Antenna Engineering
Assignment 5: Spring 2025 Submission Date: 30-May-2025
Batch: BSEE2021 Instructor: Dr. Qasim Mehmood
Total Marks: 100 TA: Sahil Zaildar
Name: ....................................... Roll No.# ................................................
Instructions:
1. “This assignment will assess your CLOs as per OBE.”
2.Assignment should be hand written and submit it in hard-form.
3. Use of pencils is not allowed to answer the questions.
4. “Upload your assignment as a PDF file on the Google Classroom.”
5. “Late submission of the assignment will not be accepted or graded.’’
6. The file's name should be your Roll Number as; BSEEXXXX, MSEEXXXX or PhD EEXXXX.
Question 1: (10 Marks)
An infinitesimal electric dipole of length l and constant current Io is placed symmetrically about
the origin and it is tilted at an angle of 45◦ on the yz-plane. Using the vector potential approach,
determine for the infinitesimal dipole the:
(a) Far-zone electric and magnetic fields (Er, E𝜃, E𝜙, Hr, H𝜃, H𝜙) in terms of the spherical
coordinates r, 𝜃, 𝜙. For example, E𝜃(r,𝜃,𝜙). The same for the other components.
(b) Directivity (dimensionless and in dB).
(c) Polarization of the radiated fields (linear circular or elliptical).
Question 2: (10 Marks)
The current distribution on a terminated and matched long linear (traveling wave) antenna of
length l, positioned along the z-axis and fed at its one end, is given by
where Io is a constant. Derive expressions for the
(a) far-zone spherical electric and magnetic field components
(b) radiation power density
Question 3: (15 Marks)
A center-fed electric dipole of length l is attached to a balanced lossless transmission line whose
characteristic impedance is 50 ohms. Assuming the dipole is resonant at the given length, find
the input VSWR when
(a) l =λ∕4 (b ) l=λ∕2 (c) l= 3λ∕4 (d ) l=λ
Question 4: (15 Marks)
Find the radiation efficiency of resonant linear electric dipoles of length
(a) l =λ∕50 (b) l =λ∕4 (c) l=λ∕2 (d)l=λ
Assume that each dipole is made out of copper [𝜎 = 5.7 ×107 S/m], has a radius of 10−4λ, and is
operating at f = 10 MHz.
Question 5: (10 Marks)
An engineer is designing a specialized ground-based communication antenna for a compact
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). To ensure optimal communication performance, the engineer
decides to use a very short vertical electric dipole antenna with a length of ℓ=λ/50. To meet mission
requirements, the radiation pattern of this antenna must have only one significant null direction
(other than the one directly overhead), and that null should occur precisely at an angle of 30° from
the vertical. What is the minimum height above a perfectly conducting ground surface that the
engineer must mount the dipole to meet this condition? Also, for this specific height, determine
the directivity and radiation resistance of the antenna system.
Question 6: (10 Marks)
As part of a critical infrastructure upgrade, a vehicular communication engineering team is
evaluating the performance of compact antenna systems for law enforcement vehicles operating
in mission-critical environments. A vertical, infinitesimal-length monopole antenna with length
ℓ=λ/50 is mounted on the metallic rooftop of a police interceptor vehicle, which is modeled as an
infinite planar perfect electric conductor (PEC) to approximate the high-conductivity bodywork of
the car. This antenna is integrated into an emergency radio receiver system designed to operate
reliably at a carrier frequency of 10 MHz, often used in low-frequency, long-range communication
applications.
During performance validation, the system is subjected to a test scenario in which a circularly
polarized electromagnetic wave approaches the vehicle from a grazing incidence angle θ=900,
simulating lateral signal propagation typical in dense urban environments or along highway
corridors. The radio receiver onboard the vehicle is known to have a minimum sensitivity threshold
of 10 µWatts, below which signals cannot be detected or decoded.
(a) Find the maximum directivity of the vertical monopole in the presence of the PEC (both as a
dimensionless ratio and in decibels (dB)).
(b) Determine the minimum incident power density (in watts per cm²) required from the incoming
signal such that the receiver can successfully detect the transmission under the specified
conditions.
Question 7: (20 Marks)
An RF systems engineer is tasked with integrating a half-wavelength dipole antenna (ℓ=λ/2) into
a VHF communication system operating at 100 MHz. The antenna is connected to a transmission
line with a characteristic impedance of 75 Ω, which is typical for many coaxial cables used in RF
communications. Due to inherent impedance mismatches, the system exhibits reflection and
standing wave behavior that must be quantified and mitigated for optimal signal transfer.
The engineer must determine:
a)
The reflection coefficient at the antenna-feedline interface, expressed in both magnitude
and phase (in degrees).
b)
The corresponding Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), which provides insight into the
transmission line’s performance.
To ensure maximum power transfer and reduce mismatch losses, the engineer decides to tune
the antenna system to resonance using a passive element (either an inductor or capacitor) in
series with the antenna.
At the operating frequency of 100 MHz, determine:
c) Whether a capacitor or an inductor is required to achieve resonance.
d) The exact value of the required capacitance or inductance (in Farads or Henries).
e) The resulting new VSWR after the system has been successfully tuned to resonance.
Question 8: (10 Marks)
A research team is conducting field tests for line-of-sight high-frequency communication using
half-wavelength dipole antennas operating in the UHF band at 300 MHz. The transmitting
antenna is a λ/2 dipole placed at the origin and is radiating a time-averaged power of 600 W into
free space. To evaluate the system's long-distance communication capability, a second λ/2 dipole
antenna is deployed as a receiving antenna. This antenna is placed at a point P(r,θ,ϕ), where:
r=200 m, θ=90∘, ϕ=40∘
The receiving dipole is carefully aligned parallel to the axis of the transmitting antenna, ensuring
maximum polarization match and directional reception. Determine the available power at the
terminals of the receiving dipole antenna at location PPP, assuming:
Ideal far-field conditions,
No multipath or reflection losses,
Maximum power transfer with matched polarization and impedance.
