Here is a **full, detailed solution** to the **Software Engineering (CS-42) May 24** question paper,

structured as per the question numbers and units:

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## **Q1. Compulsory Short Questions**

### (a) Define Coupling and Cohesion.

* **Cohesion** refers to how closely related and focused the responsibilities of a single module are.
High cohesion means a module performs a single task or related tasks.

* **Coupling** refers to how interdependent modules are. Low coupling means modules are
independent and changes in one do not affect others.

### (b) Explain the term Team Structure.

Team structure refers to how software development teams are organized, including hierarchical (chief
programmer team), democratic (egoless team), and matrix structures. It influences communication,
responsibility, and productivity.

### (c) What do you understand by Maintenance?

Maintenance involves modifying a software product after delivery to correct faults, improve
performance, or adapt it to a changed environment. It includes corrective, adaptive, perfective, and
preventive maintenance.

### (d) Explain validation testing techniques.

* **Black-box testing**: testing without knowledge of internal logic.

* **User Acceptance Testing (UAT)**: ensures the software meets business needs.

* **System Testing**: tests the complete and integrated software.

### (e) What is the main goal of testing?

To identify and fix software defects to ensure the software system is error-free, reliable, and meets the
user’s requirements.

### (f) Differentiate between verification and validation.

* **Verification**: Are we building the product right? (e.g., design reviews, inspections)

* **Validation**: Are we building the right product? (e.g., user testing, system testing)

### (g) What do you understand by Data Dictionaries?

A data dictionary is a centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships to
other data, origin, usage, and format. It is essential for database design.

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## **UNIT I**

### Q2. What do you understand by SDLC? Explain all the phases.
**Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)** is a process used for software development, comprising:

1. **Requirement Analysis** – Collecting functional and non-functional requirements.

2. **System Design** – High-level and detailed design of software architecture.

3. **Implementation** – Writing code based on design.

4. **Testing** – Verifying and validating the software against requirements.

5. **Deployment** – Delivering the product to users.

6. **Maintenance** – Post-deployment updates and bug fixes.

### Q3. Explain Software Engineering Paradigms with examples.

Software engineering paradigms are models or approaches to software development:

* **Waterfall Model** – Linear sequential phases.

* **Spiral Model** – Combines iterative development with risk analysis.

* **Agile Model** – Iterative and incremental with collaboration and flexibility.

* **Prototyping Model** – Builds a prototype to understand requirements.

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## **UNIT II**

### Q4. Explain Software Architectural Design in detail.

* Components: Major parts of the system.

* Connectors: How components interact.

* Configuration: Arrangement of components.

Common architectural styles:

* Layered (e.g., OSI model),

* Client-server,

* MVC (Model-View-Controller),

* Microservices.

### Q5. Explain the following:

#### (a) Object-Oriented Design:

Involves designing software using objects that encapsulate data and behavior. Principles include
inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation.

#### (b) Design Methodology:

A set of procedures, techniques, and tools used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing
an information system (e.g., structured design, object-oriented design).

#### (c) Design Verification:

#### (d) Entity-Relationship Diagrams:

ER diagrams model data by showing entities (objects) and relationships among them. Example: A
"Student" entity connected to a "Course" entity via an "enrolled in" relationship.

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## **UNIT III**

### Q6. What is coding and why is it used? Explain types of coding with examples.

**Coding** is translating design into executable programming instructions.

**Types of Coding:**

* **Machine Code** – Binary code understood by computers.

* **Assembly Language** – Low-level human-readable language.

* **High-Level Languages** – e.g., Python, Java.

* **Object-Oriented Programming** – Uses objects and classes (e.g., Java, C++).

* **Procedural Programming** – Based on procedures or routines (e.g., C).

### Q7. Differentiate:

* **Control Flow Testing**: Focuses on execution paths through code.

* **Data Flow Testing**: Focuses on the flow of data (e.g., variable definitions and uses).

#### (ii) Decision Table Testing vs. Loop Testing:

* **Decision Table Testing**: Uses tables to represent logical conditions and actions.

* **Loop Testing**: Specifically tests loops (e.g., for, while) to check boundary and performance
behavior.

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## **UNIT IV**

### Q8. Principles of Testing; Development Testing Levels:

**Principles of Testing**:

* Testing shows the presence of defects.

* Early testing saves time and money.

* Exhaustive testing is impossible.

* Defect clustering.

* Pesticide paradox (tests need to evolve).

**Development Testing Levels**:

* **Component Testing**: Tests multiple integrated units.

* **System Testing**: Tests the entire system's compliance with requirements.

### Q9. Discuss the concept of CASE tools.

**CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) tools** help automate software development activities.

**Types**:

* **Upper CASE tools**: Support early phases (analysis/design).

* **Lower CASE tools**: Support later phases (coding/testing).

* **Integrated CASE tools**: Support the full SDLC.

**Examples**: Rational Rose, Enterprise Architect, Visual Paradigm.

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