CAM 15 TEST 1

🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Which paragraph contains

the following
The automotive sector is well used to adapting to information?
automation in manufacturing. The implementation Write the correct letter, A-
of robotic car manufacture from the 1970s onwards G, in boxes 14-18 on your
led to significant cost savings and improvements in answer sheet.
the reliability and flexibility of vehicle mass
production. A new challenge to vehicle production 14. reference to the
is now on the horizon and, again, it comes from amount of time when a
automation. However, this time it is not to do with car is not in use
the manufacturing process, but with the vehicles
themselves. 15. mention of several
advantages of driverless
Research projects on vehicle automation are not vehicles for individual
new. Vehicles with limited self-driving capabilities road-users
have been around for more than 50 years, resulting
in significant contributions towards driver 16. reference to the
assistance systems. But since Google announced in opportunity of choosing
2010 that it had been trialling self-driving cars on the most appropriate
the streets of California, progress in this field has vehicle for each trip
quickly gathered pace.
17. an estimate of how
long it will take to
overcome a number of
problems

18. a suggestion that the

use of driverless cars may
have no effect on the
number of vehicles
manufactured

B Which paragraph contains

the following
There are many reasons why technology is information?
advancing so fast. One frequently cited motive is Write the correct letter, A-
safety; indeed, research at the UK’s Transport G, in boxes 14-18 on your
Research Laboratory has demonstrated that more answer sheet.
than 90 percent of road collisions involve human
error as a contributory factor, and it is the primary 14. reference to the
cause in the vast majority. Automation may help to amount of time when a
reduce the incidence of this. car is not in use

Another aim is to free the time people spend 15. mention of several
driving for other purposes. If the vehicle can do advantages of driverless
some or all of the driving, it may be possible to be vehicles for individual
productive, to socialise or simply to relax while road-users
automation systems have responsibility for safe
control of the vehicle. If the vehicle can do the 16. reference to the
driving, those who are challenged by existing opportunity of choosing
mobility models – such as older or disabled the most appropriate
travellers – may be able to enjoy significantly vehicle for each trip
greater travel autonomy.
17. an estimate of how
long it will take to
overcome a number of
problems

18. a suggestion that the

use of driverless cars may
have no effect on the
number of vehicles
manufactured

C Which paragraph contains

the following
Beyond these direct benefits, we can consider the information?
wider implications for transport and society, and Write the correct letter, A-
how manufacturing processes might need to G, in boxes 14-18 on your
respond as a result. At present, the average car answer sheet.
spends more than 90 percent of its life parked.
Automation means that initiatives for car-sharing 14. reference to the
become much more viable, particularly in urban amount of time when a
areas with significant travel demand. If a car is not in use
significant proportion of the population choose to
use shared automated vehicles, mobility demand 15. mention of several
can be met by far fewer vehicles. advantages of driverless
vehicles for individual
D road-users

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology 16. reference to the

investigated automated mobility in Singapore, opportunity of choosing
finding that fewer than 30 percent of the vehicles the most appropriate
currently used would be required if fully automated vehicle for each trip
car sharing could be implemented. If this is the
case, it might mean that we need to manufacture far 17. an estimate of how
fewer vehicles to meet demand. However, the long it will take to
number of trips being taken would probably overcome a number of
increase, partly because empty vehicles would have problems
to be moved from one customer to the next.
18. a suggestion that the
Modelling work by the University of Michigan use of driverless cars may
Transportation Research Institute suggests have no effect on the
automated vehicles might reduce vehicle ownership number of vehicles
by 43 percent, but that vehicles’ average annual manufactured
mileage would double as a result. As a
consequence, each vehicle would be used more
intensively, and might need replacing sooner. This
faster rate of turnover may mean that vehicle
production will not necessarily decrease.

E Which paragraph contains

the following
Automation may prompt other changes in vehicle information?
manufacture. If we move to a model where Write the correct letter, A-
consumers are tending not to own a single vehicle G, in boxes 14-18 on your
but to purchase access to a range of vehicle through answer sheet.
a mobility provider, drivers will have the freedom
to select one that best suits their needs for a 14. reference to the
particular journey, rather than making a amount of time when a
compromise across all their requirements. car is not in use

Since, for most of the time, most of the seats in 15. mention of several
most cars are unoccupied, this may boost advantages of driverless
production of a smaller, more efficient range of vehicles for individual
vehicles that suit the needs of individuals. road-users
Specialised vehicles may then be available for
exceptional journeys, such as going on a family 16. reference to the
camping trip or helping a son or daughter move to opportunity of choosing
university. the most appropriate
vehicle for each trip

17. an estimate of how

long it will take to
overcome a number of
problems

18. a suggestion that the

use of driverless cars may
have no effect on the
number of vehicles
manufactured
E Which paragraph contains
the following
Automation may prompt other changes in vehicle information?
manufacture. If we move to a model where Write the correct letter, A-
consumers are tending not to own a single vehicle G, in boxes 14-18 on your
but to purchase access to a range of vehicle through answer sheet.
a mobility provider, drivers will have the freedom
to select one that best suits their needs for a 14. reference to the
particular journey, rather than making a amount of time when a
compromise across all their requirements. car is not in use

Since, for most of the time, most of the seats in 15. mention of several
most cars are unoccupied, this may boost advantages of driverless
production of a smaller, more efficient range of vehicles for individual
vehicles that suit the needs of individuals. road-users
Specialised vehicles may then be available for
exceptional journeys, such as going on a family 16. reference to the
camping trip or helping a son or daughter move to opportunity of choosing
university. the most appropriate
vehicle for each trip
G
17. an estimate of how
It’s clear that there are many challenges that need long it will take to
to be addressed but, through robust and targeted overcome a number of
research, these can most probably be conquered problems
within the next 10 years. Mobility will change in
such potentially significant ways and in association 18. a suggestion that the
with so many other technological developments, use of driverless cars may
such as telepresence and virtual reality, that it is have no effect on the
hard to make concrete predictions about the future. number of vehicles
However, one thing is certain: change is coming, manufactured
and the need to be flexible in response to this will
be vital for those involved in manufacturing the
vehicles that will deliver future mobility.

🟡 CAM 15 TEST 2
🟢 PASSAGE 1:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Which paragraph contains

the following information?
The way we travel around cities has a major Write the correct letter, A-
impact on whether they are sustainable. G, in boxes 1-6 on your
answer sheet.
Transportation is estimated to account for 30%
of energy consumption in most of the world’s 1. reference to an appealing
most developed nations, so lowering the need way of using dance that the
for energy-using vehicles is essential for writer is not proposing
decreasing the environmental impact of
mobility. But as more and more people move to 2. an example of a contrast
cities, it is important to think about other kinds between past and present
of sustainable travel too. The ways we travel approaches to building
affect our physical and mental health, our social
lives, our access to work and culture, and the air 3.mention of an objective of
we breathe. Engineers are tasked with changing both dance and engineering
how we travel round cities through urban
design, but the engineering industry still works 4.reference to an unforeseen
on the assumptions that led to the creation of the problem arising from
energy-consuming transport systems we have ignoring the climate
now: the emphasis placed solely on efficiency,
speed, and quantitative data. We need radical
5.why some measures
changes, to make it healthier, more enjoyable,
intended to help people are
and less environmentally damaging to travel
being reversed
around cities.
6.reference to how transport
has an impact on human
lives

B Which paragraph contains

the following information?
Dance might hold some of the answers. That is Write the correct letter, A-
not to suggest everyone should dance their way G, in boxes 1-6 on your
to work, however healthy and happy it might answer sheet.
make us, but rather that the techniques used by
choreographers to experiment with and design 1. reference to an appealing
movement in dance could provide engineers way of using dance that the
with tools to stimulate new ideas in city-making. writer is not proposing
Richard Sennett, an influential urbanist and
sociologist who has transformed ideas about the 2. an example of a contrast
way cities are made, argues that urban design between past and present
has suffered from a separation between mind approaches to building
and body since the introduction of the
architectural blueprint. 3.mention of an objective of
both dance and engineering
C
4.reference to an unforeseen
Whereas medieval builders improvised and problem arising from
adapted construction through their intimate ignoring the climate
knowledge of materials and personal experience
of the conditions on a site, building designs are 5.why some measures
now conceived and stored in media technologies intended to help people are
that detach the designer from the physical and being reversed
social realities they are creating. While the
design practices created by these new 6.reference to how transport
technologies are essential for managing the has an impact on human
technical complexity of the modern city, they lives
have the drawback of simplifying reality in the
process.

D Which paragraph contains

the following information?
To illustrate, Sennett discusses the Peachtree Write the correct letter, A-
Center in Atlanta, USA, a development typical G, in boxes 1-6 on your
of the modernist approach to urban planning answer sheet.
prevalent in the 1970s. Peachtree created a grid
of streets and towers intended as a new 1. reference to an appealing
pedestrian-friendly downtown for Atlanta. way of using dance that the
According to Sennett, this failed because its writer is not proposing
designers had invested too much faith in
computer-aided design to tell them how it would 2. an example of a contrast
operate. They failed to take into account that between past and present
purpose-built street cafés could not operate in approaches to building
the hot sun without the protective awnings
common in older buildings, and would need 3.mention of an objective of
energy-consuming air conditioning instead, or both dance and engineering
that its giant car park would feel so
unwelcoming that it would put people off 4.reference to an unforeseen
getting out of their cars. What seems entirely problem arising from
predictable and controllable on screen has ignoring the climate
unexpected results when translated into reality
5.why some measures
intended to help people are
being reversed

6.reference to how transport

has an impact on human
lives

. Which paragraph contains

E the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-
The same is true in transport engineering, which G, in boxes 1-6 on your
uses models to predict and shape the way people answer sheet.
move through the city. Again, these models are
necessary, but they are built on specific world 1. reference to an appealing
views in which certain forms of efficiency and way of using dance that the
safety are considered and other experiences of writer is not proposing
the city ignored. Designs that seem logical in
models appear counter-intuitive in the actual 2. an example of a contrast
experience of their users. The guard rails that between past and present
will be familiar to anyone who has attempted to approaches to building
cross a British road, for example, were an
engineering solution to pedestrian safety based 3.mention of an objective of
on models that prioritise the smooth flow of both dance and engineering
traffic. On wide major roads, they often guide
pedestrians to specific crossing points and slow 4.reference to an unforeseen
down their progress across the road by using problem arising from
staggered access points to divide the crossing ignoring the climate
into two – one for each carriageway. In doing so
they make crossings feel longer, introducing 5.why some measures
psychological barriers greatly impacting those intended to help people are
that are the least mobile, and encouraging others being reversed
to make dangerous crossings to get around the
guard rails. These barriers don’t just make it
6.reference to how transport
harder to cross the road: they divide
has an impact on human
communities and decrease opportunities for
lives
healthy transport. As a result, many are now
being removed, causing disruption, cost, and
waste.

F Which paragraph contains

the following information?
If their designers had had the tools to think with Write the correct letter, A-
their bodies – like dancers – and imagine how G, in boxes 1-6 on your
these barriers would feel, there might have been answer sheet.
a better solution. In order to bring about
fundamental changes to the ways we use our 1. reference to an appealing
cities, engineering will need to develop a richer way of using dance that the
understanding of why people move in certain writer is not proposing
ways, and how this movement affects them.
Choreography may not seem an obvious choice 2. an example of a contrast
for tackling this problem. Yet it shares with between past and present
engineering the aim of designing patterns of approaches to building
movement within limitations of space. It is an
art form developed almost entirely by trying out 3.mention of an objective of
ideas with the body, and gaining instant both dance and engineering
feedback on how the results feel.
Choreographers have deep understanding of the 4.reference to an unforeseen
psychological, aesthetic, and physical problem arising from
implications of different ways of moving. ignoring the climate

5.why some measures

intended to help people are
being reversed

6.reference to how transport

 has an impact on human
lives

G Which paragraph contains

the following information?
Observing the choreographer Wayne McGregor, Write the correct letter, A-
cognitive scientist David Kirsh described how G, in boxes 1-6 on your
he ‘thinks with the body’, Kirsh argues that by answer sheet.
using the body to simulate outcomes, McGregor
is able to imagine solutions that would not be 1. reference to an appealing
possible using purely abstract thought. This kind way of using dance that the
of physical knowledge is valued in many areas writer is not proposing
of expertise, but currently has no place in formal
engineering design processes. A suggested 2. an example of a contrast
method for transport engineers is to improvise between past and present
design solutions and instant feedback about how approaches to building
they would work from their own experience of
them, or model designs at full scale in the way 3.mention of an objective of
choreographers experiment with groups of both dance and engineering
dancers. Above all, perhaps, they might learn to
design for emotional as well as functional 4.reference to an unforeseen
effects. problem arising from
ignoring the climate

5.why some measures

intended to help people are
being reversed

6.reference to how transport

has an impact on human
lives

🟡 CAM 15 TEST 2
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Write the correct letter, A-F,

in boxes 14-17 on your
The passenger pigeon was a legendary species. answer sheet.
Flying in vast numbers across North America, NB You may use any letter
with potentially many millions within a single more than once.
flock, their migration was once one of nature’s 14. a reference to how
great spectacles. Sadly, the passenger pigeon’s further disappearance of
existence came to an end on 1 September 1914, multiple species could be
when the last living specimen died at avoided.
Cincinnati Zoo. Geneticist Ben Novak is lead 15. explanation of a way of
researcher on an ambitious project which now reproducing an extinct
aims to bring the bird back to life through a animal using the DNA of
process known as ‘de-extinction’. The basic only that species
premise involves using cloning technology to 16. reference to a habitat
turn the DNA of extinct animals into a which has suffered following
fertilised embryo, which is carried by the the extinction of a species
nearest relative still in existence – in this case, 17. mention of the exact
the abundant band-tailed pigeon – before being point at which a particular
born as a living, breathing animal. Passenger species became extinct
pigeons are one of the pioneering species in
this field, but they are far from the only ones
on which this cutting-edge technology is being
trialled.

B Write the correct letter, A-F,

in boxes 14-17 on your
In Australia, the thylacine, more commonly answer sheet.
known as the Tasmanian tiger, is another NB You may use any letter
extinct creature which genetic scientists are more than once.
striving to bring back to life. ‘There is no 14. a reference to how
carnivore now in Tasmania that fills the niche further disappearance of
which thylacines once occupied,’ explains multiple species could be
Michael Archer of the University of New avoided.
South Wales. He points out that in the decades 15. explanation of a way of
since the thylacine went extinct, there has been reproducing an extinct
a spread in a ‘dangerously debilitating’ facial animal using the DNA of
tumour syndrome which threatens the existence only that species
of the Tasmanian devils, the island’s other 16. reference to a habitat
notorious resident. Thylacines would have which has suffered following
prevented this spread because they would have the extinction of a species
killed significant numbers of Tasmanian devils. 17. mention of the exact
‘If that contagious cancer had popped up point at which a particular
previously, it would have burned out in species became extinct
whatever region it started. The return of
thylacines to Tasmania could help to ensure
that devils are never again subjected to risks of
this kind.’

C
If extinct species can be brought back to life,
can humanity begin to correct the damage it
has caused to the natural world over the past
few millennia? ‘The idea of de-extinction is
that we can reverse this process, bringing
species that no longer exist back to life,’ says
Beth Shapiro of University of California Santa
Cruz’s Genomics Institute. ‘I don’t think that
we can do this. There is no way to bring back
something that is 100 per cent identical to a
species that went extinct a long time ago.’ A
more practical approach for long-extinct
species is to take the DNA of existing species
as a template, ready for the insertion of strands
of extinct animal DNA to create something
new; a hybrid, based on the living species, but
which looks and/or acts like the animal which
died out.

Write the correct letter, A-F,

D in boxes 14-17 on your
answer sheet.
This complicated process and questionable NB You may use any letter
outcome begs the question: what is the actual more than once.
point of this technology? ‘For us, the goal has 14. a reference to how
always been replacing the extinct species with further disappearance of
a suitable replacement,’ explains Novak. multiple species could be
‘When it comes to breeding, band-tailed avoided.
pigeons scatter and make maybe one or two 15. explanation of a way of
nests per hectare, whereas passenger pigeons reproducing an extinct
were very social and would make 10,000 or animal using the DNA of
more nests in one hectare.’ Since the only that species
disappearance of this key species, ecosystems 16. reference to a habitat
in the eastern US have suffered, as the lack of which has suffered following
disturbance caused by thousands of passenger the extinction of a species
pigeons wrecking trees and branches means 17. mention of the exact
there has been minimal need for regrowth. This point at which a particular
has left forests stagnant and therefore species became extinct
unwelcoming to the plants and animals which
evolved to help regenerate the forest after a
disturbance. According to Novak, a hybridized
band-tailed pigeon, with the added nesting
habits of a passenger pigeon, could, in theory,
re-establish that forest disturbance, thereby
creating a habitat necessary for a great many
other native species to thrive.

E Write the correct letter, A-F,

 in boxes 14-17 on your
Another popular candidate for this technology answer sheet.
is the woolly mammoth. George Church, NB You may use any letter
professor at Harvard Medical School and more than once.
leader of the Woolly Mammoth Revival 14. a reference to how
Project, has been focusing on cold resistance, further disappearance of
the main way in which the extinct woolly multiple species could be
mammoth and its nearest living relative, the avoided.
Asian elephant, differ. By pinpointing which 15. explanation of a way of
genetic traits made it possible for mammoths to reproducing an extinct
survive the icy climate of the tundra, the animal using the DNA of
project’s goal is to return mammoths, or a only that species
mammoth-like species, to the area. ‘My highest 16. reference to a habitat
priority would be preserving the endangered which has suffered following
Asian elephant,’ says Church, ‘expanding their the extinction of a species
range to the huge ecosystem of the tundra. 17. mention of the exact
Necessary adaptations would include smaller point at which a particular
ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all species became extinct
for the purpose of reducing heat loss in the
tundra, and all traits found in the now extinct
woolly mammoth.’ This repopulation of the
tundra and boreal forests of Eurasia and North
America with large mammals could also be a
useful factor in reducing carbon emissions –
elephants punch holes through snow and knock
down trees, which encourages grass growth.
This grass growth would reduce temperature,
and mitigate emissions from melting
permafrost.

While the prospect of bringing extinct animals

back to life might capture imaginations, it is, of
course, far easier to try to save an existing
species which is merely threatened with
extinction. ‘Many of the technologies that
people have in mind when they think about de-
extinction can be used as a form of “genetic
rescue”,’ explains Shapiro. She prefers to focus
the debate on how this emerging technology
could be used to fully understand why various
species went extinct in the first place, and
therefore how we could use it to make genetic
modifications which could prevent mass
extinctions in the future. ‘I would also say
there’s an incredible moral hazard to not do
anything at all,’ she continues. ‘We know that
what we are doing today is not enough, and we
have to be willing to take some calculated and
measured risks.’

🟡 CAM 16 TEST 3
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A. Which section contains the

Well above the treeline in Norway’s highest following information?
mountains, ancient fields of ice are shrinking asChoose the correct letter, A-
Earth’s climate warms. As the ice has H.
vanished, it has been giving up the treasures it Write your answers in boxes
has preserved in cold storage for the last 6,000 14-19 on your reading
years — items such as ancient arrows and skis answer sheet.
from Viking Age* traders. And those artefacts 14. an explanation for
have provided archaeologists with some weapons being left behind in
surprising insights into how ancient the mountains
Norwegians made their livings. 15. a reference to the
physical difficulties involved
B. in an archaeological
Organic materials like textiles and hides are expedition
relatively rare finds at archaeological sites. 16. an explanation of why
This is because unless they’re protected from less food may have been
the microorganisms that cause decay, they tend available
not to last long. Extreme cold is one reliable 17. a reference to the
way to keep artefacts relatively fresh for a few possibility of future
thousand years, but once thawed out, these archaeological discoveries
materials experience degradation relatively 18. examples of items that
swiftly. would have been traded
19. a reference to the
With climate change shrinking ice cover pressure archaeologists are
around the world, glacial archaeologists need to under to work quickly
race the clock to find newly revealed artefacts,
preserve them, and study them. If something
fragile dries and is windblown it might very
soon be lost to science, or an arrow might be
exposed and then covered again by the next
snow and remain well-preserved. The
unpredictability means that glacial
archaeologists have to be systematic in their
approach to fieldwork.
C. Which section contains the
Over a nine-year period, a team of following information?
archaeologists, which included Lars Pilo of Choose the correct letter, A-
Oppland County Council, Norway, and James H.
Barrett of the McDonald Institute for Write your answers in boxes
Archaeological Research, surveyed patches of 14-19 on your reading
ice in Oppland, an area of south-central answer sheet.
Norway that is home to some of the country’s 14. an explanation for
highest mountains. Reindeer once congregated weapons being left behind in
on these icy patches in the later summer the mountains
months to escape biting insects, and from the 15. a reference to the
late Stone Age**, hunters followed. In physical difficulties involved
addition, trade routes threaded through the in an archaeological
mountain passes of Oppland, linking expedition
settlements in Norway to the rest of Europe. 16. an explanation of why
less food may have been
The slow but steady movement of glaciers available
tends to destroy anything at their bases, so the 17. a reference to the
team focused on stationary patches of ice, possibility of future
mostly above 1,400 metres. That ice is found archaeological discoveries
amid fields of frost-weathered boulders, fallen 18. examples of items that
rocks, and exposed bedrock that for nine would have been traded
months of the year is buried beneath snow. 19. a reference to the
pressure archaeologists are
‘Fieldwork is hard work — hiking with all our under to work quickly
equipment, often camping on permafrost — but
very rewarding. You’re rescuing the
archaeology, bringing the melting ice to wider
attention, discovering a unique environmental
history and really connecting with the natural
environment,’ says Barrett.

D. Which section contains the

At the edges of the contracting ice patches, following information?
archaeologists found more than 2,000 artefacts, Choose the correct letter, A-
which formed a material record that ran from H.
4,000 BCE to the beginnings of the Write your answers in boxes
Renaissance in the 14th century. Many of the 14-19 on your reading
artefacts are associated with hunting. Hunters answer sheet.
would have easily misplaced arrows and they 14. an explanation for
often discarded broken bows rather than take weapons being left behind in
them all the way home. Other items could have the mountains
been used by hunters traversing the high 15. a reference to the
mountain passes of Oppland: all-purpose items physical difficulties involved
like tools, skis, and horse tack. in an archaeological
expedition
E. 16. an explanation of why
Barrett’s team radiocarbon-dated 153 of the less food may have been
artefacts and compared those dates to the available
timing of major environmental changes in the 17. a reference to the
region — such as periods of cooling or possibility of future
warming — and major social and economic archaeological discoveries
shifts — such as the growth of farming 18. examples of items that
settlements and the spread of international would have been traded
trade networks leading up to the Viking Age. 19. a reference to the
They found that some periods had produced pressure archaeologists are
lots of artefacts, which indicates that people under to work quickly
had been pretty active in the mountains during
those times. But there were few or no signs of
activity during other periods.

F. Which section contains the

What was surprising, according to Barrett, was following information?
the timing of these periods. Oppland’s Choose the correct letter, A-
mountains present daunting terrain and in H.
periods of extreme cold, glaciers could block Write your answers in boxes
the higher mountain passes and make travel in 14-19 on your reading
the upper reaches of the mountains extremely answer sheet.
difficult. Archaeologists assumed people would 14. an explanation for
stick to lower elevations during a time like the weapons being left behind in
Late Antique Little Ice Age, a short period of the mountains
deeper-than-usual cold from about 536-600 15. a reference to the
CE. But it turned out that hunters kept physical difficulties involved
regularly venturing into the mountains even in an archaeological
when the climate turned cold, based on the expedition
amount of stuff they had apparently dropped 16. an explanation of why
there. less food may have been
available
‘Remarkably, though, the finds from the ice 17. a reference to the
may have continued through this period, possibility of future
perhaps suggesting that the importance of archaeological discoveries
mountain hunting increased to supplement 18. examples of items that
failing agricultural harvests in times of low would have been traded
temperatures,’ says Barrett. A colder turn in the 19. a reference to the
Scandinavian climate would likely have meant pressure archaeologists are
widespread crop failures, so more people under to work quickly
would have depended on hunting to make up
for those losses.

G. Which section contains the

Many of the artefacts Barrett’s team recovered following information?
date from the beginning of the Viking Age, the Choose the correct letter, A-
700s through to the 900s CE. Trade networks H.
connecting Scandinavia with Europe and the Write your answers in boxes
Middle East were expanding around this time. 14-19 on your reading
Although we usually think of ships when we answer sheet.
think of Scandinavian expansion, these recent 14. an explanation for
discoveries show that plenty of goods travelled weapons being left behind in
on overland routes, like the mountain passes of the mountains
Oppland. And growing Norwegian towns, 15. a reference to the
along with export markets, would have created physical difficulties involved
a booming demand for hides to fight off the in an archaeological
cold, as well as antlers to make useful things expedition
like combs. Business must have been good for 16. an explanation of why
hunters. less food may have been
available
17. a reference to the
possibility of future
archaeological discoveries
18. examples of items that
would have been traded
19. a reference to the
pressure archaeologists are
under to work quickly

H. Which section contains the

Norway’s mountains are probably still hiding a following information?
lot of history — and prehistory — in remote Choose the correct letter, A-
ice patches. When Barrett’s team looked at the H.
dates for their sample of 153 artefacts, they Write your answers in boxes
noticed a gap with almost no artefacts from 14-19 on your reading
about 3,800 to 2,200 BCE. In fact, answer sheet.
archaeological finds from that period are rare 14. an explanation for
all over Norway. The researchers say that could weapons being left behind in
be because many of those artefacts have the mountains
already disintegrated or are still frozen in the 15. a reference to the
ice. That means archaeologists could be physical difficulties involved
extracting some of those artefacts from in an archaeological
retreating ice in years to come. expedition
16. an explanation of why
less food may have been
available
17. a reference to the
possibility of future
archaeological discoveries
18. examples of items that
would have been traded
19. a reference to the
pressure archaeologists are
under to work quickly
 🟡 CAM 16 TEST 3
🟢 PASSAGE 3:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A photoreceptor molecule in plant cells has been Which section contains the
found to have a second job as a thermometer following information?
after dark – allowing plants to read seasonal Choose the correct letter, A-
temperature changes. Scientists say the H.
discovery could help breed crops that are more Write your answers in
resilient to the temperatures expected to result boxes 33-37 on your
from climate change. reading answer sheet.
33. mentions of specialists
A. who can make use of the
An international team of scientists led by the research findings
University of Cambridge has discovered that the 34. a reference to a
‘thermometer’ molecule in plants enables them potential benefit of the
to develop according to seasonal temperature research findings
changes. Researchers have revealed that 35. scientific support for a
molecules called phytochromes — used by traditional saying
plants to detect light during the day actually 36. a reference to people
change their function in darkness to become traditionally making plans
cellular temperature gauges that measure the based on plant behaviour
heat of the night. 37. a reference to where the
research has been reported
The new findings, published in the journal
Science, show that phytochromes control
genetic switches in response to temperature as
well as light to dictate plant development.

B.
At night, these molecules change states, and the
pace at which they change is ‘directly
proportional to temperature’, say scientists, who
compare phytochromes to mercury in a
thermometer. The warmer it is, the faster the
molecular change — stimulating plant growth.

C. Which section contains the

Farmers and gardeners have known for following information?
hundreds of years how responsive plants are to Choose the correct letter, A-
temperature: warm winters cause many trees H.
and flowers to bud early, something humans Write your answers in
have long used to predict weather and harvest boxes 33-37 on your
times for the coming year. The latest research reading answer sheet.
pinpoints for the first time a molecular 33. mentions of specialists
mechanism in plants that reacts to temperature who can make use of the
— often triggering the buds of spring we long to research findings
see at the end of winter. 34. a reference to a
potential benefit of the
D. research findings
With weather and temperatures set to become 35. scientific support for a
ever more unpredictable due to climate change, traditional saying
researchers say the discovery that this light- 36. a reference to people
sensing molecule also functions as the internal traditionally making plans
thermometer in plant cells could help us breed based on plant behaviour
tougher crops. ‘It is estimated that agricultural 37. a reference to where the
yields will need to double by 2050, but climate research has been reported
change is a major threat to achieving this. Key
crops such as wheat and rice are sensitive to
high temperatures. Thermal stress reduces crop
yields by around 10% for every one degree
increase in temperature,’ says lead researcher Dr
Philip Wigge from Cambridge’s Sainsbury
Laboratory. ‘Discovering the molecules that
allow plants to sense temperature has the
potential to accelerate the breeding of crops
resilient to thermal stress and climate change.

E. Which section contains the

In their active state, phytochrome molecules following information?
bind themselves to DNA to restrict plant Choose the correct letter, A-
growth. During the day, sunlight activates the H.
molecules, slowing down growth. If a plant Write your answers in
finds itself in shade, phytochromes are quickly boxes 33-37 on your
inactivated — enabling it to grow faster to find reading answer sheet.
sunlight again. This is how plants compete to 33. mentions of specialists
escape each other’s shade. ‘Light-driven who can make use of the
changes to phytochrome activity occur very fast, research findings
in less than a second,’ says Wigge. 34. a reference to a
potential benefit of the
At night, however, it’s a different story. Instead research findings
of a rapid deactivation following sundown, the 35. scientific support for a
molecules gradually change from their active to traditional saying
inactive state. This is called ‘dark reversion’. 36. a reference to people
‘Just as mercury rises in a thermometer, the rate traditionally making plans
at which phytochromes revert to their inactive based on plant behaviour
state during the night is a direct measure of 37. a reference to where the
temperature,’ says Wigge. research has been reported

F. Which section contains the

‘The lower the temperature, the slower the rate following information?
at which phytochromes revert to inactivity, so Choose the correct letter, A-
the molecules spend more time in their active, H.
growth-suppressing state. This is why plants are Write your answers in
slower to grow in winter. Warm temperatures boxes 33-37 on your
accelerate dark reversion, so that phytochromes reading answer sheet.
rapidly reach an inactive state and detach 33. mentions of specialists
themselves from the plant’s DNA — allowing who can make use of the
genes to be expressed and plant growth to research findings
resume.’ Wigge believes phytochrome thermo- 34. a reference to a
sensing evolved at a later stage, and co-opted potential benefit of the
the biological network already used for light- research findings
based growth during the downtime of night. 35. scientific support for a
traditional saying
36. a reference to people
traditionally making plans
based on plant behaviour
37. a reference to where the
research has been reported

G. Which section contains the

Some plants mainly use day length as an following information?
indicator of the season. Other species, such as Choose the correct letter, A-
daffodils, have considerable temperature H.
sensitivity, and can flower months in advance Write your answers in
during a warm winter. In fact, the discovery of boxes 33-37 on your
the dual role of phytochromes provides the reading answer sheet.
science behind a well-known rhyme long used 33. mentions of specialists
to predict the coming season: oak before ash who can make use of the
we’ll have a splash, ash before oak we’re in for research findings
a soak. 34. a reference to a
potential benefit of the
Wigge explains: ‘Oak trees rely much more on research findings
temperature, likely using phytochromes as 35. scientific support for a
thermometers to dictate development, whereas traditional saying
ash trees rely on measuring day length to 36. a reference to people
determine their seasonal timing. A warmer traditionally making plans
spring, and consequently a higher likeliness of a based on plant behaviour
hot summer, will result in oak leafing before 37. a reference to where the
ash. A cold spring will see the opposite. As the research has been reported
British know only too well, a colder summer is
likely to be a rain-soaked one.’

H.
The new findings are the culmination of twelve
years of research involving scientists from
Germany, Argentina and the US, as well as the
Cambridge team. The work was done in a model
system, using a mustard plant called
Arabidopsis, but Wigge says the phytochrome
genes necessary for temperature sensing are
found in crop plants as well. ‘Recent advances
in plant genetics now mean that scientists are
able to rapidly identify the genes controlling
these processes in crop plants, and even alter
their activity using precise molecular
“scalpels”,’ adds Wigge. ‘Cambridge is
uniquely well-positioned to do this kind of
research as we have outstanding collaborators
nearby who work on more applied aspects of
plant biology, and can help us transfer this new
knowledge into the field.’

🟡 CAM 17 TEST 1
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Which section contains the

following information?
Stadiums are among the oldest forms of urban Write the correct letter, A-G,
architecture: vast stadiums where the public in boxes 14-17 on your
could watch sporting events were at the centre answer sheet.
of western city life as far back as the ancient 14. a mention of negative
Greek and Roman Empires, well before the attitudes towards stadium
construction of the great medieval cathedrals building projects
and the grand 19th- and 20th-century railway 15. figures demonstrating the
stations which dominated urban skylines in environmental benefits of a
later eras. certain stadium
16. examples of the wide
Today, however, stadiums are regarded with range of facilities available
growing scepticism. Construction costs can at some new stadiums
soar above £1 billion, and stadiums finished for 17. reference to the
major events such as the Olympic Games or the disadvantages of the
FIFA World Cup have notably fallen into stadiums built during a
disuse and disrepair. certain era

But this need not be the case. History shows

that stadiums can drive urban development and
adapt to the culture of every age. Even today,
architects and planners are finding new ways to
adapt the mono-functional sports arenas which
became emblematic of modernisation during
the 20th century.

B Which section contains the

following information?
The amphitheatre* of Arles in southwest Write the correct letter, A-G,
France, with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, is in boxes 14-17 on your
perhaps the best example of just how versatile answer sheet.
stadiums can be. Built by the Romans in 90 14. a mention of negative
AD, it became a fortress with four towers after attitudes towards stadium
the fifth century, and was then transformed into building projects
a village containing more than 200 houses. 15. figures demonstrating the
With the growing interest in conservation environmental benefits of a
during the 19th century, it was converted back certain stadium
into an arena for the staging of bullfights, 16. examples of the wide
thereby returning the structure to its original range of facilities available
use as a venue for public spectacles. at some new stadiums
17. reference to the
Another example is the imposing arena of disadvantages of the
Verona in northern Italy, with space for 30,000 stadiums built during a
spectators, which was built 60 years before the certain era
Arles amphitheatre and 40 years before Rome’s
famous Colosseum. It has endured the
centuries and is currently considered one of the
world’s prime sites for opera, thanks to its
outstanding acoustics.

The area in the centre of the Italian town of

Lucca, known as the Piazza dell’Anfiteatro, is
yet another impressive example of an
amphitheatre becoming absorbed into the fabric
of the city. The site evolved in a similar way to
Arles and was progressively filled with
buildings from the Middle Ages until the 19th
century, variously used as houses, a salt depot
and a prison. But rather than reverting to an
arena, it became a market square, designed by
Romanticist architect Lorenzo Nottolini.
Today, the ruins of the amphitheatre remain
embedded in the various shops and residences
surrounding the public square.

D Which section contains the

following information?
There are many similarities between modern Write the correct letter, A-G,
stadiums and the ancient amphitheatres in boxes 14-17 on your
intended for games. But some of the flexibility answer sheet.
was lost at the beginning of the 20th century, as 14. a mention of negative
stadiums were developed using new products attitudes towards stadium
such as steel and reinforced concrete, and made building projects
use of bright lights for night-time matches. 15. figures demonstrating the
environmental benefits of a
Many such stadiums are situated in suburban certain stadium
16. examples of the wide
areas, designed for sporting use only and range of facilities available
surrounded by parking lots. These factors mean at some new stadiums
that they may not be as accessible to the 17. reference to the
general public, require more energy to run and disadvantages of the
contribute to urban heat. stadiums built during a
certain era
E

But many of today’s most innovative architects

see scope for the stadium to help improve the
city. Among the current strategies, two seem to
be having particular success: the stadium as an
urban hub, and as a power plant.

There’s a growing trend for stadiums to be

equipped with public spaces and services that
serve a function beyond sport, such as hotels,
retail outlets, conference centres, restaurants
and bars, children’s playgrounds and green
space. Creating mixed-use developments such
as this reinforces compactness and multi-
functionality, making more efficient use of
land and helping to regenerate urban spaces.

This opens the space up to families and a wider

cross-section of society, instead of catering
only to sportspeople and supporters. There
have been many examples of this in the UK:
the mixed-use facilities at Wembley and Old
Trafford have become a blueprint for many
other stadiums in the world.

F Which section contains the

following information?
The phenomenon of stadiums as power stations Write the correct letter, A-G,
has arisen from the idea that energy problems in boxes 14-17 on your
can be overcome by integrating interconnected answer sheet.
buildings by means of a smart grid, which is an 14. a mention of negative
electricity supply network that uses digital attitudes towards stadium
communications technology to detect and react building projects
to local changes in usage, without significant 15. figures demonstrating the
energy losses. Stadiums are ideal for these environmental benefits of a
purposes, because their canopies have a large certain stadium
surface area for fitting photovoltaic panels and 16. examples of the wide
rise high enough (more than 40 metres) to range of facilities available
make use of micro wind turbines. at some new stadiums
17. reference to the
Freiburg Mage Solar Stadium in Germany is disadvantages of the
the first of a new wave of stadiums as power stadiums built during a
certain era
plants, which also includes the Amsterdam
Arena and the Kaohsiung Stadium. The latter,
inaugurated in 2009, has 8,844 photovoltaic
panels producing up to 1.14 GWh of electricity
annually. This reduces the annual output of
carbon dioxide by 660 tons and supplies up to
80 percent of the surrounding area when the
stadium is not in use. This is proof that a
stadium can serve its city, and have a decidedly
positive impact in terms of reduction of CO2
emissions.

Sporting arenas have always been central to the

life and culture of cities. In every era, the
stadium has acquired new value and uses: from
military fortress to residential village, public
space to theatre and most recently a field for
experimentation in advanced engineering. The
stadium of today now brings together multiple
functions, thus helping cities to create a
sustainable future.

*amphitheatre: (especially in Greek and Roman

architecture) an open circular or oval building
with a central space surrounded by tiers of
seats for spectators, for the presentation of
dramatic or sporting events

🟡 CAM 17 TEST 2
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Which section contains the
following information?
It took at least 3,000 years for humans to learn Write the correct letter, A-G,
how to domesticate the wild tomato and in boxes 14-17 on your
cultivate it for food. Now two separate teams in answer sheet.
Brazil and China have done it all over again in 14. a reference to a type of
less than three years. And they have done it tomato that can resist a
better in some ways, as the re-domesticated dangerous infection
tomatoes are more nutritious than the ones we 15. an explanation of how
eat at present. problems can arise from
focusing only on a certain
This approach relies on the revolutionary type of tomato plant.
CRISPR genome editing technique, in which 16. a number of examples of
changes are deliberately made to the DNA of a plants that are not cultivated
living cell, allowing genetic material to be at present but could be useful
added, removed or altered. The technique could as food sources
not only improve existing crops, but could also 17. a comparison between the
be used to turn thousands of wild plants into early domestication of the
useful and appealing foods. In fact, a third team tomato and more recent
in the US has already begun to do this with a research
relative of the tomato called the groundcherry. 18. a personal reaction to the
flavour of a tomato that has
This fast-track domestication could help make been genetically edited
the world’s food supply healthier and far more
resistant to diseases, such as the rust fungus
devastating wheat crops.

'This could transform what we eat,' says Jorg

Kudla at the University of Munster in
Germany, a member of the Brazilian team.
'There are 50,000 edible plants in the world,
but 90 percent of our energy comes from just
15 crops.'

‘We can now mimic the known domestication

course of major crops like rice, maize, sorghum
or others,’ says Caixia Gao of the Chinese
Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Then we
might try to domesticate plants that have never
been domesticated.’

B Which section contains the

following information?
Wild tomatoes, which are native to the Andes Write the correct letter, A-G,
region in South America, produce pea-sized in boxes 14-17 on your
fruits. Over many generations, peoples such as answer sheet.
the Aztecs and Incas transformed the plant by 14. a reference to a type of
selecting and breeding plants with mutations* tomato that can resist a
in their genetic structure, which resulted in dangerous infection
desirable traits such as larger fruit. 15. an explanation of how
problems can arise from
But every time a single plant with a mutation is focusing only on a certain
taken from a larger population for breeding, type of tomato plant.
much genetic diversity is lost. And sometimes 16. a number of examples of
the desirable mutations come with less plants that are not cultivated
desirable traits. For instance, the tomato strains at present but could be useful
grown for supermarkets have lost much of their as food sources
flavour. 17. a comparison between the
early domestication of the
By comparing the genomes of modern plants to tomato and more recent
those of their wild relatives, biologists have research
been working out what genetic changes 18. a personal reaction to the
occurred as plants were domesticated. The flavour of a tomato that has
teams in Brazil and China have now used this been genetically edited
knowledge to reintroduce these changes from
scratch while maintaining or even enhancing
the desirable traits of wild strains.

C Which section contains the

following information?
Kudla’s team made six changes altogether. For Write the correct letter, A-G,
instance, they tripled the size of fruit by editing in boxes 14-17 on your
a gene called FRUIT WEIGHT, and increased answer sheet.
the number of tomatoes per truss by editing 14. a reference to a type of
another called MULTIFLORA. tomato that can resist a
dangerous infection
While the historical domestication of tomatoes 15. an explanation of how
reduced levels of the red pigment lycopene - problems can arise from
thought to have potential health benefits - the focusing only on a certain
team in Brazil managed to boost it instead. The type of tomato plant.
wild tomato has twice as much lycopene as 16. a number of examples of
cultivated ones; the newly domesticated one plants that are not cultivated
has five times as much. at present but could be useful
as food sources
'They are quite tasty,' says Kudla. ‘A little bit 17. a comparison between the
strong. And very aromatic.’ early domestication of the
tomato and more recent
The team in China re-domesticated several research
strains of wild tomatoes with desirable traits 18. a personal reaction to the
lost in domesticated tomatoes. In this way they flavour of a tomato that has
managed to create a strain resistant to a been genetically edited
common disease called bacterial spot race,
which can devastate yields. They also created
another strain that is more salt tolerant - and
has higher levels of vitamin C.

D Which section contains the

following information?
Meanwhile, Joyce Van Eck at the Boyce Write the correct letter, A-G,
Thompson Institute in New York state decided in boxes 14-17 on your
to use the same approach to domesticate the answer sheet.
groundcherry or goldenberry (Physalis 14. a reference to a type of
pruinosa) for the first time. This fruit looks tomato that can resist a
similar to the closely related Cape gooseberry dangerous infection
(Physalis peruviana). 15. an explanation of how
problems can arise from
Groundcherries are already sold to a limited focusing only on a certain
extent in the US but they are hard to produce type of tomato plant.
because the plant has a sprawling growth habit 16. a number of examples of
and the small fruits fall off the branches when plants that are not cultivated
ripe. Van Eck’s team has edited the plants to at present but could be useful
increase fruit size, make their growth more as food sources
compact and to stop fruits dropping. ‘There’s 17. a comparison between the
potential for this to be a commercial crop,’ says early domestication of the
Van Eck. But she adds that taking the work tomato and more recent
further would be expensive because of the need research
to pay for a licence for the CRISPR technology 18. a personal reaction to the
and get regulatory approval. flavour of a tomato that has
been genetically edited

E Which section contains the

following information?
This approach could boost the use of many Write the correct letter, A-G,
obscure plants, says Jonathan Jones of the in boxes 14-17 on your
Sainsbury Lab in the UK. But it will be hard answer sheet.
for new foods to grow so popular with farmers 14. a reference to a type of
and consumers that they become new staple tomato that can resist a
crops, he thinks. dangerous infection
15. an explanation of how
The three teams already have their eye on other problems can arise from
plants that could be ‘catapulted into the focusing only on a certain
mainstream’, including foxtail, oat-grass and type of tomato plant.
cowpea. By choosing wild plants that are 16. a number of examples of
drought or heat tolerant, says Gao, we could plants that are not cultivated
create crops that will thrive even as the planet at present but could be useful
warms. as food sources
17. a comparison between the
But Kudla didn’t want to reveal which species early domestication of the
were in his team’s sights, because CRISPR has tomato and more recent
made the process so easy. ‘Any one with the research
right skills could go to their lab and do this.’ 18. a personal reaction to the
flavour of a tomato that has
*mutations: changes in an organism’s genetic been genetically edited
structure that can be passed down to later
generations
 🟡 CAM 17 TEST 3
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Which section contains the

following information?
Palm oil is an edible oil derived from the fruit Write the correct letter, A-G,
of the African oil palm tree, and is currently the in boxes 14-17 on your
most consumed vegetable oil in the world. It’s answer sheet.
almost certainly in the soap we wash with in 14. examples of a range of
the morning, the sandwich we have for lunch, potential environmental
and the biscuits we snack on during the day. advantages of oil palm tree
Why is palm oil so attractive for cultivation
manufacturers? Primarily because its unique 15. description of an
properties - such as remaining solid at room organisation which controls
temperature - make it an ideal ingredient for the environmental impact of
long-term preservation, allowing many palm oil production
packaged foods on supermarket shelves to have 16. examples of the
‘best before’ dates of months, even years, into widespread global use of
the future. palm oil
17. reference to a particular
species which could benefit
the ecosystem of oil palm
plantations
18. figures illustrating the
rapid expansion of the palm
oil industry
19. an economic justification
for not opposing the palm oil
industry
20. examples of creatures
badly affected by the
establishment of oil palm
plantations

B Which section contains the

following information?
Many farmers have seized the opportunity to Write the correct letter, A-G,
maximise the planting of oil palm trees. in boxes 14-17 on your
Between 1990 and 2012, the global land area answer sheet.
devoted to growing oil palm trees grew from 6 14. examples of a range of
to 17 million hectares, now accounting for potential environmental
around ten percent of total cropland in the advantages of oil palm tree
entire world. From a mere two million tonnes cultivation
of palm oil being produced annually globally 15. description of an
50 years ago, there are now around 60 million organisation which controls
tonnes produced every single year, a figure the environmental impact of
looking likely to double or even triple by the palm oil production
middle of the century. 16. examples of the
widespread global use of
C palm oil
17. reference to a particular
However, there are multiple reasons why species which could benefit
conservationists cite the rapid spread of oil the ecosystem of oil palm
palm plantations as a major concern. There are plantations
countless news stories of deforestation, habitat 18. figures illustrating the
destruction and dwindling species populations, rapid expansion of the palm
all as a direct result of land clearing to establish oil industry
oil palm tree monoculture on an industrial 19. an economic justification
scale, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. for not opposing the palm oil
Endangered species - most famously the industry
Sumatran orangutan, but also rhinos, elephants, 20. examples of creatures
tigers, and numerous other fauna - have badly affected by the
suffered from the unstoppable spread of oil establishment of oil palm
palm plantations. plantations

D Which section contains the

following information?
‘Palm oil is surely one of the greatest threats to Write the correct letter, A-G,
global biodiversity,’ declares Dr Farnon in boxes 14-17 on your
Ellwood of the University of the West of answer sheet.
England, Bristol. ‘Palm oil is replacing 14. examples of a range of
rainforest, and rainforest is where all the potential environmental
species are. That’s a problem.’ This has led to advantages of oil palm tree
some radical questions among cultivation
environmentalists, such as whether consumers 15. description of an
should try to boycott palm oil entirely. organisation which controls
the environmental impact of
Meanwhile Bhavani Shankar, Professor at palm oil production
London’s School of Oriental and African 16. examples of the
Studies, argues, ‘It’s easy to say that palm oil is widespread global use of
the enemy and we should be against it. It palm oil
makes for a more dramatic story, and it’s very 17. reference to a particular
intuitive. But given the complexity of the species which could benefit
argument, I think a much more nuanced story the ecosystem of oil palm
is closer to the truth.’ plantations
18. figures illustrating the
E rapid expansion of the palm
oil industry
One response to the boycott movement has 19. an economic justification
been the argument for the vital role palm oil for not opposing the palm oil
plays in lifting many millions of people in the industry
developing world out of poverty. Is it desirable 20. examples of creatures
to have palm oil boycotted, replaced, badly affected by the
eliminated from the global supply chain, given establishment of oil palm
how many low-income people in developing plantations
countries depend on it for their livelihoods?
How best to strike a utilitarian balance between
these competing factors has become a serious
bone of contention.

F Which section contains the

following information?
Even the deforestation argument isn’t as Write the correct letter, A-G,
straightforward as it seems. Oil palm in boxes 14-17 on your
plantations produce at least four and potentially answer sheet.
up to ten times more oil per hectare than 14. examples of a range of
soybean, rapeseed, sunflower or other potential environmental
competing oils. That immensely high yield - advantages of oil palm tree
which is predominantly what makes it so cultivation
profitable - is potentially also an ecological 15. description of an
benefit. If ten times more palm oil can be organisation which controls
produced from a patch of land than any the environmental impact of
competing oil, then ten times more land would palm oil production
need to be cleared in order to produce the same 16. examples of the
volume of oil from that competitor. widespread global use of
palm oil
As for the question of carbon emissions, the 17. reference to a particular
issue really depends on what oil palm trees are species which could benefit
replacing. Crops vary in the degree to which the ecosystem of oil palm
they sequester carbon - in other words, the plantations
amount of carbon they capture from the 18. figures illustrating the
atmosphere and store within the plant. The rapid expansion of the palm
more carbon a plant sequesters, the more it oil industry
reduces the effect of climate change. As 19. an economic justification
Shankar explains: ‘[Palm oil production] for not opposing the palm oil
actually sequesters more carbon in some ways industry
than other alternatives. [...] Of course, if you’re 20. examples of creatures
cutting down virgin forest it’s terrible - that’s badly affected by the
what’s happening in Indonesia and Malaysia, establishment of oil palm
it’s been allowed to get out of hand. But if it’s plantations
replacing rice, for example, it might actually
sequester more carbon.’

G Which section contains the

following information?
The industry is now regulated by a group called Write the correct letter, A-G,
the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil in boxes 14-17 on your
(RSPO), consisting of palm growers, retailers, answer sheet.
product manufacturers, and other interested 14. examples of a range of
parties. Over the past decade or so, an potential environmental
agreement has gradually been reached advantages of oil palm tree
regarding standards that producers of palm oil cultivation
have to meet in order for their product to be 15. description of an
regarded as officially ‘sustainable’. The RSPO organisation which controls
insists upon no virgin forest clearing, the environmental impact of
transparency and regular assessment of carbon palm oil production
stocks, among other criteria. Only once these 16. examples of the
requirements are fully satisfied is the oil widespread global use of
allowed to be sold as certified sustainable palm palm oil
oil (CSPO). Recent figures show that the RSPO 17. reference to a particular
now certifies around 12 million tonnes of palm species which could benefit
oil annually, equivalent to roughly 21 percent the ecosystem of oil palm
of the world’s total palm oil production. plantations
18. figures illustrating the
rapid expansion of the palm
oil industry
19. an economic justification
for not opposing the palm oil
industry
20. examples of creatures
badly affected by the
establishment of oil palm
plantations
H Which section contains the
following information?
There is even hope that oil palm plantations Write the correct letter, A-G,
might not need to be such sterile monocultures, in boxes 14-17 on your
or ‘green deserts’, as Ellwood describes them. answer sheet.
New research at Ellwood’s lab hints at one 14. examples of a range of
plant which might make all the difference. The potential environmental
bird’s nest fern (Asplenium nidus) grows on advantages of oil palm tree
trees in an epiphytic fashion (meaning it’s cultivation
dependent on the tree only for support, not for 15. description of an
nutrients), and is native to many tropical organisation which controls
regions, where as a keystone species it the environmental impact of
performs a vital ecological role. Ellwood palm oil production
believes that reintroducing the bird’s nest fern 16. examples of the
into oil palm plantations could potentially widespread global use of
allow these areas to recover their biodiversity, palm oil
providing a home for all manner of species, 17. reference to a particular
from fungi and bacteria, to invertebrates such species which could benefit
as insects, amphibians, reptiles and even the ecosystem of oil palm
mammals. plantations
18. figures illustrating the
rapid expansion of the palm
oil industry
19. an economic justification
for not opposing the palm oil
industry
20. examples of creatures
badly affected by the
establishment of oil palm
plantations.

🟡 CAM 17 TEST 4
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Which section contains the
following information?
Over the last decade, a huge database about the Write the correct letter, A-G,
lives of southwest German villagers between in boxes 14-17 on your
1600 and 1900 has been compiled by a team answer sheet.
led by Professor Sheilagh Ogilvie at 14. an explanation of the need
Cambridge University’s Faculty of Economics. for research to focus on
It includes court records, guild ledgers, parish individuals with a fairly
registers, village censuses, tax lists and - the consistent income
most recent addition - 9,000 handwritten 15. examples of the sources
inventories listing over a million personal the database has been
possessions belonging to ordinary women and compiled from
men across three centuries. Ogilvie, who 16. an account of one
discovered the inventories in the archives of individual’s refusal to obey an
two German communities 30 years ago, order
believes they may hold the answer to a 17. a reference to a region
conundrum that has long puzzled economists: being particularly suited to
the lack of evidence for a causal link between research into the link between
education and a country’s economic growth. education and economic
growth
18. examples of the items
included in a list of personal
possessions

B Which section contains the

following information?
As Ogilvie explains, ‘Education helps us to Write the correct letter, A-G,
work more productively, invent better in boxes 14-17 on your
technology, and earn more ... surely it must be answer sheet.
critical for economic growth? But, if you look 14. an explanation of the need
back through history, there’s no evidence that for research to focus on
having a high literacy rate made a country individuals with a fairly
industrialise earlier.’ Between 1600 and 1900, consistent income
England had only mediocre literacy rates by 15. examples of the sources
European standards, yet its economy grew fast the database has been
and it was the first country to industrialise. compiled from
During this period, Germany and Scandinavia 16. an account of one
had excellent literacy rates, but their economies individual’s refusal to obey an
grew slowly and they industrialised late. order
‘Modern cross-country analyses have also 17. a reference to a region
struggled to find evidence that education being particularly suited to
causes economic growth, even though there is research into the link between
plenty of evidence that growth increases education and economic
education,’ she adds. growth
18. examples of the items
included in a list of personal
possessions
C Which section contains the
following information?
In the handwritten inventories that Ogilvie is Write the correct letter, A-G,
analysing are the belongings of women and in boxes 14-17 on your
men at marriage, remarriage and death. From answer sheet.
badger skins to Bibles, sewing machines to 14. an explanation of the need
scarlet bodices - the villagers’ entire worldly for research to focus on
goods are included. Inventories of agricultural individuals with a fairly
equipment and craft tools reveal economic consistent income
activities; ownership of books and education- 15. examples of the sources
related objects like pens and slates suggests the database has been
how people learned. In addition, the tax lists compiled from
included in the database record the value of 16. an account of one
farms, workshops, assets and debts; signatures individual’s refusal to obey an
and people’s estimates of their age indicate order
literacy and numeracy levels; and court records 17. a reference to a region
reveal obstacles (such as the activities of the being particularly suited to
guilds*) that stifled industry. research into the link between
education and economic
Previous studies usually had just one way of growth
linking education with economic growth - the 18. examples of the items
presence of schools and printing presses, included in a list of personal
perhaps, or school enrolment, or the ability to possessions
sign names. According to Ogilvie, the database
provides multiple indicators for the same
individuals, making it possible to analyse links
between literacy, numeracy, wealth, and
industriousness, for individual women and men
over the long term.

Which section contains the

D following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G,
Ogilvie and her team have been building the in boxes 14-17 on your
vast database of material possessions on top of answer sheet.
their full demographic reconstruction of the 14. an explanation of the need
people who lived in these two German for research to focus on
communities. ‘We can follow the same people individuals with a fairly
- and their descendants - across 300 years of consistent income
educational and economic change,’ she says. 15. examples of the sources
Individual lives have unfolded before their the database has been
eyes. Stories like that of the 24-year-olds Ana compiled from
Regina and Magdalena Riethmullerin, who 16. an account of one
were chastised in 1707 for reading books in individual’s refusal to obey an
church instead of listening to the sermon. ‘This order
tells us they were continuing to develop their 17. a reference to a region
reading skills at least a decade after leaving being particularly suited to
school,’ explains Ogilvie. The database also research into the link between
education and economic
reveals the case of Juliana Schweickherdt, a growth
50-year-old spinster living in the small Black 18. examples of the items
Forest community of Wildberg, who was included in a list of personal
reprimanded in 1752 by the local weavers’ possessions
guild for ‘weaving cloth and combing wool,
counter to the guild ordinance’. When Juliana
continued taking jobs reserved for male guild
members, she was summoned before the guild
court and told to pay a fine equivalent to one
third of a servant’s annual wage. It was a small
act of defiance by today’s standards, but it
reflects a time when laws in Germany and
elsewhere regulated people’s access to labour
markets. The dominance of guilds not only
prevented people from using their skills, but
also held back even the simplest industrial
innovation.

E Which section contains the

following information?
The data-gathering phase of the project has Write the correct letter, A-G,
been completed and now, according to Ogilvie, in boxes 14-17 on your
it is time ‘to ask the big questions’. One way to answer sheet.
look at whether education causes economic 14. an explanation of the need
growth is to ‘hold wealth constant’. This for research to focus on
involves following the lives of different people individuals with a fairly
with the same level of wealth over a period of consistent income
time. If wealth is constant, it is possible to 15. examples of the sources
discover whether education was, for example, the database has been
linked to the cultivation of new crops, or to the compiled from
adoption of industrial innovations like sewing 16. an account of one
machines. The team will also ask what aspect individual’s refusal to obey an
of education helped people engage more with order
productive and innovative activities. Was it, for 17. a reference to a region
instance, literacy, numeracy, book ownership, being particularly suited to
years of schooling? Was there a threshold level research into the link between
- a tipping point - that needed to be reached to education and economic
affect economic performance? growth
F 18. examples of the items
included in a list of personal
Ogilvie hopes to start finding answers to these possessions
questions over the next few years. One thing is
already clear, she says: the relationship
between education and economic growth is far
from straightforward. ‘German-speaking
central Europe is an excellent laboratory for
testing theories of economic growth,’ she
explains. Between 1600 and 1900, literacy
rates and book ownership were high and yet the
region remained poor. It was also the case that
local guilds and merchant associations were
extremely powerful and legislated against
anything that undermined their monopolies. In
villages throughout the region, guilds blocked
labour migration and resisted changes that
might reduce their influence.

‘Early findings suggest that the potential

benefits of education for the economy can be
held back by other barriers, and this has
implications for today,’ says Ogilvie. ‘Huge
amounts are spent improving education in
developing countries, but this spending can fail
to deliver economic growth if restrictions block
people - especially women and the poor - from
using their education in economically
productive ways. If economic institutions are
poorly set up, for instance, education can’t lead
to growth.’

*guild: an association of artisans or merchants

which oversees the practice of their craft or
trade in a particular area

🟡 CAM 17 TEST 4
🟢 PASSAGE 3:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Which section contains the
following information?
Next month, a chess player named Timur Write the correct letter, A-
Gareyev will take on nearly 50 opponents at G, in boxes 14-17 on your
once. But that is not the hard part. While his answer sheet.
challengers will play the games as normal, 27. a reference to earlier
Gareyev himself will be blindfolded. Even by examples of blindfold chess
world record standards, it sets a high bar for 28. an outline of what
human performance. The 28-year-old already blindfold chess involves
stands out in the rarefied world of blindfold 29. a claim that Gareyev’s
chess. He has a fondness for bright clothes and skill is limited to chess
unusual hairstyles, and he gets his kicks from the 30. why Gareyev’s skill is
adventure sport of BASE jumping. He has of interest to scientists
already proved himself a strong chess player, too. 31.Nan outline of
In a 10-hour chess marathon in 2013, Gareyev Gareyev’s priorities
played 33 games in his head simultaneously. He 32. a reason why the last
won 29 and lost none. The skill has become his part of a game may be
brand: he calls himself the Blindfold King. difficult

B Which section contains the

following information?
But Gareyev’s prowess has drawn interest from Write the correct letter, A-
beyond the chess-playing community. In the G, in boxes 14-17 on your
hope of understanding how he and others like answer sheet.
him can perform such mental feats, researchers at 27. a reference to earlier
the University of California in Los Angeles examples of blindfold chess
(UCLA) called him in for tests. They now have 28. an outline of what
their first results. The ability to play a game of blindfold chess involves
chess with your eyes closed is not a far reach for 29. a claim that Gareyev’s
most accomplished players,’ said Jesse Rissman, skill is limited to chess
who runs a memory lab at UCLA. ‘But the thing 30. why Gareyev’s skill is
that’s so remarkable about Timur and a few other of interest to scientists
individuals is the number of games they can keep 31.Nan outline of
active at once. To me it is simply astonishing.’ Gareyev’s priorities
32. a reason why the last
part of a game may be
difficult
C Which section contains the
following information?
Gareyev learned to play chess in his native Write the correct letter, A-
Uzbekistan when he was six years old. Tutored G, in boxes 14-17 on your
by his grandfather, he entered his first answer sheet.
tournament aged eight and soon became obsessed 27. a reference to earlier
with competitions. At 16, he was crowned Asia’s examples of blindfold chess
youngest ever chess grandmaster. He moved to 28. an outline of what
the US soon after, and as a student helped his blindfold chess involves
university win its first national chess 29. a claim that Gareyev’s
championship. In 2013, Gareyev was ranked the skill is limited to chess
third best chess player in the US. 30. why Gareyev’s skill is
of interest to scientists
D 31.Nan outline of
Gareyev’s priorities
To the uninitiated, blindfold chess seems to call 32. a reason why the last
for superhuman skill. But displays of the feat go part of a game may be
back centuries. The first recorded game in difficult
Europe was played in 13th-century Florence. In
1947, the Argentinian grandmaster Miguel
Najdorf played 45 simultaneous games in his
mind, winning 39 in the 24-hour session.

E Which section contains the

following information?
Accomplished players can develop the skill of Write the correct letter, A-
playing blind even without realising it. The G, in boxes 14-17 on your
nature of the game is to run through possible answer sheet.
moves in the mind to see how they play out. 27. a reference to earlier
From this, regular players develop a memory for examples of blindfold chess
the patterns the pieces make, the defences and 28. an outline of what
attacks. ‘You recreate it in your mind,’ said blindfold chess involves
Gareyev. ‘A lot of players are capable of doing 29. a claim that Gareyev’s
what I’m doing.’ The real mental challenge skill is limited to chess
comes from playing multiple games at once in 30. why Gareyev’s skill is
the head. Not only must the positions of each of interest to scientists
piece on every board be memorised, they must be 31.Nan outline of
recalled faithfully when needed, updated with Gareyev’s priorities
each player’s moves, and then reliably stored 32. a reason why the last
again, so the brain can move on to the next board. part of a game may be
First moves can be tough to remember because difficult
they are fairly uninteresting. But the ends of
games are taxing too, as exhaustion sets in. When
Gareyev is tired, his recall can get patchy. He
sometimes makes moves based on only a
fragmented memory of the pieces’ positions.
F Which section contains the
following information?
The scientists first had Gareyev perform some Write the correct letter, A-
standard memory tests. These assessed his ability G, in boxes 14-17 on your
to hold numbers, pictures and words in mind. answer sheet.
One classic test measures how many numbers a 27. a reference to earlier
person can repeat, both forwards and backwards, examples of blindfold chess
soon after hearing them. Most people manage 28. an outline of what
about seven. ‘He was not exceptional on any of blindfold chess involves
these standard tests,’ said Rissman. ‘We didn’t 29. a claim that Gareyev’s
find anything other than playing chess that he skill is limited to chess
seems to be supremely gifted at.’ But next came 30. why Gareyev’s skill is
the brain scans. With Gareyev lying down in the of interest to scientists
machine, Rissman looked at how well connected 31.Nan outline of
the various regions of the chess player’s brain Gareyev’s priorities
were. Though the results are tentative and as yet 32. a reason why the last
unpublished, the scans found much greater than part of a game may be
average communication between parts of difficult
Gareyev’s brain that make up what is called the
frontoparietal control network. Of 63 people
scanned alongside the chess player, only one or
two scored more highly on the measure. ‘You use
this network in almost any complex task. It helps
you to allocate attention, keep rules in mind, and
work out whether you should be responding or
not,’ said Rissman.

G Which section contains the

following information?
It was not the only hint of something special in Write the correct letter, A-
Gareyev’s brain. The scans also suggest that G, in boxes 14-17 on your
Gareyev’s visual network is more highly answer sheet.
connected to other brain parts than usual. Initial 27. a reference to earlier
results suggest that the areas of his brain that examples of blindfold chess
process visual images - such as chess boards - 28. an outline of what
may have stronger links to other brain regions, blindfold chess involves
and so be more powerful than normal. While the 29. a claim that Gareyev’s
analyses are not finalised yet, they may hold the skill is limited to chess
first clues to Gareyev’s extraordinary ability. 30. why Gareyev’s skill is
of interest to scientists
H 31.Nan outline of
Gareyev’s priorities
For the world record attempt, Gareyev hopes to 32. a reason why the last
play 47 blindfold games at once in about 16 part of a game may be
hours. He will need to win 80% to claim the title. difficult
‘I don’t worry too much about the winning
percentage, that’s never been an issue for me,’ he
said. ‘The most important part of blindfold chess
for me is that I have found the one thing that I
can fully dedicate myself to. I miss having an
obsession.’

🟡 CAM 19 TEST 1
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

In the first and second millennia BCE, pirates Write the correct letter, A-
sailed around the Mediterranean, attacking ships E, in boxes 14-19 on your
and avoiding pursuers answer sheet.
14. a reference to a denial
A of involvement in piracy
15. details of how a
When one mentions pirates, an image springs to campaign to eradicate
most people’s minds of a crew of misfits, piracy was carried out
daredevils and adventurers in command of a tall 16. a mention of the
sailing ship in the Caribbean Sea. Yet from the circumstances in which
first to the third millennium BCE, thousands of states in the ancient world
years before these swashbucklers began would make use of pirates
spreading fear across the Caribbean, pirates 17. a reference to how
prowled the Mediterranean, raiding merchant people today commonly
ships and threatening vital trade routes. However, view pirates
despite all efforts and the might of various 18. an explanation of how
ancient states, piracy could not be stopped. The some people were
situation remained unchanged for thousands of encouraged not to return to
years. Only when the pirates directly threatened piracy
the interests of ancient Rome did the Roman 19. a mention of the need
Republic organise a massive fleet to eliminate for many sailing vessels to
piracy. Under the command of the Roman stay relatively close to land
general Pompey, Rome eradicated piracy,
transforming the Mediterranean into 'Mare
Nostrum' (Our Sea).

B Write the correct letter, A-

E, in boxes 14-19 on your
Although piracy in the Mediterranean is first answer sheet.
recorded in ancient Egypt during the reign of 14. a reference to a denial
Pharaoh Amenhotep III (c 1390-1353 BCE), it is of involvement in piracy
reasonable to assume it predated this powerful 15. details of how a
civilisation. This is partly due to the great campaign to eradicate
importance the Mediterranean held at this time, piracy was carried out
and partly due to its geography. While the 16. a mention of the
Mediterranean region is predominantly fertile, circumstances in which
some parts are rugged and hilly, even states in the ancient world
mountainous. In the ancient times, the inhabitants would make use of pirates
of these areas relied heavily on marine resources, 17. a reference to how
including fish and salt. Most had their own boats, people today commonly
possessed good seafaring skills, and unsurpassed view pirates
knowledge of the local coastline and sailing 18. an explanation of how
routes. Thus, it is not surprising that during some people were
hardships, these men turned to piracy. Geography encouraged not to return to
itself further benefited the pirates, with the piracy
numerous coves along the coast providing places 19. a mention of the need
for them to hide their boats and strike undetected. for many sailing vessels to
Before the invention of ocean-going caravels* in stay relatively close to land
the 15th century, ships could not easily cross
long distances over open water. Thus, in the
ancient world most were restricted to a few well-
known navigable routes that followed the
coastline. Caught in a trap, a slow merchant ship
laden with goods had no other option but to
surrender. In addition, knowledge of the local
area helped the pirates to avoid retaliation once a
state fleet arrived.

C Write the correct letter, A-

E, in boxes 14-19 on your
One should also add that it was not unknown in answer sheet.
the first and second millennia BCE for 14. a reference to a denial
governments to resort to pirates’ services, of involvement in piracy
especially during wartime, employing their skills 15. details of how a
and numbers against their opponents. A pirate campaign to eradicate
fleet would serve in the first wave of attack, piracy was carried out
preparing the way for the navy. Some of the 16. a mention of the
regions were known for providing safe harbours circumstances in which
to pirates, who, in return, boosted the local states in the ancient world
economy. would make use of pirates
17. a reference to how
D people today commonly
view pirates
The first known record of a named group of 18. an explanation of how
Mediterranean pirates, made during the rule of some people were
ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten (c 1353- encouraged not to return to
1336 BCE), was in the Amarna Letters. These piracy
were extracts of diplomatic correspondence 19. a mention of the need
between the pharaoh and his allies, and covered for many sailing vessels to
many pressing issues, including piracy. It seems stay relatively close to land
the pharaoh was troubled by two distinct pirate
groups, the Lukka and the Sherden. Despite the
Egyptian fleet’s best efforts, the pirates continued
to cause substantial disruption to regional
commerce. In the letters, the king of Alashiya
(modern Cyprus) rejected Akhenaten’s claims of
a connection with the Lukka (based in modern-
day Turkey). The king assured Akhenaten he was
prepared to punish any of his subjects involved in
piracy.

E Write the correct letter, A-

E, in boxes 14-19 on your
The ancient Greek world’s experience of piracy answer sheet.
was different from that of Egyptian rulers. While 14. a reference to a denial
Egypt’s power was land-based, the ancient of involvement in piracy
Greeks relied on the Mediterranean in almost all 15. details of how a
aspects of life, from trade to warfare. campaign to eradicate
Interestingly, in his works the Iliad and the piracy was carried out
Odyssey, the ancient Greek writer Homer not 16. a mention of the
only condones, but praises the lifestyle and circumstances in which
actions of pirates. The opinion remained states in the ancient world
unchanged in the following centuries. The would make use of pirates
ancient Greek historian Thucydides, for instance, 17. a reference to how
glorified pirates’ daring attacks on ships or even people today commonly
cities. For Greeks, piracy was a part of everyday view pirates
life. Even high-ranking members of the state 18. an explanation of how
were not beyond engaging in such activities. some people were
According to the Greek orator Demosthenes, in encouraged not to return to
355 BCE, Athenian ambassadors made a detour piracy
from their official travel to capture a ship sailing 19. a mention of the need
from Egypt, taking the wealth found onboard for for many sailing vessels to
themselves! The Greeks’ liberal approach stay relatively close to land
towards piracy does not mean they always
tolerated it, but attempts to curtail piracy were
hampered by the large number of pirates
operating in the Mediterranean.
F Write the correct letter, A-
E, in boxes 14-19 on your
The rising power of ancient Rome required the answer sheet.
Roman Republic to deal with piracy in the 14. a reference to a denial
Mediterranean. While piracy was a serious issue of involvement in piracy
for the Republic, Rome profited greatly from its 15. details of how a
existence. Pirate raids provided a steady source campaign to eradicate
of slaves, essential for Rome’s agriculture and piracy was carried out
mining industries. But this arrangement could 16. a mention of the
work only while the pirates left Roman interests circumstances in which
alone. Pirate attacks on grain ships, which were states in the ancient world
essential to Roman citizens, led to angry voices would make use of pirates
in the Senate, demanding punishment of the 17. a reference to how
culprits. Rome, however, did nothing, further people today commonly
encouraging piracy. By the 1st century BCE, view pirates
emboldened pirates kidnapped prominent Roman 18. an explanation of how
dignitaries, asking for a large ransom to be paid. some people were
Their most famous hostage was none other than encouraged not to return to
Julius Caesar, captured in 75 BCE. piracy
19. a mention of the need
for many sailing vessels to
stay relatively close to land

G Write the correct letter, A-

E, in boxes 14-19 on your
By now, Rome was well aware that pirates had answer sheet.
outlived their usefulness. The time had come for 14. a reference to a denial
concerted action. In 67 BCE, a new law granted of involvement in piracy
Pompey vast funds to combat the Mediterranean 15. details of how a
menace. Taking personal command, Pompey campaign to eradicate
divided the entire Mediterranean into 13 districts, piracy was carried out
assigning a fleet and commander to each. After 16. a mention of the
cleansing one district of pirates, the fleet would circumstances in which
join another in the next district. The process states in the ancient world
continued until the entire Mediterranean was free would make use of pirates
of pirates. Although thousands of pirates died at 17. a reference to how
the hands of Pompey’s troops, as a long-term people today commonly
solution to the problem, many more were offered view pirates
land in fertile areas located far from the sea. 18. an explanation of how
Instead of a maritime menace, Rome got some people were
productive farmers that further boosted its encouraged not to return to
economy. piracy
19. a mention of the need
for many sailing vessels to
 stay relatively close to land

🟡 CAM 19 TEST 2
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Write the correct letter, A-

E, in boxes 14-18 on your
It isn’t easy being a professional athlete. Not only answer sheet.
are the physical demands greater than most 14. reference to two
people could handle, athletes also face intense chemical compounds which
psychological pressure during competition. This impact on performance
is something that British tennis player Emma 15. examples of strategies
Raducanu wrote about on social media following for minimising the effects
her withdrawal from the 2021 Wimbledon of stress
tournament. Though the young player had been 16. how a sportsperson
doing well in the tournament, she began having accounted for their own
difficulty regulating her breathing and heart rate experience of stress
during a match, which she later attributed to ‘the 17. study results indicating
accumulation of the excitement and the buzz’. links between stress
responses and performance
B 18. mention of people who
can influence how athletes
For athletes, some level of performance stress is perceive their stress
almost unavoidable. But there are many different responses
factors that dictate just how people’s minds and
bodies respond to stressful events. Typically,
stress is the result of an exchange between two
factors: demands and resources. An athlete may
feel stressed about an event if they feel the
demands on them are greater than they can
handle. These demands include the high level of
physical and mental effort required to succeed,
and also the athlete’s concerns about the
difficulty of the event, their chance of
succeeding, and any potential dangers such as
injury. Resources, on the other hand, are a
person’s ability to cope with these demands.
These include factors such as the competitor’s
degree of confidence, how much they believe
they can control the situation’s outcome, and
whether they’re looking forward to the event or
not..

C Write the correct letter, A-

E, in boxes 14-18 on your
Each new demand or change in circumstances answer sheet.
affects whether a person responds positively or 14. reference to two
negatively to stress. Typically, the more chemical compounds which
resources a person feels they have in handling the impact on performance
situation, the more positive their stress response. 15. examples of strategies
This positive stress response is called a challenge for minimising the effects
state. But should the person feel there are too of stress
many demands placed on them, the more likely 16. how a sportsperson
they are to experience a negative stress response - accounted for their own
known as a threat state. Research shows that the experience of stress
challenge states lead to good performance, while 17. study results indicating
threat states lead to poorer performance. So, in links between stress
Emma Raducanu’s case, a much larger audience, responses and performance
higher expectations and facing a more skilful 18. mention of people who
opponent, may all have led her to feel there were can influence how athletes
greater demands being placed on her at perceive their stress
Wimbledon - but she didn’t have the resources to responses
tackle them. This led to her experiencing a threat
response.

D Write the correct letter, A-

E, in boxes 14-18 on your
Our challenge and threat responses essentially answer sheet.
influence how our body responds to stressful 14. reference to two
situations, as both affect the production of chemical compounds which
adrenaline and cortisol - also known as ‘stress impact on performance
hormones’. During a challenge state, adrenaline 15. examples of strategies
increases the amount of blood pumped from the for minimising the effects
heart and expands the blood vessels, which of stress
allows more energy to be delivered to the 16. how a sportsperson
muscles and brain. This increase of blood and accounted for their own
decrease of pressure in the blood vessels has been experience of stress
consistently related to superior sport performance 17. study results indicating
in everything from cricket batting, to golf putting links between stress
and football penalty taking. But during a threat responses and performance
state, cortisol inhibits the positive effect of 18. mention of people who
adrenaline, resulting in tighter blood vessels, can influence how athletes
higher blood pressure, slower psychological perceive their stress
responses, and a faster heart rate. In short, a responses
threat state makes people more anxious - they
make worse decisions and perform more poorly.
In tennis players, cortisol has been associated
with more unsuccessful serves and greater
anxiety.
E Write the correct letter, A-
E, in boxes 14-18 on your
That said, anxiety is also a common experience answer sheet.
for athletes when they’re under pressure. Anxiety 14. reference to two
can increase heart rate and perspiration, cause chemical compounds which
heart palpitations, muscle tremors and shortness impact on performance
of breath, as well as headaches, nausea, stomach 15. examples of strategies
pain, weakness and a desire to escape in more for minimising the effects
extreme cases. Anxiety can also reduce of stress
concentration and self-control and cause 16. how a sportsperson
overthinking. The intensity with which a person accounted for their own
experiences anxiety depends on the demands and experience of stress
resources they have. Anxiety may also manifest 17. study results indicating
itself in the form of excitement or nervousness links between stress
depending on the stress response. Negative stress responses and performance
responses can be damaging to both physical and 18. mention of people who
mental health - and repeated episodes of anxiety can influence how athletes
coupled with negative responses can increase risk perceive their stress
of heart disease and depression. responses

F Write the correct letter, A-

E, in boxes 14-18 on your
But there are many ways athletes can ensure they answer sheet.
respond positively under pressure. Positive stress 14. reference to two
responses can be promoted through the language chemical compounds which
that they and others - such as coaches or parents - impact on performance
use. Psychologists can also help athletes change 15. examples of strategies
how they see their physiological responses - such for minimising the effects
as helping them see a higher heart rate as of stress
excitement, rather than nerves. Developing 16. how a sportsperson
psychological skills, such as visualisation, can accounted for their own
also help decrease physiological responses to experience of stress
threat. Visualisation may involve the athlete 17. study results indicating
recreating a mental picture of a time when they links between stress
performed well, or picturing themselves doing responses and performance
well in the future. This can help create a feeling 18. mention of people who
of control over the stressful event. Recreating can influence how athletes
competitive pressure during training can also perceive their stress
help athletes learn how to deal with stress. An responses
example of this might be scoring athletes against
their peers to create a sense of competition. This
would increase the demands which players
experience compared to a normal training
session, while still allowing them to practise
coping with stress.
 🟡 CAM 19 TEST 3
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Write the correct letter, A-

H, in boxes 14-17 on your
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, answer sheet.
or is present either at or near the surface of the 14. reference to the need to
soil, for all or part of the year. These are complex ensure that inhabitants of
ecosystems, rich in unique plant and animal life. wetland regions continue to
But according to the World Wide Fund for benefit from them
Nature (WWFN), half of the world’s wetlands 15. the proportion of
have disappeared since 1990 - converted or wetlands which have
destroyed for commercial development, drainage already been lost
schemes and the extraction of minerals and peat*. 16 .reference to the idea
Many of those that remain have been damaged by that people are beginning to
agricultural pesticides and fertilisers, industrial appreciate the value of
pollutants, and construction works. wetlands
17. mention of the cultural
B significance of wetlands

Throughout history, humans have gathered

around wetlands, and their fertile ecosystems
have played an important part in human
development. Consequently, they are of
considerable religious, historical and
archaeological value to many communities
around the world. ‘Wetlands directly support the
livelihoods and well-being of millions of people,’
says Dr Matthew McCartney, principal
researcher and hydrologist at the International
Water Management Institute (IWMI). ‘In many
developing countries, large numbers of people
are dependent on wetland agriculture for their
livelihoods.’
C Write the correct letter, A-
H, in boxes 14-17 on your
They also serve a crucial environmental purpose. answer sheet.
‘Wetlands are one of the key tools in mitigating 14. reference to the need to
climate change across the planet,’ says Pieter van ensure that inhabitants of
Eijk, head of Climate Adaptation at Wetlands wetland regions continue to
International (WI), pointing to their use as benefit from them
buffers that protect coastal areas from sea-level 15. the proportion of
rise and extreme weather events such as wetlands which have
hurricanes and flooding. Wetland coastal forests already been lost
provide food and water, as well as shelter from 16 .reference to the idea
storms, and WI and other agencies are working to that people are beginning to
restore those forests which have been lost. ‘It can appreciate the value of
be as simple as planting a few trees per hectare to wetlands
create shade and substantially change a 17. mention of the cultural
microclimate,’ he says. ‘Implementing climate significance of wetlands
change projects isn’t so much about money.’

The world’s wetlands are, unfortunately, rich

sources for in-demand commodities, such as
palm oil and pulpwood. Peatlands - wetlands
with a waterlogged organic soil layer - are
particularly targeted. When peatlands are drained
for cultivation, they become net carbon emitters
instead of active carbon stores, and, according to
Marcel Silvius, head of Climate-smart Land-use
at WI, this practice causes six per cent of all
global carbon emissions. The clearance of
peatlands for planting also increases the risk of
forest fires, which release huge amounts of CO2
‘We’re seeing huge peatland forests with
extremely high biodiversity value being lost for a
few decades of oil palm revenues,’ says Silvius.
E Write the correct letter, A-
H, in boxes 14-17 on your
The damage starts when logging companies answer sheet.
arrive to clear the trees. They dig ditches to enter 14. reference to the need to
the peat swamps by boat and then float the logs ensure that inhabitants of
out the same way. These are then used to drain wetland regions continue to
water out of the peatlands to allow for the benefit from them
planting of corn, oil palms or pulpwood trees. 15. the proportion of
Once the water has drained away, bacteria and wetlands which have
fungi then break down the carbon in the peat and already been lost
turn it into CO2 and methane. Meanwhile, the 16 .reference to the idea
remainder of the solid matter in the peat starts to that people are beginning to
move downwards, in a process known as appreciate the value of
subsidence**. Peat comprises 90 per cent water, wetlands
so this is one of the most alarming consequences 17. mention of the cultural
of peatland clearances. ‘In the tropics, peat significance of wetlands
subsides at about four centimetres a year, so
within half a century, very large landscapes on
Sumatra and Borneo will become flooded as the
peat drops below water level,’ says Silvius. ‘It’s a
huge catastrophe that’s in preparation. Some
provinces will lose 40 per cent of their
landmass.’

And while these industries affect wetlands in

ways that can easily be documented, Dr Dave
Tickner of the WWFN believes that more subtle
impacts can be even more devastating. ‘Sediment
run-off and fertilisers can be pretty invisible,’
says Tickner. ‘Over-extraction of water is equally
invisible. You do get shock stories about rivers
running red, or even catching fire, but there’s
seldom one big impact that really hurts a
wetland.’ Tickner does not blame anyone for
deliberate damage, however. ‘I’ve worked on
wetland issues for 20 years and have never met
anybody who wanted to damage a wetland,’ he
says. ‘It isn’t something that people generally set
out to do. Quite often, the effects simply come
from people trying to make a living.’

G Write the correct letter, A-

H, in boxes 14-17 on your
Silvius also acknowledges the importance of answer sheet.
income generation. ‘It’s not that we just want to 14. reference to the need to
restore the biodiversity of wetlands - which we ensure that inhabitants of
do - but we recognise there’s a need to provide an wetland regions continue to
income for local people.’ This approach is benefit from them
supported by IWMI. ‘The idea is that people in a 15. the proportion of
developing country will only protect wetlands if wetlands which have
they value and profit from them,’ says already been lost
McCartney. ‘For sustainability, it’s essential that 16 .reference to the idea
local people are involved in wetland planning that people are beginning to
and decision making and have clear rights to use appreciate the value of
wetlands.’ wetlands
17. mention of the cultural
H significance of wetlands

The fortunes of wetlands would be improved,

Silvius suggests, if more governments recognised
their long-term value. ‘Different governments
have different attitudes,’ he says, and goes on to
explain that some countries place a high priority
on restoring wetlands, while others still deny the
issue. McCartney is cautiously optimistic,
however. ‘Awareness of the importance of
wetlands is growing,’ he says. ‘It’s true that
wetland degradation still continues at a rapid
pace, but my impression is that things are slowly
changing.’

* peal: a brown deposit formed by the partial

decomposition of vegetation in wet acidic
conditions, often cut out and dried for use as fuel

**subsidence: the sinking of the Earth's surface,

most often caused by the removal of resources
from the ground

🟡 CAM 19 TEST 4
🟢 PASSAGE 2:

PASSAGE QUESTION ANSWER Explanation + Vocab

A Write the correct letter, A-
F, in boxes 14-17 on your
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or answer sheet.
is present either at or near the surface of the soil, 14. reference to the rapidly
for all or part of the year. These are complex increasing need for one
ecosystems, rich in unique plant and animal life. raw material in the
But according to the World Wide Fund for Nature transport industry
(WWFN), half of the world’s wetlands have 15. a rough estimate of the
disappeared since 1990 - converted or destroyed area of the Earth covered
for commercial development, drainage schemes by the oceans
and the extraction of minerals and peat*. Many of 16. how a particular
those that remain have been damaged by underwater habitat, where
agricultural pesticides and fertilisers, industrial minerals and organisms
pollutants, and construction works. co-exist, is formed
17. reference to the fact
B that the countries of the
world have yet to agree on
Throughout history, humans have gathered around rules for the exploration of
wetlands, and their fertile ecosystems have played the seabed
an important part in human development.
Consequently, they are of considerable religious,
historical and archaeological value to many
communities around the world. ‘Wetlands directly
support the livelihoods and well-being of millions
of people,’ says Dr Matthew McCartney, principal
researcher and hydrologist at the International
Water Management Institute (IWMI). ‘In many
developing countries, large numbers of people are
dependent on wetland agriculture for their
livelihoods.’

C Write the correct letter, A-

F, in boxes 14-17 on your
They also serve a crucial environmental purpose. answer sheet.
‘Wetlands are one of the key tools in mitigating 14. reference to the rapidly
climate change across the planet,’ says Pieter van increasing need for one
Eijk, head of Climate Adaptation at Wetlands raw material in the
International (WI), pointing to their use as buffers transport industry
that protect coastal areas from sea-level rise and 15. a rough estimate of the
extreme weather events such as hurricanes and area of the Earth covered
flooding. Wetland coastal forests provide food and by the oceans
water, as well as shelter from storms, and WI and 16. how a particular
other agencies are working to restore those forests underwater habitat, where
which have been lost. ‘It can be as simple as minerals and organisms
planting a few trees per hectare to create shade co-exist, is formed
and substantially change a microclimate,’ he says. 17. reference to the fact
‘Implementing climate change projects isn’t so that the countries of the
much about money.’ world have yet to agree on
rules for the exploration of
the seabed
D

The world’s wetlands are, unfortunately, rich

sources for in-demand commodities, such as palm
oil and pulpwood. Peatlands - wetlands with a
waterlogged organic soil layer - are particularly
targeted. When peatlands are drained for
cultivation, they become net carbon emitters
instead of active carbon stores, and, according to
Marcel Silvius, head of Climate-smart Land-use at
WI, this practice causes six per cent of all global
carbon emissions. The clearance of peatlands for
planting also increases the risk of forest fires,
which release huge amounts of CO2 ‘We’re
seeing huge peatland forests with extremely high
biodiversity value being lost for a few decades of
oil palm revenues,’ says Silvius.

E Write the correct letter, A-

F, in boxes 14-17 on your
The damage starts when logging companies arrive answer sheet.
to clear the trees. They dig ditches to enter the 14. reference to the rapidly
peat swamps by boat and then float the logs out increasing need for one
the same way. These are then used to drain water raw material in the
out of the peatlands to allow for the planting of transport industry
corn, oil palms or pulpwood trees. Once the water 15. a rough estimate of the
has drained away, bacteria and fungi then break area of the Earth covered
down the carbon in the peat and turn it into CO2 by the oceans
and methane. Meanwhile, the remainder of the 16. how a particular
solid matter in the peat starts to move downwards, underwater habitat, where
in a process known as subsidence**. Peat minerals and organisms
comprises 90 per cent water, so this is one of the co-exist, is formed
most alarming consequences of peatland 17. reference to the fact
clearances. ‘In the tropics, peat subsides at about that the countries of the
four centimetres a year, so within half a century, world have yet to agree on
very large landscapes on Sumatra and Borneo will rules for the exploration of
become flooded as the peat drops below water the seabed
level,’ says Silvius. ‘It’s a huge catastrophe that’s
in preparation. Some provinces will lose 40 per
cent of their landmass.’

And while these industries affect wetlands in ways

that can easily be documented, Dr Dave Tickner
of the WWFN believes that more subtle impacts
can be even more devastating. ‘Sediment run-off
and fertilisers can be pretty invisible,’ says
Tickner. ‘Over-extraction of water is equally
invisible. You do get shock stories about rivers
running red, or even catching fire, but there’s
seldom one big impact that really hurts a wetland.’
Tickner does not blame anyone for deliberate
damage, however. ‘I’ve worked on wetland issues
for 20 years and have never met anybody who
wanted to damage a wetland,’ he says. ‘It isn’t
something that people generally set out to do.
Quite often, the effects simply come from people
trying to make a living.’

G Write the correct letter, A-

F, in boxes 14-17 on your
Silvius also acknowledges the importance of answer sheet.
income generation. ‘It’s not that we just want to 14. reference to the rapidly
restore the biodiversity of wetlands - which we do increasing need for one
- but we recognise there’s a need to provide an raw material in the
income for local people.’ This approach is transport industry
supported by IWMI. ‘The idea is that people in a 15. a rough estimate of the
developing country will only protect wetlands if area of the Earth covered
they value and profit from them,’ says McCartney. by the oceans
‘For sustainability, it’s essential that local people 16. how a particular
are involved in wetland planning and decision underwater habitat, where
making and have clear rights to use wetlands.’ minerals and organisms
co-exist, is formed
H 17. reference to the fact
that the countries of the
The fortunes of wetlands would be improved, world have yet to agree on
Silvius suggests, if more governments recognised rules for the exploration of
their long-term value. ‘Different governments the seabed
have different attitudes,’ he says, and goes on to
explain that some countries place a high priority
on restoring wetlands, while others still deny the
issue. McCartney is cautiously optimistic,
however. ‘Awareness of the importance of
wetlands is growing,’ he says. ‘It’s true that
wetland degradation still continues at a rapid pace,
but my impression is that things are slowly
changing.’

* peal: a brown deposit formed by the partial

decomposition of vegetation in wet acidic
conditions, often cut out and dried for use as fuel

**subsidence: the sinking of the Earth's surface,

most often caused by the removal of resources
from the ground