Language for trends and for comparison
Mức độ Adj Adv
Rất mạnh Sharp Sharply
Rapid Rapidly
Quick Quickly
Steep Steeply
Dramatic Dramatically
Mạnh Considerable Considerably
Significant Significantly
Substantial Substantially
Vừa vừa Moderate Moderately
Đều đều Steady Steadily
Gradual Gradually
Nhẹ Slight Slightly
Slow Slowly
Minimal Minimally
Xu hướng Verbs Nouns
Tăng increase, go up, rise, grow, climb, jump (rise quickly), soar An increase, a rise, a growth, an upward
(rise quickly), to rocket (rise quickly and suddenly), escalate trend
Giảm decline, decrease, drop, fall, go down, plummet (fall A decline, a decrease, a drop, a fall, a
suddenly), plunge (fall suddenly) downward trend
Dao động fluctuate, be volatile A fluctuation
Không Remain/stay unchanged
thay đổi Remain/stay/stand stable
Hit a plateau
To level off
Đạt đỉnh reach a peak of
cao peak at
Hit the highest point
Chạm đáy hit the lowest point of
hit its bottom of
Cấu trúc xu hướng:
Cấu trúc xu hướng (dành cho biểu đồ động)
1. Đối tượng mô tả (X) + Verb + Adverb + giới từ + số liệu
2. There be a/an + adj + noun + giới từ + số liệu + in + X
3. X + witnessed/saw/ experienced/ recorded + a/an + adj + noun + giới từ + Số liệu
4. The year/ the period from..to...+ saw/ witnessed/recorded + a/an + adj + noun + giới từ + số liệu + in + X
5. A/an + adj + noun + giới từ + số liệu + be + seen/ witnessed/recorded + in + X
Tổng hợp về giới từ + số liệu/ đối tượng mô tả
Meaning Prep
Tăng/ giảm bao nhiêu V by số liệu
ex: grew by 2%
N of số liệu
ex: a growth of 2%
Tăng/giảm đến bao nhiêu V/N to số liệu
ex: grew to 8%/ a growth to 8%
Ở bao nhiêu V at số liệu
ex: started/ stood at 6%
Tăng/giảm về cái gì N in đối tượng
ex: an increase in the percentage of students attending the class
Các kiểu so sánh:
Structure Example
(uncountable noun – danh từ không America holds over 8,000 tons of gold, three times as much
đếm được) as Switzerland.
... times + as much as ...
(plural noun – danh từ đếm được) By 2050 the world will have about 2 billion people aged over 60, three
... times + as many as ... times as many as today.
The divorce proportion for women in the military is three times as high
(percentage, proportion) as that for men.
... times + as high as ....
X + V + the same + Noun + as + Y The company A produced the same amount of oil as company B.
X + be + the same as + Y The percentage of people who studied at university in 2017 was almost
(Dành cho so sánh ngang bằng) exactly the same as in 2012.
So sánh hơn Example
X + be + tỉ lệ/con số/ adv + The average figure for company A was 10% higher than that of company B.
higher/lower than + Y The average figure for company A was slightly higher than that of
company B.
The average figure for company D was three times lower than that of
company B.
more + plural noun/uncountable noun+ University X had more students than University Y.
than University X produced less oil than University Y.
less + uncountable noun+ than University X had fewer boys than University Y.
fewer +plural noun+ than
So sánh hơn nhất Example
Short adjectives
S + be + the + adj+ est The number of female students in University X was the highest.
S + V + the + adj+ est + N City A had the lowest proportion of individuals who have access to clean
drinking water.
Long adjectives
S + be + the most/least + adj Beef was the most popular of the four types of meat.
S + V + the most/least + adj + N Going to the cinema was the least popular form of entertainment in the
UK.
Kết hợp cấu trúc
A + be + số liệu, so sánh + that + of + B (so sánh ở đây có thể sử dụng so sánh hơn, so sánh ngang bằng, so sánh gấp)
A + stood at/ be + số liệu + compared to/ in comparison with + số liệu của B
(Standing) at + số liệu, A + be + so sánh + that of B
There + be + số liệu của A while/ whereas/ whilst + the figure for B + stood at + số liệu
A, which + be/ stood at + số liệu, + V, so sánh + that of B
Cấu trúc so sánh thêm (Cần lồng ghép thêm số liệu)
Structures Example
S + V. Similarly, S + V The number of employees in company A fell slightly to
100. Similarly / In a similar way, that in company B saw a
small drop and finally hit its bottom of 80.
S + V. A similar trend/pattern was seen/witnessed in ... The number of employees in company A fell slightly to
100. A similar trend/pattern was seen in the figure for
company B that finally hit its bottom of 800.
While/ Whereas/ Meanwhile S + V, S + V While/ Whereas/ Meanwhile the amount of beef eaten
sharply decreased to approximately 50 pounds, the
consumption of pork witnessed a dramatic growth to just
under 90 pounds.
S + V While/, Whereas/ Meanwhile S + V
S + V. In contrast/ On the other hand, S + V The amount of beef eaten sharply decreased to
approximately 50 pounds. In contrast/ On the other hand,
the consumption of broilers witnessed a dramatic growth
to just under 90 pounds.
While While/ Whereas/ Meanwhile S + V, the opposite While the amount of beef eaten sharply decreased to
pattern was seen in .... approximately 50 pounds, the opposite pattern was seen
in the consumption of pork with the figure reaching 90
pounds.
S + V + ..times + higher than + N Household expenditure in Japan was four times higher
than the figure for India.
S + V + ..times + as high/much/many as + N Household expenditure in Japan was four times as high
as the figure for India.
be + the least/most favored/preferred
be + the most common/popular + N.
be the largest producer/consumer of ...
Trend + comparison In 2000, the proportion of oil production in America seen
S + V + giới từ + số liệu, which was ...times higher that a steep rise to 30%, which was three times higher than
N.... the figure for Germany.
Data + comparison The Turkey spent most on these items at just 4.35% of
S + V + giới từ + số liệu, which was double/triple that their national expenditure, which is around double that of
N.... Spain (1,98%).
Trend + trend + trend Starting at 25 in 2000, the number of employees in
S + V + giới từ + số liệu, which was double/triple that company A increased significantly to 40 before declining
N.... by five workers in 2010.
Comparison + comparison In terms of TV advertisement, the expenditure of
S + V + giớ từ + số liệu, followed by N with số liệu Certirizine stood at 70 million, followed by Vauxhall with
65 million.
Dynamic vs Static:
Introduction:
Words in the question Paraphrases
the graph below shows the + (given) + (bar, line, pie, table, diagram,...) + illustrates/
compares/ gives information about......
What the number of the figure for/ how many S + V (active/passive)
the amount of the figure for/ how much S +V (active/passive)
the percentage of the figure for/ the proportion of
changes how S + changed
Where in America, Australia, Korea, And in four different countries
Sweden
When from 2010 to 2020 between 2010 and 2020/ during/over a 20-year period
in 1996, 2000 and 2010 in three different years
until 2050 up to 2050
LINE GRAPH:
Overview Needed information: (Line Chart)
• Order (highest/lowest)
• Trend (increase/decrease)
Notes: Don’t report data or state your opinion
Useful structure:
While S + V....., the opposite was true for ......
Body Body paragraphs could be divided based on the type of line graph.
Type 1 (Fewer than 4 lines): Should be divided by period of time
+ Beginning – mid point: Report data + Trend/ Comparison
+ Mid point – End: Report data + Trend/ Comparison
Type 2: Type 2 (4 lines and more): Should be divided by category
(group lines which have the same trend: upward, downward)
