MAGLENTE TRAINING AND

REVIEW CENTER
It is the art of cutting, framing,
joining timber or wood. Generally
known as woodworking.

carpentrius (L)– maker of a carriage

CARPENTER

is a skilled craftsperson who performs

carpentry.

works with wood , install and maintain

building, furniture and other objects
TYPES OF CARPENTER

Finish Carpenter – (joiner) is one who

does finish carpentry; that is
cabinetry, furniture making, fine
woodworking, model building,
instrument making, parquetry, joinery,
or other carpentry where exact joints
and minimal margins of error are
important.
Trim Carpenter - specializes in molding
and trim , such as door and window
casings, mantels, baseboard, and
other types of ornamental work.
Cabinet installer are also referred as
trim carpenters.
 PARQUETRY - work form of usually
geometrically patterned wood laid for floors
MANTELS - FINISH OR SHELF ABOVE THE
FIREPLACE
BASEBOARDS – A NARROW BOARD ALONG THE
BOTTOM OF THE WALL THAT COVERS THE AREA
WHERE THE WALL MEETS THE FLOOR
Cabinetmaker – is a carpenter who
does fine and detailed work,
specializing in making of cabinets
made from wood, wardrobes,
dressers, storage chest and other
furniture designed for storage.
Ship’s Carpenter – specializes in
shipbuilding, maintenance , and other
repair and carpentry specific to
nautical needs: usually the term
refers to a carpenter who has a post
on a specific ship.
Scenic carpenter – in film making, TV,
and the theater arts builds and
dismantles temporary scenery and
sets.

Formwork Carpenter - creates the

shuttering and falsework used in
concrete construction.
Framer – is a carpenter that builds the
skeletal structure of a framework of
buildings. Platform framing, balloon
framing, or timber framing
BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT WOOD

bark
early wood
late wood
heartwood
sap wood
A. Tangential section-
-section line running in a direction that
touches the arc of annual rings

A. Radial section
- Crosses vertically the annual rings
Soft wood –
needle shape leaves
-structural materials

Hard wood –
broad leaves
- furniture or interior
materials
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

Dimensional changes of wood – wood shrinks

when it discharge water and dries and swells
when it absorbs water

Hardwood – 6 – 12% water content

Softwood - less 20% water content
Heat – poor heat conductor, used as heat
insulator

Sound
amplifying – used in musical instrument
absorbing – used in theaters
MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF WOOD

Strength – the thicker the cell wall, the higher the

specific gravity, the greater the strength, the
harder the surface
Bending strength –
highest level when a load is applied parallel to
fiber direction
reduced as the angle of load direction against
the fiber direction becomes larger.
Distortion – the property of wood to be distorted
from each original shape when treated by heat
or hot steam due to softening of lignin
Preparation of Wood
1. Logging
2. Lumbering
3. Sawing
Method or Manner of Log Sawing
1. Plain or bastard sawing – parallel to the annual
rings
2. Quarter / Rift sawing – radial, tangential,
quarter tangential and combined radial and
tangential
SEASONING OF LUMBER

1. Natural or Air Seasoning – one of the best

method, longer period.

2. Artificial – Quick drying

a. Forced Air Drying
b. Kiln Drying
c. Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying
MEASUREMENTS

English System/Inch system

1 inch (“)= 2.54 cm = .0254 meter
1 foot (‘) = 30.48 cm .3048 m
1 yard = 914.4 cm = .9144 (3 feet)

Metric system (meter)

1 meter = 1000 mm = 100 cm = 10 dm
MEASURING /DIMENSION OF WOOD
Board foot = unit of wood measurement
1 Board foot = 12 “ long x 12 “ wide x 1” thick

Formula = T “ x W “ x L’ /12
where T = thickness in inch
W = width in inch
L = length in feet
12 = constant
EXAMPLE

Find the board foot of 5 pcs of 2” X 6” X 14’

lumber
= 5 pcs x 2 x 6 x 14/ 12
= 70 bd. ft.
Find the bd. Ft. of 5 pcs wood measuring 2 x 2 x
12 coco lumber?
= 5 pcs x 2 x 2 x 12/12
= 20 bd. ft.
Find the board ft of 10 pcs 2” x 2” x 10’
= ( no of pcs) x T x W x L/ 12
= (10) 2 x 2 x 10/12
=33. 33 bd. Ft.

How much will it cost you for sawing if each bd ft

cost P 8. 00
= 33.33 x 8.00
= P 266.66
SELLING OF LUMBER

Rough lumber – pieces of wood unsurfaced or

unplaned usually passes exact dimension in T,
W, L.
Surfaced lumber – lumber usually planed
lessened in actual size by about 3/8 of an inch
S2s – lumber that are planed on 2 sides
S4s – lumber that are planed on four sides
Prices depends on: type, dimension and grade.
LUMBER AND RELATED PRODUCTS

1.Veener and plywood – slices bonded at right

angle with glue or synthetic resins,
T: 1/8”, 3/16”, ½”, 3/4”, W: 4’ L: 6 or 8’
a. Soft plywood - structural use
b. hardwood plywood – paneling /finishing
c. exterior/marine plywood – external use
2. HARDBOARD/PRESSED WOOD/FIBER BOARD
– MADE FROM WOOD CHIPS EXPLODED INTO
FIBERS(DIFIBRATION).
2.PARTICLE BOARD – MADE FROM WOOD
CHIPS, CURLS, FIBERS, FLAKES, STRANDS,
SHAVINGS SILVER, WHICH ARE BOUND
TOGETHER AND PRESSED INTO SHEETS OR
OTHER SHAPES.
3. LAMINATED WOOD - LOGS ARE PROCESSED
BY SAWMILLING AND DRYING, KNOTS AND
CRACKS ARE REMOVED AND PIECES ARE
CONNECTED BY FINGER JOINTS IN FIBER
DIRECTION.
DEFECTS OF WOOD
1. Knot – branch or limb of trees
2. Check – lengthwise separation of the wood like a
small crack or split.
3. Slit- is lengthwise break or big crack
4. Decay – rotting of wood.
5. Stain – discoloration
6. Wane – lack of wood on the face of the piece
7. Warp - as any variation from a tree or plane
surface (crack, bow, cup, wind or combination)
 Knot
Check
Slit
Decay
Stain
Wane
Warp
WOODWORKING METHODS
1. Planning
a. Drawing and designing
b. Identify bill of materials
c. List the procedures
d. List tools and machine needed
2. Cutting
3. Assembling
4. Sanding and Finishing
DESIGN A PRODUCT

1. Clarify the purpose, condition and place of use.

2. Draw a conceptual picture.
3. Decide what kind of materials are required.
4. Decide what kind of tools and eqpt. are
required.
5. Prepare technical drawing and parts drawing.
6. Make a prototype if possible.
SAWING
When sawing along cutting lines, MAKE SURE
YOURE HEAD IS RIGHT ABOVE or on the
EXTENSION LINE.
When starting to cut , guide the saw blade with
your THUMB.
When finishing ,move the saw in HORIZONTAL
DIRECTION and support the removing piece of
wood.
Saw Angle: Soft and thin wood 15-30 degrees
Hard and thick wood 30 – 45 degrees.
HAND PLANING

The direction of fiber and planing should not be

opposite on edge face.

When planing along fiber direction, it should be

parallel and straight, never curve
JOINT
Joint – the union of two or more smooth or even
surface, admitting two or more pieces of timber
to a close fitting or junction.

Joinery – is the art of joint making, (fastening and

or shaping pieces of wood so they fit together.

Tools: saw with fine teeth, chisel, brace and bit,

miter box and bench
EDGE JOINT
Edges of two pieces are fastened together. Used
for top of tables, chairs, desks, and other
furniture needing large surface.
BUTT JOINT
the end of one piece is fastened to the surface
or edge of other. Used in simple box or to
fasten pieces at right angles.
RABBET JOINT
the first piece fits into the channel cut across
the end or edge of the second piece.
DADO JOINT
is a groove cut across the grain of a piece of wood.
When a piece is fitted into the groove a DADO joint is
made. Used as reinforcement in cabinet making.
MITER JOINT
the corners are cut at angle usually 45
degrees. When two pieces are joined , they
form a right angle.
LAP JOINT
is made when two pieces of wood must cross
(End lap, Middle lap and Cross lap joint)
MORTISE AND TENON JOINT
Mortise is the hole, tenon is the tongue shaped.
One of the strongest and found in better quality
chairs , tables and benches
DOVETAIL JOINT

is a special kind of lap joint that is shaped like the

tail of a dove used in corners of best drawers and
chairs.
FASTENING MATERIALS

Nails and Screws

the easiest way to join two pieces together is
by fastening them with nails.
KINDS OF NAILS
A. Common nail – larger head and diameter, mostly
used in carpentry.
B. Box nail – wider and flatter head, it has less
diameter, used where a common nail cannot be used
C. Casing nail – used for woodworking where large
head nail cannot be used, flooring and ceilings.
D. Finishing nail – the thinnest of all nails and thus
have the smallest head, used in finish carpentry.
E. Spikes – nails longer than six inches
F . Brads – nails shorter than an inch
SCREWS
Wood joined by screws are stronger than nails,
although it cost more , they last longer

Flat head
Round head
Oval head
WOOD FINISHING
-enhancing the appearance and durability of the projects
made through the application of suitable finishing
materials and proper techniques.
A. Cleaning –swab dry
B. Sanding – removing scratches and excess adhesives
(180-280 grit size) .applying wood putty.
C. Wood Sealer
D. Sanding (320-400 grit size)
E .Top Coat
WOOD FINISHING MATERIALS

1.Varnish – most used clear finishing material.

2. SHELLAC – QUICK DRYING ALCOHOL BASED
RESIN.
3. PENETRATING FINISH – SINK INTO THE
WOOD, DARKENS THE WOOD.
4. FILLERS – PASTES WHICH FILL IN THE OPEN
PORES OF THE WOOD
5. LACQUER – QUICK DRYING, INTENDS TO
CHANGE THE COLOR OF THE WOOD
6. Bleaches
a. Lightens the wood as removing dye from
clothes
b, Lighter color than the wood
c. do not bleach but holds the light color of the
wood
.
7. OPAQUE FINISHES – PAINTS, ENAMELS AND
PIGMENTED LACQUER
8. STAINS – GIVING THE WOOD ITS ACCEPTED
COLOR
COMMON CARPENTRY TOOLS
GUIDING AND TESTING TOOLS
1. Straight edge – guide pencil in marking straight line.

2. Square – try or trying square,

for marking and testing if a
surface squares with another.
.
3. Level - vertical and horizontal level or position

4. Plastic hose with water- horizontal level, it

can cover a distance to be level
5. Sliding T-bevel - can be set in any angle ,
testing slopes of a bevelled edge.

6. Angle divider – double bevel

square used to divide an angle
in a complicated work in
one setting.
7. Miter box – guide
for hand saw in
forming a miter joint.

8. Plumb bob –
use to check the vertical
line.
STEEL SQUARE – SQUARENESS OR FLATNESS
OF A SURFACE
MARKING TOOLS

1.Chalk line and reel –

marking rough work (long)

2. Lead pencil – marking rough working

3. Scratch awl – marking semi rough work
4. Scriber –
marking
fine work

5. Compass – inscribe an arc or

circle

6. Divider – dividing distances

into equal parts
MEASURING TOOL /RULE
1. Two foot four folding rule –
short distances

2. Extension rule –
inside distances
(doors, windows)
3, Zigzag rule – rough lay out (4’ and 6’)

4. Push-pull tape – longer

distances (1- 50 m)
5. Slide caliper rule – outside diameter

6. Marking gauge – making parallel lines with the

edge of the wood.
HOLDING TOOLS

1. Horse or trestle – used to support or sustain

the working operation such as sawing or
chiseling and planning.
2. Clamps – pressing piece of wood or metal
together .
3. Vise – table tool used to hold objects rigidly
secured in place to absorb severe blows.
TOOTH CUTTING TOOLS

1. Saws – the most important tooth cutting tools.

a. Hand saw – manually operated

b. Circular saw – electrical operated (small pc)
c. Band saw – electrical operated ( big pc)
Types of Handsaw
a. Crosscut saw – cutting across the grain.

b. Ripsaw –
cutting
along
the grain.

c. combined rip and crosscut saw.

d. Backsaw – fine
tooth crosscut saw
with metal blade
at the back (joints)

e. Coping saw –
sawing curves
out of thin wood
kerf – teeth of the saw
Saw set – used to adjust
the kerf

Files – abrading, reducing cutting

metal,
wood.

• Hacksaw –
used to cut metals .
SHARP-EDGED CUTTING TOOLS

CHISEL – smoothen surfaces and fit together.

a. Paring – parallel or along the grain.

b. Firming – deep cuts

c. Slick – blades wider than 2 inches (large
pieces of materials)

d. Gouge – round holes and curve shaped cuts

 Mallet – used to drive chisel, wooden hammer)
PLANES - ARE USED TO FLATTEN, REDUCE THE
THICKNESS OF, AND IMPART A SMOOTH
SURFACE TO A ROUGH PIECE OF LUMBER OR
TIMBER
A. Jack plane – 14 inches long
B. FORE PLANE – 18 INCHES LONG
C. TRYING PLANE OR JOINTER PLANE
D. JOINTER PLANE – 22-24 INCHES LONG –
JOINTING AND FINAL FLATTENING
E. SMOOTH PLANE – 9 INCHES LONG
F. BLOCK PLANE – ONE HAND PLANE FOR
GENERAL PURPOSE
Molding plane - used to cut mouldings along the
edge of a board.
SPOKESHAVE – PLANNING
CURVED EDGES
BORING TOOLS

1, Brad awl – punching or

piecing small holes.
Used in starting a
nail or screw.

2. Gimlet - boring
holes by hand pressure.
3. Auger - ½ - 2” diameter holes (bits)

4. Twist drill – drilling small

holes
5. Hollow auger – external boring or turning

6. Spoke pointer –
cuts a conical hole

7. Counter sink –
enlarging
conical hole
FASTENING TOOLS

1.Hammer
a. Claw hammer – drives and pull out nails
b. Peen hammer – small nails

2. Wrenches – used to fasten bolts and nuts.

3. Screwdriver – used to drive screws

SHARPENING TOOLS

1. Grindstone – flat disc solid stone usually

made of sandstone, mounted on a shaft used
for sharpening, shaping and polishing metal.
2. Oil stone – used after the grinding operation to
achieve and keen edge of the tools. Oil is used
as a lubricating medium. /Whetstone

Whetting - process of sharpening

Honing - sharpening after whetting
Stropping – sharpening using a leather
MACHINES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT
1. CIRCULAR SAW – is a steel disc provided with teeth
designed to revolved on a shaft at a high speed.

2. RADIAL ARM SAW – is a power driven rotary cutting

tool

3. PORTABLE ELECTRIC SAW – a power driven rotary

cutting tool provided with toothed circular blade.
2. RADIAL ARM SAW – IS A POWER DRIVEN
ROTARY CUTTING TOOL
.PORTABLE ELECTRIC SAW – A POWER DRIVEN
ROTARY CUTTING TOOL PROVIDED WITH
TOOTHED CIRCULAR BLADE.
PORTABLE ELECTRIC DRILL – MOTORIZED
ROTARY DRIVING TOOL (DRILLING HOLES)
DRILL PRESS- POWER DRIVEN ROTARY TOOL
USED IN DRIVING DRILL BITS, AND MANY
AUXILIARY ATTACHMENTS
BAND SAW – POWER DRIVEN ENDLESS
TOOTHED CUTTING TOOL
SINGLE SURFACE PLANER – POWER DRIVEN
ROTATING EDGE CUTTING TOOL
PORTABLE HAND ROUTER – POWER DRIVEN
ROTARY SHAPING TOOL
PORTABLE SANDERS – POWER DRIVEN
ABRADING TOOL
WOOD LATHE – USED TO ROTATE MATERIAL FOR
SANDING OR POLISHING
GOUGE – USED IN ROUGHING OUT CYLINDERS
AND IN TURNING CONCAVE SURFACES
SKEW CHISEL – FLAT TURNING CHISEL USED IN
SMOOTHING CYLINDERS,
ROUND NOSE CHISEL – FLAT SCRAPING CHISEL
USED IN ROUGHING AND SHAPING CONCAVE
SURFACES
SQUARE NOSE CHISEL – FLAT SCRAPING CHISEL
USED TO MAKE FLAT STRAIGHT CUTS
DIAMOND POINT CHISEL – FLAT SCRAPING
CHISEL USED TO MAKE V CUTS
MAINTENANCE OF WOODWORKING/CARPENTRY
TOOLS AND MACHINES
1. Always use the right tools for the right job.
2. Clean tools and equipment after using them and keep them in
their places.
3. Apply lubricants or oil on the metal parts of the tools to prevent
rusting and stuck up.
4. Keep all edge tools keen and sharp.
5. Never use tools with broken handles. Fix it at once if there is
such
6. Check all cords and switches for breaks to prevent electric
shock or damage to electrical parts due to short circuit.
PROCEDURES IN CONSTRUCTION WOODWORK

The WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM

GIRDER – is a principal beam extending form wall to wall. It is

major support member upon which the system is laid. It maybe
classified as SOLID or BUILT-UP

FLOOR JOIST – are those parts of the system placed on the

girders where the floor boards are fastened usually at a
distance from 30 to 40 cm rigidly secured by bridging to
prevent from wagging sideways.
SILL – is the part of the side of the house that
rest horizontally upon the foundation

HEADER - is a short traverse joist that supports

the end of the cut off joist at a stair well

TRIMMER – is a supporting joist which carries an

end portion of a header

FLOORING – refers to the tongue and groove

board
Girder Solid bridging
THE ROOF SYSTEM

1. Shed or Lean-to-Roof – simplest/ single slope.

2. Gable or Pitch Roof – most common,
consisting of two slopes.
3. Hip Roof – most common in modern houses
having straight sides sloping toward the center.
4. Hip and Valley Roof – is a combination of hip
roof and an intersecting forming a T or L
shaped building
5. Pyramid Roof – is a modification of the hip roof
wherein the four straight sides are sloping
towards the center terminating at a point.
6. Gambrel Roof – is a modification of the gable
roof with each side having two slopes.
7. Dome – is a hemispherical form of roof usually
used on observatory buildings.
THE ROOF SYSTEM
RAFTERS
 COMMON RAFTERS – are rafters extended at right
angle from the plate or girts to the ridge
 HIP RAFTERS – diagonally laid from the corner of a
plate to the ridge.
 VALLEY RAFTERS – any rafter which does not
extend from the plate to the ridge
 JACK RAFTERS - frames between hip rafters and
girts
 OCTAGONAL RAFTERS – rafters placed on
octagonal shaped plate at the central apex or
ridge pole.
TRUSS
- Built up frame commonly employed on a long
span roof unsupported by intermediate
columns or partitions. Series of triangles used
to distribute load and stiffen the structure.
 GIRTS – supports the rafters or truss

 COLLAR BEAM – ties between rafters on

opposite sides of the roof
 PURLINS – placed on top of the rafters that
support the roofing materials
SPLICING
The process of joining two pieces of timber in their
longitudinal direction in order to transmit stresses
from one member to the other.
1. LAPPING – simply joining one member to the
other.
2. FISHING - joining two ends with the use of two
side blocks.
3. SCARFING – cutting away the opposite sides of
two members then lap joining to joining to obtain
a continous piece of uniform thickness.
TIMBER FRAMING FASTENERS

1. NAILS
2. BOLTS
3. LAG SCREW -
4. WOOD SCREW
5. DRILL BOLTS AND DOWELS
CLASSIFICATION OF NAILS AS TO SERVICE

1. COMMON
2. FLOORING
3. FINISHING
4. ROOFING
5. BOAT
BOLTS

Is the most popular hardware materials for fastening

timber joints under light or heavy stresses.
1. Common, Ordinary, Machine
2. Drift bolts
3. Dowel
4. Strap bolts
5. U bolts
6. Eye bolts
Drift bolts – round or square iron or steel with or
without thread or point of specified length
Dowel – is thicker and shorter than drift bolts. It
has no thread
Lag screw – fasten large pieces of timber under
heavy stress.
Wood screw – used to avoid splitting and injury to
the wood and obtain better fitting
DRIFT BOLTS
LAG SCREW
EYE BOLT U BOLT
Wooden key – made of hardwood rectangular in
cross section and inserted between two lapping
piece of lumber
Shear pin is made of wood , steel bars or G. I
pipes
Plate washer – used under the head and nuts of
bolts to prevent nuts from damaging the timber
THE STAIRS

- The steps wherein to ascend and descend from

one storey building or house to another
- Parts
- 1. rise – the height of a flight of stairs from
landing to landing
- 2. riser – the vertical pace of the stair
- 3. run – the horizontal distance from the first to
the last riser of a stair flight.
4. Landing – is that horizontal floor
5. Well – the place occupied by the flight of stairs
6. Well hole – the opening in the floor at the top
of the flight of stairs
7. Stair headroom – the vertical height measured
from the nosing of a stair to any overhead
construction
8. Tread – the horizontal part of the step
9. Step – stair unit consist of one tread and one
riser
10 – winders – steps not parallel with each other
LAYING OUT STRINGER
THANK YOU…