase the risk of crime and terrorism. Criminals may
see an opportunity to commit crimes dur to the number of visitors. Same major
events have provided a stage for terrorists. The 1968 Munich Olympics resulted in
a Palestinian militant group (black September) kidnapping Israeli athletes. This
resulted oi the death of 9 athletes
 Poor performance of a team can reduce the national pride/morale. How often has
this been felt when the men’s national football team get knocked out early in a
competition
 Lack of investment in other cities not involved in the sporting event can lead to
resentment as they feel they have been left out or forgotten. E.g., UK taxpayers
were left to pay over 4 billion pounds after the London Olympics
 Some sporting events are shadowed by negative media coverage of scandals
such as drugs in the 1988 Seoul Olympics or unfinished venues in Rio 2016

Immediate and longer term post-event

Positives
Sporting events can lead a legacy (Positive long term effects) one of the legacy
expectations of the Olympic games is ‘Social Development’ this is designed to
improve wellbeing and interaction of society and encourage grass roots
participation. others involve:
 Sporting Facilities for the community to use
 Sport participation through media coverage, increase in interest and role
models
 Profile of the sport due to the media coverage
 Transport for the local community to travel
 Infrastructure such as roads, cafes, hotels, businesses and restaurants
 Raising the profile of city and international profile through the media and
tourism
 Future investment through future finances due to social & economic
attractiveness
 Immediate and longer term post-event
Negatives
 The event might have costed more to host than the revenue generated leaving a
debt for taxpayers
 Sports facilities unused after the event for example Rio’s Olympic facilities have
remained unused or demolished
 A loss in national reputation/status if the event was badly organised, the host
nation’s participants performed badly, or scandals emerged. For example,
Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered a ban on reporting crime during the
2018 world cup to prevent the reputation of the country

Topic Area 4: The role National Governing Bodies (NGBs)

play in the development of their sport

4.1 National Governing Bodies (NGBs)

4.1.1 What NGBs do for their sport:
 Promote participation
 Develop the sport’s coaching and officiating infrastructure
 Organise tournaments and competitions
 Amend the existing rules and apply disciplinary procedures for rule breaking
 Ensure safety within their sport
 Provide support, insurance and technical guidance to members
 Develop policies and initiatives
 Lobby for funding
To Include:
Functions of the roles of any named NGB with sporting examples relating to:
 Participation - could be promoted through schemes, media coverage and equal
opportunities.
 Students should be able to give named and current examples of such measures
 Coaching and officiating - Students should be able to identify and illustrate
coaching and officiating qualifications that are available and the level’s structure
that they operate within Tournaments/competitions - examples of current
tournaments/competitions organised by NGBs
 Rules and disciplinary procedures - an awareness recent/current rule changes and
an awareness of disciplinary measures implemented by the NGB for rule
infringement
 Policies and Funding - an awareness of how an NGB develops its policies and
initiatives and generates its funding
4.1 National Governing Bodies (NGBs)
What NGBs do for their sport:

National Governing Bodies (NGB’s) are independent bodies that have responsibility to
govern and manage a specific sport within their country. There is a NGB for every sport.
However, it is up to the organisation to apply to become the NGB for their sport. They
must apply to one of the 5 sports councils
 Sport England
 Sport Scotland
 Sport Wales
 Sport Northern Ireland

Promote participation:

A major role of a NGB is to promote participation. It is only when the sport is getting
publicity that knowledge of the activity and participation will increase. It can be done
through the following:
 Schemes
 Media coverage
 Equal opportunities
Example of NGB Schemes:
Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) ‘Youth Start Scheme’.
It is designed to help children who are new to tennis start playing, building their
confidence and skills along the way. The LTA Youth Start programme is suitable for
children aged between 4-11 years old who have never played tennis before. It cost
£29.99 and you receive:
 Six top-class tennis sessions
 Equipment
 Branded t-shirt
 Activity cards
 Certificate upon completion from your coach

The football Association (FA) ‘Survive, Revive Thrive’.

Its aim is to harness the power of football to unite communities and improve the health
of the nation. It has 7 objectives to improve:
 Male participation
 Female participation
 Club network
 Facilities
 Grassroots workforce
 Digital products and services
TO HARNESS THE POWER OF FOOTBALL TO UNITE COMMUNITIES AND IMPROVE THE HEALTH OF THE
NATIONTO HARNESS THE POWER OF FOOTBALL TO

England and Wales Cricket (ECB) ‘Inspiring generations’.

Inspiring Generations is the game-wide five-year strategic plan to
grow cricket in England and Wales from 2020-24. The five-year
plan will see the whole game united behind a clear purpose to connect
communities and to inspire current and future generations through
cricket. It is being delivered through six priorities:
 Grow and Nurture the Core
 Inspire through Elite Teams
 Make Cricket Accessible
 Engage Children and Young People
 Transform Women's and Girls' Cricket
 Support our communities

Media coverage:
An increase in media exposure can ensure more people are aware of the sport which
generates more intertest and inspire people to participate. Examples of media coverage
are:
 Social media – you can follow most NGB’s on Instagram
 Community engagement – Many professional footballers do community
coaching/visits
 Press release – NGB’s will publicise upcoming events in
newspapers/magazines/internet
 Media deals – Many NGB’s will sign media deals e.g. Rugby league with Sky and
channel 4

Equal opportunities:
All NGB’s should encourage participation from all genders, religions, cultures and ages
so that everyone feels the are welcome to take part. The intention is to remove any
barriers that may stop you from participating examples include:
The FA Charter Standard – Equality policy: A football club will not discriminate or in
any way, treat anyone less favourably on grounds of age, gender, gender reassignment,
sexual orientation, marital status, race, nationality, ethnic origin, colour, religion or
belief, ability or disability. The club will ensure it treats people fairly and with respect
and that it will provide access and opportunities for all members of the community.
England Hockey strives to ensure that our game is played, watched,
delivered, governed and enjoyed by all. We are committed to the principles of fair
Develop the sport’s coaching and officiating infrastructure:
treatment for everyone, embracing differences and creating a culture where everyone is
welcome.
England Netball is fully committed to the principles of equality of opportunity and the
elimination of unlawful and unfair discrimination. 1.2 England Netball aims to ensure
that anyone participating or wishing to participate in netball can do so in a
discrimination free environment.
Develop the sport’s coaching and officiating infrastructure:

The role of a NGB is to help develop coaches and officials as well as performers
examples of sports coaching:
Coaching - Football (FA):
 FA Level 1 – 2 day course good for Under 7’s football
 FA Level 2 – More experienced coaches, it takes 145 hours
 FA Level 3 (UEFA B) – Link between a community coach and professional coach
 FA Level 4 (UEFA A) - Coach in the professional game 18 day course
 FA Level 5 (UEFA Pro) – For coaches in the Premier League. 18 months course
Officiating – Football (FA):
 Level 1 – National List (Football League and Premier League)
 Level 2a – Panel Select (Conference Premier)
 Level 2b – Panel (Conference North and South)
 Level 3 – Contributory (Contributory Leagues)
 Level 4 – Supply (Supply Leagues)
 Level 5 – Senior County (County Leagues)
 Level 6 – County (County leagues)
 Level 7 – Junior (Amateur leagues)
 Level 8 – Youth (Junior Referee below age of 16)
 Level 9 – Trainee

Organise tournaments and competitions:

NGB’s organise tournaments and competitions for different levels of

performance for example:
Football Association (FA) - Below is a list of some of the competitions the FA
organise:
 The Emirates FA Cup.
 The Vitality Women's FA Cup.
 Barclays Women's Super League.
 Barclays Women's Championship.
 The Isuzu FA Trophy.
 The Isuzu FA Vase.
 UEFA Women's EURO England 2022.
 The FA Disability Cup
 Youth and Grassroot competitions
Rugby League (RFL) below is a list of some of the competitions the RFL organise:
 Super League (men’s and women’s)
 Challenge Cup (men’s and women’s)
 Championship
 League 1
 Wheel chair rugby
 National conference
 Community Leagues
 Amend the existing rules and apply disciplinary procedures for rule
breaking:
NGB’s usually have some role when it comes to changing rules
within the sport. In football rules are changed by the International
Football Association Board which includes 8 seats. Four are held by
FIFA and four are held by the FA. No rules can be changed without
a majority.
In rugby union, the world Rugby Executive Committee decides any
rule changes. Each country’s NGB ensures the rule changes are
followed.
NGB’s are responsible for any rule breaking and any disciplinary
procedures which can result in fines and bans. In football a player
would get £55 fine and a 3 match suspension for violent conduct in
the game. The FA also outlines other disciplinary and procedures.

Ensure safety within their sport:

NGB’s have to ensure safety within the sport. They are responsible
for the equipment used in competitions. For example, using the
correct weight shot-puts in athletics or wearing boots and shin
pads in football.
NGB’s are responsible for safeguarding which is the action taken
to protect the welfare of children and protect them from harm.
NGB’s promote safety by promoting anti-doping procedures and
guidance. England Athletics lists the banned substances and gives
advice to athletes on their website.
NGB’S also promote positive behaviour in their sport encouraging
sporting etiquette, positive role models and fair play. An example
of the is the FA’s Respect campaign.

Provide support, insurance and technical guidance to members:

NGB’s provide support for players coaches and administrative staff

in a club. This is available through a website or telephone helplines.
Support includes insurance guidance. They often have partnerships
with insurance firms that give advice on what insurance is needed
for a club. This ensures financial help is available for any breaches
of insured rules. If there are any injuries legal protection is in place.
Technical advice such as advice on equipment, clothing, footwear and
Rules. For example, The FA will give advice on the size of the pitch
and what playing surface is allowed. Other advice may include details
of local clubs, training times and upcoming events

Develop policies and initiatives:

NGB’s introduce many procedures campaigns and strategies that lay

out the direction and vision of the sport. NGB’s will have policies such
as: equal opportunities or safeguarding. They may introduce campaigns
to fulfil the policy. Examples of this is the FA ‘Kick it out’ campaign
that has lasted over 25 years with the aim of equality in football.
Lobby for funding:

NGB’s have to lobby to get funding for their sport. Lobbying is providing an argument
that seeks to influence another’s decision. Funding for sport comes mainly from the
Government. NGB’s present their arguments to the government for funding and how it
will be spent. Funding can often depend on the success of the sport. Examples of the
Tokyo Olympics funding is:
 Athletics = £23,007,531
 Badminton = £946,779
 Boxing = £12,084,436
 Cycling = £24,559,306
 Karate = £630,000
NGB’s are responsible not only to fund the international athletes but to develop
grassroots sport. NGB’s provide support and advice for local clubs to apply for funding to
develop their facilities. This funding may not come directly for the NGB, but the
bid/application will need to be endorsed by them. Funding may come from the lottery of
Sport England.
Although the government provide much of the NGB’s funding other sources include:
 Grants
 Lottery funding
 TV rights
 Sponsorship
 Private donations
 Merchandise
 Ticket prices
 Fundraising
NGB’s also provide advice and funding for individual athletes. The Lawn tennis
Association (LTA) provide information on how to apply for a 12 month funding for elite
players, or to help pay for individual trips and expenses. The LTA also provides
information on how to apply for funding individual scholarships.
Topic Area 5: The use of technology in
sport
5.1 The role of technology in sport
5.1.1 To enhance performance
5.1.2 Increase the safety of participants
5.1.3 Increase fair play and increase the accuracy of officiating
5.1.4 To enhance spectatorship
To Include:
 Enhanced performance - an awareness of and be able to give examples of a range
of methods, equipment and clothing to enhance performance in named sporting
activities
 Increased safety - technology that enhances the safety of participants for named
sporting activities
 Increased fair play/accuracy - technology such as video refereeing can support
officials in making decisions and enhance fair play. Students should be able to give
examples for named sporting activities
 Enhanced spectatorship - use of screens in stadia in order to allow spectators to
view appeals made by players
5.2 Positive and negative effects of the use of technology in sport
5.2.1 Positive:
 Enhanced performance
 Lower Quicker recovery from injury
 risk of injury
 More accurate decisions
 Technical analysis
5.2.2 Negative:
 Unequal access to the same quality of technology
 Increased cost of technological advances
 Availability and affordability of technology
 Potential reduction in the flow of the game through introduction of officiating
technology
 Officials’ decisions influenced by technology, which does not always apply the best
interpretation of the rules
5.2.3 Positive and negative effects of technology on the spectator experience
To include:
 Suitability of technology
 Named examples linked to sporting Enhanced performance

5.1 The role of technology in sport

To enhance performance:
Equipmen
How it increases performance
t
Tennis rackets have moved on considerably since wooden
rackets, tennis rackets are now made from carbon
composites such as graphite. This comes with many
advantages for performance such as:
 Carbon composite rackets can be easily designed to
create am bigger sweet spot to hit the ball faster with
Tennis greater accuracy
rackets  Rackets can be weighted to suite playing and swing
styles
 Carbon composite rackets are immune to changes in
humidity and temperature unlike wooden rackets that
can warp Carbon composite rackets are less likely to
break during a performance

Golf clubs have evolved from old fashioned wooden clubs

to modern materials such as graphite and carbon. Modern
clubs improve a golfer’s control of the ball and can
Golf clubs generate more distance. The new TaylorMade driver has
twist face technology that promotes a straight drive
regardless of where you hit the ball on the club face. This
improves the performance of the golfer.
Technology has made significant changes to the football.
Many years ago, the football was made from bladder and
was surrounded by a stitched leather casing, modern day
footballs are made from a synthetic material that meet
governing body specifications. These have many
advantages to performance such as:
Balls  Balls have an accurate and fast in flight, making it
easier to control and curve the ball
 They are waterproof and keep their shape
 Transfer all of your kicking force to the ball
 Safe to head
 Forms a perfect sphere
Subtle changes in technology have improved
performance:
 Tires are tubeless and have a mix of solvent and latex
which will seal any small punctures. This allows the
rider to continue riding without stopping to repair the
tire
Bikes  Frames are made of carbon fibre which is much lighter
than steel or aluminium. The geometry of frames are
designed to limit the jarring from uneven roads,
 Brakes allow the ridder to stop more quickly and have
more control over the bike. Disc brakes are not
affected by the rim which can wear brake pads
unevenly

Clothing The role of the technology

Breathabl Technology has allowed clothing to be light and
e fabrics breathable
which allows heat and sweat to be evaporated efficiently
this can help prevent dehydration and overheating.
Adidas have the Clima-Cool range and Nike a Dri-Fit
 range.
Many sports stars wear compression garments, they have
a high lycra content that clings to the skin. Compression
Compress garments can help oxygen delivery to the muscles and
ion the removal of lactic acid. This can help reduce swelling
Garments in the muscles, preventing the delayed onset of muscle
soreness and aiding recovery of soft tissue injuries.
Swimsuits and swim caps are designed to reduce drag in
the water. This will allow the body to travel through the
water more easily allowing the performer to get a faster
time. However, some full-length hi-tech swimsuits have
Swimsuits been banned from competition as they were made of
water-repellent polyurethane fabrics that compressed the
swimmer’s body to make it more streamlined, buoyant
and less fatigue-able.
Technology has allowed trainers to improve performance.
Trainers are now lighter and have soles that absorb shock
and can return the energy so the performer can run
quicker. The new Nike alpha-fly have carbon plates and
Trainers airbags in the sole which reduces the amount of energy
lost when running. Although they are currently banned,
they allowed Kipchoge to run a marathon in under 2
hours

Recovery and rehabilitation

Technology can reduce the time it takes for athletes to recover from
training or injury, preventing a loss of fitness.
• Cryosauna: is a very cold sauna that reaches very low temperatures
(-200°C) this allows the muscles to recover quicker and avoid
inflammation.
• Hypoxic Chambers: is a chamber that contains a higher level of
oxygen than normal allowing injuries to heal more quickly
• Foam Rollers: help release the tension of muscles and relieve
muscle soreness and improve flexibility and range of motion

Accessibility
Sport is now accessible to a wide range of performers, as a result
performance has increased. The more people who take part in a sport
the more chance of performer reaching elite level.
For disabled athletes, wheelchairs and now lighter and more agile which
improves performance in sports such as rugby and basketball,
technology has also allowed prosthetics to replace missing limbs, Blades
have allowed athletes to run much quicker

Increase the safety of participants

Safety The role of the technology

 Helmets are worn by performers in sports such as horse
riding, ice hockey, cycling and skiing. Helmets are
Helmets designed to prevent injuries such as concussion.
Technology has provided shock absorbing material that
help prevent damage to the brain.
Gloves are worn by performers in sports such as Cricket,
golf, ice hockey, boxing and cycling they have various
Gloves functions such as protection in cycling and boxing and to
prevent injuries such as blisters in golf and provide grip
for a goalkeeper in football.
Head guards are worn in sports such as boxing, they help
Head prevent injuries to the brain such as concussion. Head
guard & guards are not used in professional fights. Shinpads are
Shinpads also used to prevent injury to the lower leg they are used
in sports such as football and hockey
A gumshield prevents injury to the teeth, they are used in
Gum many contact sports such as rugby and boxing, Gum
Shield shields can be fitted professionally by a dentist to ensure
they are fitted correctly and provide maximum protection
Formula one cars travel at very fast speeds if they are in
an accident there is a increased chance of being seriously
Formula 1 injured. Technology has been used to ensure the drivers
are as safe as possible. Technology such as the halo has
made the sport safer by protecting the driver.

Increase fair play and increase the accuracy of officiating

Technolo
The role of the technology
gy
Video referees are used in the sports such as football and
rugby of rugby. If the match referee is unsure of the
Video decision, they can ask the video referee to look at the
referee incident. They will then radio to the referee the correct
decision.
Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in numerous sports
such as cricket, tennis, and football, to visually track the
Hawkeye trajectory of the ball. It is used in tennis and football to
correctly identify if the ball is in or out.
Hot Spot is an infrared imaging system used in cricket to
determine whether the ball has struck the batsman, bat
Hot spot or
pad. This allows umpires to make correct and confident
decisions
Technology is also used to get accurate times and distances in athletics. It is
also used for post-event disciplinary for incidents the referee has not seen
To enhance spectatorship

Enhancem
The role of the technology
ent
 Video replay’s: Video cameras at games have allowed
spectators to watch replays from various different
angles.
Referee/player cam: Some sports such as rugby even
allow you to watch the game from the referee
perspective. Player cam also allows you to follow and
See all the track individual players movements.
action Modern Tv’s: allow you to pause and rewind so you do
not miss any part of the match or game.
Multiscreen: allows spectators to watch more than one
game at the same time.
Stadiums: Technology has allowed spectators to see the
whole game without any structural obstructions
Technology can allow the spectator to feel more part of
the decision making aspect of the game. Officials usually
Decision have microphones. In some sports such as rugby you can
making hear the communication between the various match
officials. You can also so the decision being made on the
big screen
Technology has improved fan base such as:
• Statistics
• Post-match analysis
• Graphics
• Internet/mobile apps
• Easier purchasing of tickets
Scores Olympics: the London 2012 Olympics was the most
and watched TV event in history with over 90% of the
informatio population watching at least 10 minutes. This was due to
n technology such as the red button which allowed you
tom watch different events
at the same time. Graphics made it appealing to all and
there was a fair and easy system for purchasing tickets
Even in spectators are at a game technology has allowed
them to track other games at the same time.

5.2 Positive and negative effects of the use of technology in

sport
Positive effects of sports technology in sport
Enhanced performance:
Technology through training aids, equipment and clothing enhances performance, this
makes the spectators get an improved performance to watch. Over the years athletes
have run thrown and jumped further than ever before.
Lower risk of injury:
Technology is used to make performers safe and therefore reduce the risk of injury. This
can be seen in many sports such a gum shields, shin pads, helmets and formula 1 cars.
One study suggests you are sixty times more likely to injury your teeth if you do not wear
a gum shield.
Quicker recovery from injury:
Technology can reduce the time it takes for athletes to recover from training or injury,
preventing a loss of fitness.
• Cryosauna is a very cold sauna that reaches very low temperatures (-200°C) this
allows the muscles to recover quicker and avoid inflammation.
• Hydrotherapy is being immersed in water this can reduce inflammation, immune
function and muscle soreness. It Allows the body to work at a reduced intensity.
• Physiotherapy can use equipment such as exercise bikes, resistance bands,
kettle bells, massage, acupuncture and electromagnetic therapy to help aid
recovery after injury.
More accurate decisions:
If decisions are more accurate in games there is less controversy and performers/teams
win on merit. There have been many football matches in the past that goals would have
been disallowed using technology. For example, Diego Maradona’s goal in the 1986 world
cup.
Technical analysis:
Technical analysis can improve performance by using technology to highlight any errors
in performance such as video analysis of a golf swing. Technical analysis can also monitor
technique to improve performance and reduce the chance of injury

Negatives
Unequal access:
Not all performers have access to technology this allows some performers to gain an
advantage over others.
Increased cost and availability:
Technology can be very expensive or may not be available. Not all performers can afford
the latest technology, this leaves them at a disadvantage. For example, a cryosauna
chamber that aids recovery can costs £180 000.
Potential reduction in the flow of the game:
Technology can alter the flow the game is played. The introduction of VAR in football has
delayed and disrupted the flow of the game as it can take minutes to make a decision.
Decisions influenced by technology:
Referees may rely on technology too much. Instead of making an easy decision they may
go technology instead. Technology may not interpret the rules correctly. This has been
seen in VAR who changed the way offside was determined.

Positive effects of sports technology on the spectator experience

Increased understanding:
Technology can help spectators understand thew sport better. The different camera
angles and statistics available allows spectators appreciate the performance level of the
athletes.
Fairness:
Technology has allowed spectators to understand the sport is fair. Technology such as
VAR, Hot-spot, Hawkeye allows the correct decision to be made. Before technology they
may think that performers or officials have acted unfairly.
Action replays:
Large screens at home and the venue allows spectators watch replays from different
angles. This enhances their viewing experience, even if they missed a goal, they get to
see the replay.
Referee/player cam:
Some sports such as rugby even allow you to watch the game from the referee
perspective. Player cam also allows you to follow and track individual players
movements.
Modern Tv’s:
allow you to pause and rewind so you do not miss any part of the match or game.
Multiscreen allows spectators to watch more than one game at the same time.
Stadiums:
Technology has allowed spectators to see the whole game without any structural
obstructions
24/7 coverage:
Spectators can now watch, listen or learn about the sport or athletes at any time through
apps, internet and social media. Advances in punditry have also improved the spectators
experience

Negative effects of sports technology on the spectator experience

Changing the nature of the sport:
Technology has changed the nature of sport. Some people think technology such as VAR
and Hot-spot has spoilt the tradition of the sport and think the referee should make
decisions without the use of technology.
Holds up play:
Although technology gets the correct decision it can take a long time. The video referee
in football and rugby delays the flow of the game. It can take several minutes to make a
decision. If it is used several times in a game spectators could get frustrated or bored.
Deteriorate skills:
Skills may deteriorate due to an over reliance on technology. Spectators would rather
watch performers with natural talent rather than them relying on technology. The
performer relies on the technology to make up for their lack of skill. As technology makes
sporting equipment more accurate, effective and forgiving this may affect the skill level
of the performer. Could a modern day tennis player compete at the same level with
equipment from 30 years ago?
Lessens the excitement:
Before technology when a goal was score in a football match the spectators would
celebrate. Now they may feel less excited as the goal may be disallowed through
technology. This can take excitement away from the game. Excitement may be replaced
with hope or apprehension.