ch04

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. When you see the bright color and round shape of a tomato on the vine in your vegetable garden, smell
its sun-warmed fragrance, hear the buzzing of a nearby bee, feel the velvety texture of its skin, and taste
the flavor as you bite into it, your process of receiving this stimulus energy from the environment is
called
A. sensation.
B. selective attention.
C. perception.
D. cognition.
2. It is the process of ________ that organizes and interprets incoming sensory information.
A. perception
B. sensation
C. transduction
D. inhibition
3. Every day, you see, hear, smell, taste and feel stimuli from the outside world. Collecting this data about
that world is the function of
A. perception.
B. adaptation.
C. sensation.
D. integration.
4. Lionel just put his hand down on something sharp. At the moment of contact he is experiencing
A. sensation.
B. perception.
C. transduction.
D. interpretation.
5. Rachel is walking in the woods and feels a sharp prick on her neck. She feels pain and recognizes that she
has been stung by a wasp. Which process allowed her to identify the source of her pain?
A. sensation
B. perception
C. nature
D. transduction
6. ________ processing involves starting with a sense of what is happening and then applying that
framework to information in the world.
A. Logical
B. Top-down
C. Referential
D. Bottom-up
7. Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the
A. absolute threshold.
B. sensory receptors.
C. cerebral cortex.
D. spinal cord.
8. Contestants on the game show Wheel of Fortune are given labels to assist them solving the puzzles.
These labels activate ________ processing.
A. threshold
B. top-down
C. transduction
D. bottom-up
9. When you visit a new city for the first time, it often takes a lot of cognitive effort to find your way
around. One explanation lies in the fact that new experiences require us to rely primarily on ________
processing.
A. threshold
B. top-down
C. transduction
D. bottom-up
10. As young children learn to read, they often have difficulty comprehending what the story is saying
because they are working so hard to decode what the words are. This reflects an over-reliance on which
type of processing?
A. threshold
B. top-down
C. transduction
D. bottom-up
11. You are watching a movie with some scenes set in a noisy bar, some scenes containing gunfire, and some
scenes containing very quiet dialogue. During the quiet scenes, you can hear most of the dialogue but
you find that if the actors drop their volume on certain lines, you cannot hear what they are saying. This
reflects the fact that a message must exceed a(n) ________ in order to be processed.
A. expectation
B. arbitrary value
C. threshold
D. upper limit
12. The smallest intensity of a stimulus that you can detect 50 percent of the time is the ________
threshold.
A. transduction
B. sensory
C. difference
D. absolute
13. An architect is designing apartments and wants them to be soundproof. She asks a psychologist what
the smallest amount of sound is that can be heard. Her question is most related to the ________
threshold.
A. absolute
B. difference
C. transduction
D. sensory
14. You are studying in your dorm room. You gently request that your neighbor turn the volume of his
television down until you cannot hear it. You are asking your neighbor to find your
A. absolute threshold.
B. difference threshold.
C. transduction level.
D. basilar level.
15. As Rena gets out of the shower, she thinks, but is not certain that she hears a car outside. What perceptual
process is she experiencing?
A. absolute threshold
B. just noticeable difference
C. partial deafness
D. signal-to-noise ratio
16. When you are able to taste a quarter teaspoon of salt dissolved in a glass of water five times out of ten,
you have attained your ________ threshold.
A. difference
B. adaptation
C. perceptual
D. absolute
17. If a person hears two tones that differ in intensity just barely enough to be detected, the point of detection
is referred to as the ________ threshold.
A. difference
B. sensory
C. absolute
D. transduction
18. Which concept is most critical to a soldier wearing camouflage?
A. absolute threshold
B. just noticeable difference
C. subliminal perception
D. Weber's law
19. Jenny did not blink an eye when she paid an extra fifty cents for her favorite CD, but almost fell out
of the car when her local gas station raised the price of gas by a dollar over night. What concept best
explains her contradicting reactions?
A. absolute threshold
B. just noticeable difference
C. subliminal perception
D. Weber's law
20. When you are paid $1 instead of $2, it is a big deal. When you are paid $91 instead of $92, it feels less
painful. This is similar to
A. absolute thresholds.
B. perceptual constancy.
C. Weber's law.
D. stimulus transduction.
21. Subliminally presented stimuli
A. can sometimes be subconsciously perceived.
B. affect our behavior thus confirming the usefulness of thresholds.
C. increase our absolute thresholds for visual images.
D. All of these.
22. The ________ theory of perception proposes that detection of stimuli depends on a variety of
factors including, but not limited to, physical intensity of the stimulus, fatigue of the observer, and
expectancy.
A. opponent process
B. multiple perceptual context
C. signal detection
D. Weber's
23. An Air Force pilot is flying over enemy lines. He has been assigned a target to destroy, but also knows
that the target is in a heavily populated civilian area. His knowledge of the region represents what aspect
of signal detection theory?
A. information acquisition
B. criterion
C. false alarm
D. sensory failure
24. You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive,
the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still
at the same volume, it doesn't bother you anymore, and you like it. This change over time describes the
process of
A. perceptual constancy.
B. sensory adaptation.
C. transduction.
D. saturation.
25. You cannot feel the waistband of your underwear, even though you know it is there. This is the result
of
A. sensory adaptation.
B. difference thresholds.
C. sensory deprivation.
D. transduction.
26. You are with friends at a sports bar and take a bite of the extra-hot chicken wings they just ordered. Your
initial bite sets your mouth on fire, but after a couple of wings they do not seem nearly as hot. What
perceptual process best explains this phenomenon?
A. absolute threshold
B. difference threshold
C. Weber's Law
D. sensory adaptation
27. Your friend claims to have ESP (extrasensory perception). Based on research from your text, if you were
to think of an image and ask your friend to guess that image, what would you expect his success rate to
be?
A. Nearly perfect - individuals who posses ESP have routinely been able to read other people's minds.
B. Close to zero - even with ESP it is difficult to read someone's mind.
C. Around chance level - individuals with ESP are simply guessing.
D. It is difficult to predict the success rate based on current research.
28. In regards to light, wavelength is the ________ and amplitude is the ________.
A. hue; brightness
B. brightness; hue
C. hue; saturation
D. brightness; saturation
29. You are outside enjoying a beautiful day. The sky is bright blue. When the sun sets, the sky turns a
gorgeous salmon pink. After the sun has set, the sky pales to pink, then lavender; as it gets dark, the sky
becomes a deeper purple, then midnight blue, and finally it looks black. The color changes you perceive
in the sky are due to the ________ of light that it reflects.
A. amplitude
B. purity
C. wavelength
D. saturation
30. When you can tell the difference between candy apple red and fire engine red, it is partly because the
light stimuli differ in their
A. point of acuity.
B. cone density.
C. basilar level.
D. wavelengths.
31. The ________ is filled with a gelatinous material that helps focus light.
A. pupil
B. lens
C. iris
D. fovea
32. The major purpose of the iris is to
A. protect the eye from injury.
B. regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
C. focus light on the retina.
D. transform light energy.
33. The clear membrane just in front of the eye is the
A. retina.
B. lens.
C. cornea.
D. rod.
34. To read this question, you must look at it. After the light passes into your eyes, the incoming light waves
are recorded by receptor cells located in the
A. retina.
B. cornea.
C. blind spot.
D. optic chiasm.
35. When light enters the eye, it eventually reaches the light-sensitive ________ at the back of the eye.
A. blind spot
B. lens
C. retina
D. cornea
36. Toward the center of the retina, there is an area that contains only cones. This area is called the
A. cornea.
B. fovea.
C. chiasm.
D. optic nerve.
37. The fovea contains
A. only rods.
B. rods and cones.
C. only cones.
D. the blind spot, rods, and cones.
38. You try to note the incredibly fine details of a computer microchip through a magnifying glass. On which
area of the retina are you focusing this image?
A. optic chiasm
B. rods
C. periphery
D. fovea
39. Jane is having trouble sleeping. As she sits in bed looking around the darkened room, she notices that
her peripheral vision seems to be better than her central vision. This is because vision in low light
conditions
A. depends on the rods.
B. depends on the cones.
C. does not require the use of the pupil.
D. does not involve the retina.
40. Who is relying most heavily on their rods?
A. Shelby is walking down the street during the day.
B. Ray is reading in the library.
C. Marcus is trying to find his seat as the movie begins to play.
D. Andrew is watching football on TV.
41. The main function of rods and cones is to
A. stretch wavelengths.
B. minimize trichromaticism.
C. adjust sensory thresholds.
D. turn light into an energy useable by the nervous system.
42. Near the center of the retina there is a spot where there are no rods and no cones. This spot exists because
of
A. clouding of the lens.
B. retinal degeneration.
C. the optic nerve.
D. the ciliary muscle.
43. Hannah, a freshman psychology student, just discovered she has a blind spot in each eye. Should she be
concerned?
A. Yes, this is probably the precursor to more severe visual problems.
B. No, everyone has blind spots.
C. Yes, although we are all born with blind spots, they should disappear by adulthood.
D. No, but she should definitely be cautious when driving at night.
44. The crossover point where the right visual field information goes to the left hemisphere is called the
A. fovea.
B. optic nerve.
C. retina.
D. optic chiasm.
45. The simultaneous distribution of sensory information across different neural pathways is referred to
as
A. binding.
B. bottom up processing.
C. transduction.
D. parallel processing.
46. The purpose of parallel processing is to
A. allow sensory information to travel rapidly through the brain.
B. allow rods and cones to function simultaneously.
C. prevent the misinterpretation of colors.
D. use binocular cues to perceive depth.
47. ________ is a process that involves coupling of the activity of various cells and pathways, and helps
integrate information about an object.
A. Parallel processing
B. Binding
C. Depth perception
D. Perceptual integration
48. Mrs. Johnson's third grade class is creating a model of their school grounds. Each group of students is
responsible for different aspects of the model. Some are taking pictures, some are painting, and some are
building miniatures out of play dough. Eventually, Mrs. Johnson will combine all these elements into a
finished product. Which process from our visual system is she demonstrating?
A. transduction
B. binding
C. feature detection
D. sensory combination
49. If a student asks you why we can see colors and you want to provide an answer based on the opponent-
process theory of color vision, you tell the student it is because there are ________ different types of cone
receptors.
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. five
50. The ________ theory of color vision most accurately describes the process of color vision at the level of
the retina.
A. afterimage
B. opponent-process
C. dark adaptation
D. trichromatic
51. Herman has the most common form of color blindness. The colors that he will have trouble distinguishing
are
A. red from blue and green.
B. blue from red and green.
C. orange from red and blue.
D. green from blue and red.
52. Afterimages refer to
A. seeing two of everything.
B. the sensation left over after an image is removed.
C. the blue-green paradox.
D. seeing the same image twice.
53. You stare at a bright red sign for a minute, then look away to a white wall. You see a green afterimage
on the white wall. This is consistent with the finding that afterimages are usually seen in colors
complementary to the colors of the original image, confirming a prediction made by the ________
theory.
A. trichromatic
B. dichromatic
C. opponent-process
D. stereochemical
54. One way to think about how we process color images is that the ________ describes the events at the first
level of neurons in the visual system, while the ________ best describes the activities of neurons in the
rest of the visual system.
A. camera theory; opponent-process theory
B. opponent-process theory; trichromatic theory
C. trichromatic theory; opponent-process theory
D. opponent-process theory; camera theory
55. Figure is to ground as ________ is to ________.
A. form; substance
B. looking up; looking down
C. a hot summer; a cold winter
D. a white cloud; a blue sky
56. When looking at these letters XXX XXX XXX XXX we tend to see 4 groups of 3
Xs rather than 12 individual Xs. This is due to the principle of
A. closure.
B. similarity.
C. proximity.
D. continuity.
57. ________ psychology is the school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their
perceptions into patterns.
A. Gestalt
B. Psychoanalytic
C. Perceptual
D. Contour
58. Although several bulbs are burned out on the movie theaters sign out front, Caleb can still read the
announcement for the upcoming movie. Which gestalt principle accounts for this phenomena?
A. closure
B. proximity
C. similarity
D. convergence
59. Objects that resemble one another are often perceived as a group. This is the perceptual principle of
A. similarity.
B. closure.
C. continuity.
D. constancy.
60. The tendency to mentally complete forms and figures that are actually incomplete is known as
A. contouring.
B. similarity.
C. closure.
D. convergence.
61. At a school social gathering, you hear a professor talking about proximity, continuity, similarity, and
closure. You deduce that he is knowledgeable about
A. wavelengths and amplitudes.
B. proprioceptive feedback.
C. the opponent-process theory.
D. gestalt principles of perception.
62. A gestalt is best described as a(n)
A. binocular cue.
B. illusion.
C. configuration.
D. perceptual constant.
63. Gestalt psychologists emphasize that
A. perception is the same as sensation.
B. we learn to perceive the world through experience.
C. the whole is more than the sum of its parts.
D. sensation has no effect on perception.
64. Perceiving three dimensions is called
A. depth perception.
B. perceptual constancy.
C. superposition.
D. shadowing.
65. ________ cues are ones that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes.
A. Opponent
B. Binocular
C. Gradient
D. Monocular
66. Disparity plays a role in
A. binocular cues.
B. monocular cues.
C. linear perspective.
D. All of these.
67. In depth perception, familiar size, height in field of view, and shading are examples of
A. binocular cues.
B. monocular cues.
C. stereograms.
D. feature detectors.
68. Which of the following is NOT used by artists to affect our linear perspective?
A. vivid colors
B. familiar size
C. shading
D. overlap
69. Which depth cue accounts for why parallel lines appear to grow closer together the farther away they are?

A. texture gradient
B. superposition
C. vertical position
D. linear perspective
70. The tendency for perceptions of objects to remain relatively unchanged in spite of changes in raw
sensations is called
A. monocular constancy.
B. perceptual constancy.
C. linear perspective.
D. the figure-ground principle.
71. Shape constancy is our ability to
A. switch back and forth between the figure and the ground in a figure-ground problem.
B. have all of our sensory systems working on overload in a highly stressful situation.
C. adapt to the amount of light in the room even if that requires light or dark adaptation.
D. see an object as being the same shape even though we move closer to it or farther from it.
72. You are standing outside with a friend as an airplane flies over your head. You watch as the plane appears
to get smaller and smaller and is eventually gone from your visual field. Which aspect of perceptual
constancy allows you to understand that the airplane is not shrinking?
A. shape constancy
B. size constancy
C. convergence constancy
D. color constancy
73. Looking at a quarter in your hand casts a different image on your retina compared to looking at a
quarter across the room, yet we know that the quarter is the same and retains the same dimensions. This
phenomenon is known as
A. size constancy.
B. the figure-ground phenomenon.
C. the Ponzo illusion.
D. gestalt closure.
74. When reading a book, it does not matter whether you are inside or outside because the black ink of the
words on the white pages looks the same. This demonstrates an artist's ability to capitalize on
A. retinal disparity.
B. linear perspective.
C. color constancy.
D. visual illusion.
75. If we see a German shepherd standing thirty feet from us, we still recognize its size even though the
image on our retina is much smaller than if the dog was directly in front of us. This is primarily due
to
A. size constancy.
B. proximity.
C. shape constancy.
D. the figure-ground relationship.
76. A door is still perceived as a rectangle even after we view it from different angles. This is due to
A. linear constancy.
B. retinal disparity.
C. shape constancy.
D. depth cues.
77. The different pitches of the beeps you hear on a touch-tone telephone are due to differences in the
________ of the beeps.
A. intensity
B. timbre
C. decibels
D. frequency
78. You are listening to music with a wide dynamic range. In the world of amplitude, what do the louder and
softer sounds have to do with the air and your ears?
A. The louder sounds cause air to press with more force on your ears.
B. The louder sounds cause the air around your ears to rise in temperature more rapidly.
C. The louder sounds move faster through the air in your ear canals.
D. All of these.
79. The unit of measure for the amplitude of sound is
A. pitch.
B. saturation.
C. timbre.
D. decibel.
80. Your mother's and sister's voices have the same pitch and loudness, but you can tell them apart on the
telephone. This is due to the perceptual quality or ________ of their voices.
A. timbre
B. wavelength
C. frequency
D. amplitude
81. The pinna is the
A. external part of the ear.
B. inner eardrum.
C. curled structure of the inner ear.
D. organ of Corti.
82. When sound waves enter the ear canal, they first
A. vibrate the eardrum.
B. move the oval window.
C. vibrate the cochlea.
D. vibrate the hammer.
83. The bones of the middle ear are set into motion by vibrations of the
A. cochlea.
B. eardrum.
C. saccule.
D. basilar membrane.
84. What is the major function of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup?
A. They soften the auditory tone of incoming stimuli.
B. They collect sound and channel it into the middle of the ear.
C. They transmit sound waves to the fluid-filled inner ear.
D. Their vibrations clean the external auditory canal.
85. According to your text, the main criticism voiced by the deaf community in regards to cochlear
implantation is that it
A. does not result in any significant hearing gains.
B. does not allow a deaf person to function fully in everyday life activities.
C. is far too expensive to be used by the majority of deaf individuals.
D. suggests that being deaf is a problem.
86. Place theory states that
A. in vision, depth perception occurs because of binocular cues.
B. in vision, color perception occurs because of rods and cones.
C. in hearing, a cluster of neurons "volley" neural impulses in rapid succession.
D. in hearing, each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane.
87. One critique of place theory is that it does not explain
A. linear perspective.
B. low-frequency sounds.
C. findings from split-brain research.
D. the different functions of rods and cones.
88. When something warm touches your skin, you feel warmth. When something cold touches your skin,
you feel coldness. If things both warm and cold touch your skin, stimulating adjacent thermoreceptors for
warmth and cold, you will feel
A. warmth only.
B. coldness only.
C. coldness and warmth.
D. neither warmth nor coldness.
89. Little Bonnie fell off her bike and scraped her knee. Which of the following would you predict?
A. She will cry uncontrollably.
B. She will get up and start riding again with little reaction.
C. She will cry for awhile but recover quickly.
D. None of these since her response to pain is impossible to predict.
90. Zach cut his finger and immediately felt a small but sharp pain. Carla's broken arm is healing but even
after the cast has been removed, it still aches. What is the difference between the fast and slow neural
pathways of pain messages represented here?
A. The fast pathway goes to the thalamus first; the slow pathway goes through the limbic system.
B. The fast pathway goes to the limbic system first; the slow pathway goes through the thalamus.
C. The fast pathway takes less than a second; the slow pathway has a delay of several minutes.
D. The fast pathway goes to the cerebral cortex first; the slow pathway goes through the limibic system.
91. Taste buds are bunched together in
A. the tonsils.
B. the papillae.
C. salivary glands.
D. the organ of Corti.
92. We are able to taste due to approximately ________ taste buds on our tongue.
A. 10,000
B. 100,000
C. 1,000,000
D. 1,000
93. Smell can elicit more vivid memories than the other senses. What is the reason for this?
A. Smells are often stronger than sights, sounds and other stimuli.
B. The sense of smell takes a different neural pathway than the other senses.
C. Smell is closely related to vision.
D. The sense of smell is closely related to finding food to eat for survival.
94. Which of the following is involved in smell?
A. papillae
B. olfactory epithelium
C. thalamus
D. pinnae
95. The ________ senses provide information about movement, posture, and orientation,
A. kinesthetic
B. vestibular
C. olfactory
D. limbic
96. What part of the body is most responsible for kinesthetic senses?
A. spinal cord
B. thalamus
C. muscle fibers and joints
D. small bones in the inner ear
97. The purpose of semicircular canals in the inner ear is to
A. protect the ear from damage.
B. detect high-frequency sounds.
C. detect low-frequency sounds.
D. detect head motion.
98. The ________ sense gives you information about balance and movement.
A. vestibular
B. kinesthetic
C. visual
D. olfactory
99. Abel knows that his legs are crossed and that his hands are on top of his head. This is a demonstration
of
A. central feedback.
B. perceptual constancy.
C. vestibular sense.
D. proprioceptive feedback.
100.According to research, a typical person can safely listen to an IPod at 90 percent volume for no more than
________ minutes.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 90
D. 120
101.Describe the difference between bottom-up processing and top-down processing.

102.Provide an example of when you would have to rely on bottom-up processing more heavily than top-
down processing.

103.Describe the phenomenon of phantom limb pain.

104.Explain the main difference between an absolute threshold and a difference threshold.

105.Bill works in an office where a very noisy air conditioner is always on. Whenever people visit Bill's
office, they comment on the noise and ask how Bill can work with such a distraction. Bill replies that he
does not even notice the noise. How would you explain Bill's response using the framework of sensory
adaptation?

106.What are rods and cones, and what are their functions in the eye?
107.Describe the main principles of the trichromatic theory of color vision.

108.Give examples of each of the five gestalt principles that are found in everyday life.

109.Explain how even though images appear on the retina in two-dimensional space, we are able to perceive
objects in three-dimensions.

110.Describe the three aspects of perceptual constancy.

111.You smell a flower. While receptors in your nose register a stimulus, the actual process of recognizing the
stimulus as a flower's fragrance and interpreting it as pleasant is known as perception.
True False
112.The minimal change in stimulation that is required to detect a difference between two stimuli is a "just
noticeable difference."
True False
113.The fan on your air filtering unit runs very quietly. From the next room, you cannot hear the sound.
Checking whether it is running or not, you move toward it until you can hear it. The point at which the
sound is loudest and clearest to you is the absolute threshold.
True False
114.The cocktail party effect could be easily demonstrated in a crowded bar.
True False
115.Perceptual sets reflect top-down influences on perception.
True False
116.The primary function of the pupil is to bend or refract light as it passes through the eye.
True False
117.When light comes into your eye, it first passes through the lens of your eye.
True False
118.The optic chiasm is the point at which the optic nerves from both eyes meet.
True False
119.The trichromatic color theory of vision does not adequately explain color afterimages.
True False
120.If you were unable to explain to your friends what causes color afterimages by using the trichromatic
color theory of vision, you could tell them about opponent-process theory, which should help to explain
this phenomenon.
True False
121.Wavelengths are used to measure the frequency of sound waves.
True False
122.You attend a music concert. When you hear the pitch of a voice or instrument, this is your perception of
frequency, and when you hear the loudness of the music, this is your perception of its amplitude.
True False
123.There is no specific organ that contains the kinesthetic senses.
True False
124.The main purpose of the vestibular sense is to determine the position of our head in three-dimensional
space.
True False
125.The semicircular canals of the brain aid in detecting head motion.
True False
 ch04 Key
1. A

2. A

3. C

4. A

5. B

6. B

7. B

8. B

9. D

10. D

11. C

12. D

13. A

14. A

15. A

16. D

17. A

18. B

19. D

20. C

21. A

22. C

23. A

24. B

25. A

26. D

27. C

28. A

29. C

30. D

31. B

32. B

33. C

34. A

35. C

36. B
37. C

38. D

39. A

40. C

41. D

42. C

43. B

44. D

45. D

46. A

47. B

48. B

49. C

50. D

51. D

52. B

53. C

54. C

55. D

56. C

57. A

58. A

59. A

60. C

61. D

62. C

63. C

64. A

65. B

66. A

67. B

68. A

69. D

70. B

71. D

72. B

73. A

74. C
75. A

76. C

77. D

78. A

79. D

80. A

81. A

82. A

83. B

84. C

85. D

86. D

87. B

88. A

89. D

90. A

91. B

92. A

93. B

94. B

95. A

96. C

97. D

98. A

99. D

100. C

101. Bottom-up processing involves taking information from the outside world and interpreting it, while top-down processing involves using prior
knowledge and experience to interpret the outside world.

102. Any novel or unfamiliar situation such as learning a foreign language or visiting a new place.

103. When a person has lost a limb, he/she may still "experience" pain sensations from the missing limb. Although the limb is gone along with the
pain receptors, the areas of the brain responsible for processing information about the limb still exist and can provide "false" information about the
limb.

104. Investigation of the absolute threshold involves the presence or absence of a stimulus, while investigation of the difference threshold involves
the amount of change in a known stimulus.

105. Sensation is our initial experience with a stimulus. It involves receiving information from the environment through our sensory organs. When
that stimulus persists in our environment, we gradually adapt to it; we grow accustomed to the stimulus and no longer notice it as we did before.
The nerve cells that fire in response to the stimulus cannot do so indefinitely, and so they generally fire only when there is a change in the stimulus
intensity. This adaptation process can be used to explain Bill's inattention to the loud air conditioner. Because he is constantly exposed to the noise,
he has adapted to it.

106. Rods and cones are visual receptor cells, and they are found in the retina. Rods and cones help us to process information about light. Rods
are cylindrical cells that are extremely sensitive to light; cones, named for their cone-like shape, help us to focus and perceive color in bright light.
Rods help us to see objects in our periphery, outside of our main focus, and they are particularly active in dimly lit situations. Both rods and cones
help people to adjust to changes in light levels. Ultimately, it is the job of the rods and cones to transmit visual information to bipolar cells and
continue the information processing chain to the brain.
107. Trichromatic theory suggests that there are three types of color receptors located in the eye's retina, and each type responds to a specific range
of light wavelengths. One type processes blue-violet information; a second processes green information; and the final type processes information
about yellow-red colors. According to the theory, our ability to perceive color or differences in color is determined by which of the three types of
receptors (or a combination of them) are active or inactive. When our color receptor cells are working normally, we can distinguish between at
least seven million different colors.

108. Five gestalt principles are the figure-ground relationship; the whole is different than the sum of its parts; and the principles of closure,
proximity, and similarity. An example of the figure-ground relationship in everyday life is when we can pick out a familiar face in a crowd of
strangers. An example of the principle that the whole is different than the sum of its parts is when we watch a movie, it is actually made up of
many individual frames, but as they go by very fast, we perceive movement as the images change from frame to frame. An example of the closure
principle is that we can perceive a broken line as a line, as seen in painted lane dividers on roads, some of which are broken lines but which
we perceive as lines of demarcation. An example of the proximity principle is that we tend to set up visual displays with a separation between
different parts to avoid confusing them as all one thing. An example of the similarity principle would be that when we look at a shelf in the
supermarket that has many different brands and varieties of cereal, it can be hard to locate a particular one, and even harder to make a choice if we
were not looking for a particular kind.

109. We use cues from the environment to perceive three-dimensionally. Binocular cues are depth cues that depend on the combination of the
images in the left and right eyes. The image from each eye is slightly different because the eyes are in slightly different positions. The brain uses
this "disparity" to determine depth. Additionally, we use monocular cues (or depth cues) such as familiar size, height in field of view, linear
perspective, overlap, shading, and texture gradient.

110. Size constancy allows us to understand that even though the images on the retina are changing, the size of an object remains constant. Shape
constancy allows us to understand that even though from different angles an object may look different it retains its natural shape. Color constancy
allows us to understand that even when a shadow falls on the page we are reading, we know that the page did get darker.

111. TRUE

112. TRUE

113. FALSE

114. TRUE

115. TRUE

116. FALSE

117. FALSE

118. TRUE

119. TRUE

120. TRUE

121. FALSE

122. TRUE

123. TRUE

124. TRUE

125. TRUE
 ch04 Summary
Category # of Questions
APA Learning Outcome: 1.2 125
Blooms Level: Application 28
Blooms Level: Comprehension 24
Blooms Level: Evaluation 1
Blooms Level: Knowledge 72
Difficulty: High 26
Difficulty: Low 48
Difficulty: Medium 51
King - Chapter 04 125
Topic: Color Vision 9
Topic: Extrasensory Perception 1
Topic: Perceiving Sensory Stimuli 2
Topic: Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy 25
Topic: Sensation, Perception, and Health and Wellness 1
Topic: Sensory Adaptation 4
Topic: Sensory Receptors and the Brain 1
Topic: Signal Detection Theory 2
Topic: Structures and Functions of the Ear 5
Topic: The Chemical Senses 4
Topic: The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses 8
Topic: The Nature of Sound and How We Experience It 6
Topic: The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception 13
Topic: The Skin Senses 3
Topic: The Visual Stimulus and the Eye 19
Topic: Theories of Hearing 2
Topic: Thresholds 14
Topic: Visual Processing in the Brain 6