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SQL Cheat Sheet For Beginners

This document is a beginner's SQL cheat sheet that outlines the basics of SQL, including commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. It explains key concepts such as the WHERE clause, SQL JOINS, GROUP BY, HAVING, subqueries, and the WITH clause for Common Table Expressions. Additionally, it highlights common beginner mistakes and provides a practice challenge for users to apply their knowledge.

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Nithyashree Manickam
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8 views3 pages

SQL Cheat Sheet For Beginners

This document is a beginner's SQL cheat sheet that outlines the basics of SQL, including commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. It explains key concepts such as the WHERE clause, SQL JOINS, GROUP BY, HAVING, subqueries, and the WITH clause for Common Table Expressions. Additionally, it highlights common beginner mistakes and provides a practice challenge for users to apply their knowledge.

Uploaded by

Nithyashree Manickam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Cheat Sheet for Beginners (With Examples)

1. What is SQL?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language used to communicate with databases. It allows

you to create, retrieve, update, and delete data.

2. Basic Commands

SELECT - Retrieves data from a database.

INSERT - Adds new data to a database.

UPDATE - Modifies existing data.

DELETE - Removes data.

CREATE - Creates database objects like tables.

DROP - Deletes database objects.

3. SELECT Statement

SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

Example:

SELECT name, age FROM students;

4. WHERE Clause

Used to filter records.

Example:

SELECT * FROM students WHERE age > 18;

5. SQL JOINS

INNER JOIN: Returns records with matching values in both tables.

LEFT JOIN: All records from the left table, and matched records from the right.

RIGHT JOIN: All records from the right table, and matched records from the left.

FULL JOIN: All records when there is a match in either table.


SQL Cheat Sheet for Beginners (With Examples)

6. GROUP BY and HAVING

GROUP BY is used with aggregate functions (COUNT, SUM, AVG, etc.).

HAVING is like WHERE but used for aggregated data.

Example:

SELECT dept, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY dept HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

7. Subqueries

A query inside another query.

Example:

SELECT name FROM students WHERE id IN (SELECT student_id FROM scores WHERE mark > 90);

8. WITH Clause (CTE - Common Table Expression)

Simplifies complex joins and subqueries.

Example:

WITH HighScorers AS (

SELECT student_id FROM scores WHERE mark > 90

SELECT name FROM students WHERE id IN (SELECT student_id FROM HighScorers);

9. Beginner Mistakes to Avoid

- Forgetting WHERE in DELETE or UPDATE.

- Using SELECT * in production.

- Not using aliases for table names in complex joins.

- Confusing HAVING with WHERE.

10. Practice Challenge


SQL Cheat Sheet for Beginners (With Examples)

Create a query to find the top 3 departments with the highest average salary.

Bonus: Use a CTE and explain your thought process in steps.

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