Math Reviewer
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
A linear inequality in two variables uses either one of the four inequality
symbols: >, <,≥ and S. An ordered pair (x, y) that makes the inequality true
is a solution of an inequality in two variables.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
A Quadratic equation is an equation of the form a * x ^ 2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, c represent real numbers and a ne0. The solutions to a called its
roots.
BASIC FORMS OF A LINE
1. Standard Form
The standard form of a line is: Ax + By = C
2. Slope-Intercept Form
Example: 3x + 4y = 1
The slope-intercept form of a line is: y = mx + b m is the slope and b is the
y-intercept.
Example: y = - 5x + 2
3. Slope of a Line
The slope of the line is the measure of its steepness. The formula to find the
slope of the line is:
4. Equation of a Line
To write the equation of the line, substitute the values in the slope-intercept
form of the line: y= mx + b
Example 1: Find the equation of the line with a slope of -2 and a y-Intercept
of 40. Substitute -1 for m and 40 for b in the slope-intercept form. Y = mx +
b y = - 2x + 40
5. Pythagorean Theorem In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the
lengths of the two legs is equal to the square of the length of the
hypotenuse.
PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY
1. UNDEFINED TERMS
Point- A point is the most basic geometric concept. All other geometric
figures are made up of a collection of points. A point has a location but
has neither size nor shape. It can be modeled by a dot. A point is named
using a capital letter.
Line- A line is a straight, continuous arrangement of infinitely many points
with an infinite length. It extends infinitely in two directions. It has no
thickness. A line is named by a single lower-case script letter or by any
two points with a line symbol placed above the letters. The line below is
called line I or AB or BA.
Plane- A plane is a flat surface that extends infinitely along its length and
width. It is like an “infinite sheet of paper.” It has length and width but no
thickness. A plane is named by a single script capital letter or by any
three points in the plane which are not on the same line.
Other Basic Notions
Collinear Points- Collinear means on the same line. Three or more points
are said to be collinear if they lie on a single straight line.
Coplanar means on the same plane. Three or more points are said to be
coplanar if they lie in the same plane.
Line Segment- A line segment is a part of a line consisting of two
endpoints and all the points in between.
Ray- A ray is a part of a line with only one endpoint and extending in only
direction. A ray is named with its endpoint first, followed by another point
on the ray.
Coplanar Lines- Coplanar lines are lines that lie on the same plane.
Intersecting Lines- Intersecting lines are lines on the same plane having a
common point which is
Concurrent Lines- Concurrent lines are three or more lines containing the
same point.
Skew Lines- Skew lines are non-coplanar lines that do not intersect.
Parallel Lines- Parallel lines are two coplanar lines that do not intersect.
Perpendicular Lines- Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect at right
angles.
Angles- An angle is formed by two noncollinear rays with a common
endpoint. The two rays are the sides of the angle. The common endpoint
of the two rays is the vertex of the angle.
Kinds of Angles
1. Acute Angle-measures less than 90° but greater than 0°
2. Right Angle-measures exactly 90°
3. Obtuse Angle-measures greater than 90° but less than 180°
4. Straight Angle-measures exactly 180°
Special Angle Pairs
1. Complementary Angles – two angles are called complementary if their
sum is 90°
2. Supplementary Angles – two angles are supplementary if their sum is
180°
3. Adjacent Angles two angles with a common vertex, a common side,
and no common interior points
4. Vertical Angles are formed when two straight lines intersect each other.
Their sides form two pairs of opposite rays and their angles are non-
adjacent
POLYGONS
A polygon is a closed plane figure formed by fitting together segments
end to end with each segment intersecting exactly two others. In a
polygon, each line segment is called side and each endpoint where the
sides meet is called the vertex of the polygon.
A. Types of Polygons
1. Concave Polygons A polygon is concave if at least one diagonal is in
the exterior of the polygon.
2. Convex Polygons A polygon is convex if no diagonal is in the exterior of
the polygon.
B. Types of Polygons According to the Number of Side
TRIANGLE
•3-sided figure
•Sum of interior angles is 180°
QUADRILATERAL
•4-sided figure
•Sum of interior angles is 360°
PENTAGON
•5-sided figure
• Sum of interior angles is 540°
HEXAGON
•6-sided figure
•Sum of interior angles is 720°
HEPTAGON
•7-sided figure
•Sum of interior angles is 900°
OCTAGON
•8-sided figure
•Sum of interior angles is 1080°
NONAGON
•9-sided figure
•Sum of interior angles is 1260°
DECAGON
•10-sided polygon
•Sum of the interior angles is 1440°
UNDECAGON
•11-sided polygon
•Sum of the interior angles is 1620°
DODECAGON
•12-sided polygon
•Sum of the interior angles is 1800°
C. Sum of the Interior Angles of a Polygon- The sum of the
measures of the interior angles of a convex polygon with a sides
is (n – 2) * 180°
D. Measure of Each Interior Angle of a Polygon- The measure of an
interior angle of a regular polygon is (n – 2) *180^ * n
E. Diagonals of a Polygon- To find the number of diagonals, we use
the formula below: (n(n – 3))
F. Triangles
The different types of triangles are classified according to the length of
their sides and as per the measure of the angles
Types of Triangles Based on Sides
1. Equilateral Triangle – has three equal sides
2. Isosceles Triangle – has two equal sides
3. Scalene Triangle-has no equal sides
Types of Triangles Based on Angles
1. Right Triangle-has one angle that measures exactly 90°
2. Acute Triangle-has three angles that measure less than 90°
3. Obtuse Triangle-has one angle that measures greater than 90°
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a four-sided polygon. Quadrilaterals are named using
consecutive vertices. Convex quadrilaterals are classified as follows:
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.
A rhombus is a quadrilateral with four congruent sides.
A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles.
A square is a quadrilateral with four congruent angles and four congruent
sides.
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.
A trapezium or kite is a quadrilateral with no parallel sides.
G. Perimeter and Area of Plane Figures
Perimeter – the perimeter (P) of a closed plane figure is the sum of the
lengths of its bounding sides. It is measured in units of length.
Area- the area (A) of a closed plane figure is the region of the plane
enclosed by the figure’s boundary. It is measured in square units of
length.
