Spring Semester

Prepared by: Mursal “Agah”

Contents
INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS .................................................................................................. 1
“WINDOWS FUNDAMENTALS” .................................................................................................. 1
Microsoft Windows Operating System ......................................................................................... 1
Versions of windows ..................................................................................................................... 1
Major Features of Windows .......................................................................................................... 3
Appearance of Window Screen ..................................................................................................... 3
Window Screens ............................................................................................................................ 4
Accessing Windows ...................................................................................................................... 4
USER ACCOUNT IN WINDOWS .................................................................................................. 5
Definition....................................................................................................................................... 5
Types of user account .................................................................................................................... 6
Creation of user account ................................................................................................................ 6
CONTROL PANEL ........................................................................................................................ 11
External Devices.......................................................................................................................... 12
Input Device ................................................................................................................................ 12
Computer Keyboards ................................................................................................................... 12
The mouse ................................................................................................................................... 14
Date and Time Settings in Windows ........................................................................................... 16
There are two ways to change date and time on Windows 10 .......................................... 17
Language Setting in Windows 10 ............................................................................................... 20
How to change default system language on Windows 10 ................................................. 20
Disabling language sync .......................................................................................................... 20
Changing system language................................................................................................. 21
File and Folder................................................................................................................................. 28
File Properties.............................................................................................................................. 29
Sharing Files and Folders ............................................................................................................ 32
Folder Option .............................................................................................................................. 69
Show Hidden Files ...................................................................................................................... 72
Windows Installation ....................................................................................................................... 74
How to Get a Windows 10 License ........................................................................................ 74
How to Upgrade to Windows 10 from Windows 7 or 8 ....................................................... 76
How to Get Installation Media and Do a Clean Install of Windows 10 ...................................... 77
How to Reinstall Windows 10 on a PC That Already Has Windows 10 .................................... 83
Drivers, Drives and Partition ........................................................................................................... 84
Definition..................................................................................................................................... 84
Reasons to Use Hard Disk Partitions .......................................................................................... 84
Creating Hard Disk Partitions ..................................................................................................... 85
Extended Partitions...................................................................................................................... 85
 INTRODUCTION TO WINDOWS
“WINDOWS FUNDAMENTALS”

Microsoft Windows Operating System

All computers and computer like devices have operating systems, including your
laptop, tablet, desktop, Smartphone, smart watch, router etc.
Windows is operating system from Microsoft Inc. It is a system program that controls,
coordinates and manipulates overall desktop publishing operations. It serves as an
interface between the hardware and other software on the computer system. It
allocates memory locations to data and other computer programs. It controls other
computer resources like files and programs, input/output devices, computer memories
etc during data processing operations. It also performs the hardware and software
diagnosis to detect faults and errors.

Versions of windows

Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), and support many peripheral
devices. In addition to windows operating system for personal computers, Microsoft
also offers operating system for servers and personal computers.

1. Windows 1.0- 2.0 (1985-1992). Window 1.0 allowed users to point and click to access
the windows. Window 2.0 added icons, keyboard shortcuts and improved graphics.

2. Windows 3.0-3.1 (1990-1994). Support better icons and program manager (1st version
of “look and feel” screen of Microsoft windows).

3. Windows 95 (August 1995). It runs faster and has ability to automatically delete and
configure installed hardware (plug and play).

4. Windows 98 (June 1998). It offers supports for new technology FAT32, AGP, MMX,
USB, DVD. It is an active desktop which integrates the web browser (internet
Explorer).

5. Windows ME- Millennium Edition (September 2000). Booting is in Dos option.

6. Windows NT 3.1-4.0 (1993-1996). It supports pre-emptive multi-tasking. They are

Windows NT and Windows NT SERVER.
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7. Windows 2000 or W2k. (February 2000). It is an operating system for business
desktop and laptop systems to run software applications.

8. Windows XP (October 2001). It has a better look and feel. There are two versions
Home and professional.

9. Windows Vista (November 2006). It offered an advancement in reliability, security and

ease of deployment.

10. Windows 7 (October 2009). Improved performance and start-up-time and window
media center.

11. Windows 8 (August 2012). It was developed with touch screen use in mind. Better
startup. Start screen replaced look and feel screen made up of “live Tiles”

12. Windows 10 (2015). Fast start-up, Microsoft edge, Microsoft new browser.

13. Window server (2003). Designed for corporate networking, internet/intranet, hosting,
data bases and similar functions.

14. Window Home Server (January 2007). This is a “consumer Server” designed to use
with multiple computers connected in the home.

Aside from window operating system designed for personal computers (PCs) and
laptops, Microsoft has also developed operating system for services, handheld
devices and mobile phones.

1. Window CE (November 2006) it is designed for small devices such as PDAs for
handheld computing devices.

2. Windows mobile (April 2000) designed for smart phones and mobile devices.

3. Windows phone 7-10 (November 2010) or win phone 7 designed for smart phones
and mobile devices but targeted more to the consumer market than enterprises
market.

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Major Features of Windows

The following are the attributes and characteristics of reliable windows:

(i) Interactive Package: It ensures a flow of communication between the user and the
computer. Hence, it serves as an intermediary between the two parties.
(ii) Menu Driven Package: Ms-Windows ensure flexibility in that the user can perform
several functions or task without remembering the commands, simply by the Click. Of
an option of a menu or sub-menu.
(iii) Program Manager: Ms-Window serves as a manager to other programs since it
controls, co-ordinates and manipulates their processing.
(iv) Multi-tasking Package: With windows operations, a user can make use of two or
more package while shifting from one package to another e.g. A user can be working
in Ms-excel, and at the same time involve in PageMaker etc.

Appearance of Window Screen

The appearance of window screen depends on how the computer is being set-up. A
window screen always contains various items or ICON depending on the window
version. Hence, a reliable window screen consists of the following: major icons and
other additional icons.

(i) My computer Icon: This is a container for disk drives. My computer icon displays
window with Icons representing object in the computer system. Such as folder, files,
disk-drive.
(ii) Internet Explorer: This is a shortcut for launching the internet explorer
program, which is web browser. A web browser is a software program for navigating,
WWW (World Wide Web).
(iii) Network Neighborhood: Network neighborhood icon serves as container
for network resources of other, computer it might include items such as; disk drive,
printer and CD-ROMS.
(iv) Network: A network is a collection of several computers connected together
with the aim of sharing the same resources and component e.g. printer.
(v) Recycle Bin: This is a computer object for files that are no longer needed
the computer or, this is a temporary storage location where all files are kept. One can
retrieve such file if deleted by error.

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 Fig. 7.1: Different versions of windows

Window Screens

The windows’ screen consists of several icons arranged according’ to the computer
set up the user.

Icons: An icon is an image or picture representing a particular function on the

window’s screen. It is like a command or instruction to perform a particular task. Some
of the icons noticed on the window screen a computer, network neighbourhoods,
Recycle Bin, Internet Explorer, Start and Tune button.
To access an icon, double click on such, and window responds by displaying the
operation under the icon.

Accessing Windows

When a computer system is switch on, the memory tent is performed until the window
screen appears automatically.
Window screen is divided into two parts; the upper layer which contains several icons
and the lower layer called the status /bar which contain the: start button, task bar and
time.

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Status Bar: This is the lower part of the windows. It consists’ of the start button, task
bar and time.

Start Button: it contains everything needed to work with windows, start icon of the
windows consists of several options in form of sub-menu. Hence, when you click on
start button, a sub-menu appears as follows:
(i) Program: it displays the list of software available in the windows
environment for the user to utilize.
(ii) Document: it displays the list of documents that have been opened
previously.
(iii) Setting: it lists out all the computer components which their setting can be
changed
e.g. setting date and time, changing window screen etc.
(iv) Find: it is used to find and locate a particular file, folder and e-mail
messages.
(v) Help: it shows the steps involve in performing a particular task. It equally
serves as a tutor.
(vi) Run: it is mainly used to run or execute Ms-command and other application
packages.
(vii) Shut Down: it is used to shut down or re-start the computer. It should be
noted that the system must be properly shut down before switching off the system.

Task Bar
Each time an operation is performed, a button representing that window appears on
the task bar. To switch from the window to another click on the button for the window
you want in the task bar.

Notification Area
It shows at the extreme end of the status bar. It displays the current time.

USER ACCOUNT IN WINDOWS

Definition: Windows 10 wants you to set up a user account for everybody who uses
your PC. A user account works like a name tag that helps Windows recognize who's
sitting at the keyboard. Windows offers three types of user accounts: Administrator,
Standard, and Guest.

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Types of user account

1- Administrator: An administrator account is a login ID on a system with elevated

privileges, suitable for managing the system -- installing software, applying patches,
managing users, starting and stopping services, etc.

2- Standard: A Standard accounts are the basic accounts you use for normal
everyday tasks. As a Standard user, you can do just about anything you would need
to do, such as running software or personalizing your desktop. Standard with Family
Safety: These are the only accounts that can have parental controls.

3- Guest: The Guest account from Windows is a standard, local user account, with
very limited permissions. ... It cannot access the libraries and user folders of
other user accounts. It can create files only on the desktop and in its user folders - it
cannot create folders and files anywhere else on your PC.

Creation of user account

Here are step-by-step instructions for how to set up a limited-privilege user account in
Windows 10.
How to Create Limited-Privilege User Accounts in Windows 10:

Steps to be considered while creating user account:

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1. Tap the Windows icon.

2. Select Settings.

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 3. Tap Accounts.

4. Select Family & other users.

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5. Tap "Add someone else to this PC."

6. Select "I don't have this person's sign-in information."

7. Select "Add a user without a Microsoft account."

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8. Enter a username, type the account's password twice, enter a clue and select
Next.

9. Tap the Windows icon.

10. Select the User icon at the upper left corner of the Start menu.

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11. Select the new user. You'll then sign into your account with your password
from step 8.

You're
now
using
a non-

Administrator account!

CONTROL PANEL

The Control Panel is a component of Microsoft Windows that provides the ability to
view and change system settings. It consists of a set of applets that include adding or
removing hardware and software, controlling user accounts, changing accessibility
options, and accessing networking settings, or the control panel, in the context of
Windows, is a software module used to perform administrative and management
operating system tasks and/or provide access to specific software features.

The control panel is used to configure and manage almost all aspects of Windows,
including keyboard and mouse functionality, users and passwords, power options,
network settings, desktop background, display settings, sound settings, mouse
settings, hardware and software options, installation and removal of programs,
parental control, speech recognition, etc.

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External Devices

These are electronic devices used in manipulating windows. It could be input device
or output device.

Input Device

An input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used in

sending in data, control signals and graphics to the computer memory or any other
information processing system allowing you to interact with and control the computer.
They include keyboard, mouse scanner, joystick, light pen etc.
(i) Computer Keyboard: it is a rectangular tray of electronic keys used as input device
to send data, instructions, commands and signals into the computer. It is the
‘primary computer input unit device. It consists of several types of keys:
Function Keys: F1-F12 Alphabetic Keys: A-Z,.
Numeric Keys: 0-9
Control Keys: Alt key {), Ctrl key, Fn key etc
Editing Keys: End, Spacebar, Backspace, Caps Lock, Del key etc.
Directional/Navigating Keys: the arrow keys, Pg Up and PgDn and Keys, Home and
End keys.
Special Function Keys: Ctrl+A, insert, Numlock, PrtSc etc.
Special Character Keys: I, / @, “, #, !, &,%,*,(),{}, [], :, ;, -, +, =, etc.

(ii) Mouse: this is a rat-like pointing device used as input device to send
command to the computer by point, click and drag operations. Mouse could be an
optical mouse or rolling ball mouse, a PS/2 mouse, a Serial mouse or the padded (as
found on laptops PDAs).

(iii) Scanner: this is a graphic puts service that sends graphics, picture, and
images to the computer memory for processing. It consists of tubes light that takes the
picture of an object and send it to the memory for processing.

Computer Keyboards

A keyboard is the most fundamental input device for any computer system. In the early
days of computing, it was typically the only input device.
Keyboard is one of the input devices that used to transfer data, from outside world into
the CPU. As you type, the processor in the keyboard analyzes the key matrix and
determines what characters to send to the computer. It maintains three characters in
its memory buffer and then sends the data.

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 a. Typical keyboard for desktop computer b. Typical laptop computer

Many keyboards connect to the computer through a cable with a PS/2 or USB
(Universal Serial Bus) connector. Laptops use internal connectors. Regardless of
which types of, connector is used, the cable must carry power to the keyboard, and it
must carry signals from the keyboard back to the computer.
Wireless keyboards, on the other hand connect to the computer through infrared (IR),
radio frequency (RF) Bluetooth connections. IR and RF connections are similar to what
you will find in a remote control. Regardless of which sort of signal they use, wireless
keyboards require a receiver, either built in or plugged in to the USB port, to
communicate with the computer. Since they don’t have a physical connection to the
computer, wireless keyboards have an AC power connection or use batteries for
power.

Microsoft Wireless Keyboard

Microsoft Wireless Keyboard is a battery-powered computer keyboard. Whether it’s

through a cable or wireless, the signal from the keyboard is monitored by the
computer’s keyboard controller. This is an integrated circuit (IC) that processes all of
the data that comes from the keyboard and forwards it to the operating system. When
the operating system (OS) is notified that there is data from the keyboard it checks to
see if the keyboard data is a system level, command (i.e. command that controls the
computer system itself, a good example of this is Ctrl-Alt-Delete on a Windows
computer, which reboots the system). If it is not a system level command, then, the
OS passes the keyboard data on to the current application.
The application also determines whether the keyboard data is a command like Alt-F,
which opens the file menu in a windows application. If the data is not a command, the
application accepts it as content, which can be anything from typing a document to
entering a URL to performing a calculation. If the current application does not accept
keyboard data, it simply ignores the information. This whole process, from pressing
the key to entering content into application, happens almost instantaneously.

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The mouse

Mouse Techniques
These are the modes of using mouse. They include:
(i) Pointing: this is a process of making the mouse pointer touch an option or icon on
a window screen during selection of an object or option.
(ii) Clicking: this is a process of pointing the mouse pointer at the option or
icon and instantly presses the left right button to select an option.
(iv) Dragging: this is a process of holding down the left button and move the
mouse along the mouse pad and release when desired.
(v) Double clicking: it is a process of pressing the button on two consecutive
times i.e.

we double click to see the content of an icon.

Typical mouse
Mouse innovations
As with many computer-related devices, mouse is being combined with other gadgets
and technologies to create improved and multipurpose devices. Examples include
multi- media mouse, combination mouse/remote controls, optical mouse, gaming
mouse, biometric mouse, tilting wheel mouse and motion-based mouse. To learn more
about innovations in mouse technology, let’s start with multi-media mouse and
combination mouse/remote controls.

Multi-media Mouse and Combination Mouse/Remote

These types of mouse are used with multimedia systems such the windows
XZ media Center Edition computers. Some combine features of a mouse with
additional as buttons (such as play, pause; forward, back and volume) for controlling
media. Others resemble a television/media player remote control with added features
for moussing. Remote controls generally use infrared sensor but some use a
combination of infrared and RF technology for greater range.

Gaming Mouse
Gaming Mouse are high-pressure, optical mouse designed for use and game
controllers. Its features may include:

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Multiple buttons for added flexibility and functions such as adjusting (dots per inch)
rates on the fly.
Wireless connectivity and an optical sensor.
Motion feedback and two-way communication

Motion Based Mouse

Yet another innovation in mouse technology is motion-based control feature, you
control the mouse pointer by waving the mouse in the air.

Biometric Mouse
Biometric Mouse adds security to your computer system by permitting-authorized
users to control the mouse and access the computer. Pro’ accomplished with an
integrated fingerprint reader either in the receiver or the mouse. This feature enhances
security and adds convenience because-can use your fingerprint rather than
passwords for a secure login. The Wireless Intel mouse Explorer with Fingerprint
Reader is a Biome to use the biometric features, a software program that comes with
registers fingerprints and stores information about corresponding users. Some
software programs also let you encrypt and decrypt files.

keyboard track pads on a laptop computer

Desktop computers have a separate keyboard and mouse, but for laptops, these are
integrated into a computer system itself. In laptops, the mouse is actually substituted
with a touch pad or track pad. You can still connect an external mouse to a laptop if
you prefer.

Computer flatbeds scanners.

Another common input device is an image scanner. A typical desktop or flatbed
scanner is a device that optically scans printed images and paper documents and
converts them into digital images.

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 Microphone.
Audio and video can be recorded using a microphone and video camera, respectively.
Due to the popularity of video conference on Skype, these are typically integrated in
most laptops and monitor displays for desktops; however, you can also connect an
external webcam, which can record both audio and video.

Input devices
The most commonly used or primary input devices in a computer are the keyboard
and mouse. However, there are dozens of other devices that can also be used to input
data into the computer. Below is a list of computer input devices that can be utilized
with a computer or a computing device.
3. Touch screen
4. Webcam.

5. Audio conversion device.

6. Barcode reader.
7. Finger print scanner.
8. Business card reader.
9. Digital camera and digital camcorder.
10. Gamepad, Joystick, Paddle.
11. Gesture recognition.
12. Graphics tablet.
13. Light gun and light pen scanner.
14. Magnetic stripe reader.
15. Microphone (using voice speech recognition or biometric verification).
16. Touch pad or other pointing device.
17. Optical mark reader (OMR).
18. Light pen or stylus.
19. Punch card reader.
20. Video capture device.

Date and Time Settings in Windows

This topic introduces two efficient methods to change date and time in Windows
10 computer.
If you just want to reset the format of date or time, you can change date and time
format in Windows 10 here.

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There are two ways to change date and time on Windows 10:

Way 1: Change the Date and Time on the taskbar.

Step 1: Click the bottom-right clock icon on the taskbar, and select Date and time
settings. Or You can right click the clock icon, click Adjust data /time.

Step 2: As the Date and time Windows opens, you can turn off Set time
automatically.

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Step 3: In the Date and Time Settings window, respectively change date and time,
and then tap OK to confirm the changes.

Way 2: Change date and time in PC settings.

Step 1: Access PC settings.
Step 2: Open Time and language.

Step 3: After turning off the Set time automatically option, click Change Below,
Change date and time option.

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Step 4: Modify date and time, and tap Change to bring the changes into effect.

Now, do not hesitate to put these methods into practice if you want to speedily change
the date and time in your Windows 10 PC.

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Language Setting in Windows 10

On Windows 10, you usually choose the default language for the device during the
setup process. However, if you selected the wrong language settings, or you're using
a preconfigured device, you don't have to struggle with the incorrect settings when
your requirements are different.

If you have to change the language settings on your computer, you can quickly perform
this task using the Settings app, without having to reinstall Windows 10 from scratch.

In this Windows 10 guide, we'll walk you through the steps to change the system
default language, including for existing and new accounts.

How to change default system language on Windows 10

If you recently moved to another region, or you're using your device with the wrong
language configuration, you don't need to reinstall Windows 10. You only need to
change a few settings to set the correct system language.

Disabling language sync

When you use a Microsoft account on Windows 10, the language settings will sync
across devices. In the case that you're planning to change the region and language
settings for only one computer, you should disable the option to sync these settings
before making any changes to prevent the new configuration from overwriting the
settings on your other devices.

To disable language syncing on Windows 10, use these steps:

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Accounts.
3. Click on Sync your settings.

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4. Under the "Individual sync settings" section, turn off the "Language preferences"

toggle switch.
Source: Windows Central
Once you complete the steps, you can change the language settings without affecting
the settings on other devices.

Changing system language

To change the system language on Windows 10, close any running app, and then use
these steps:

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Time & Language.
3. Click on Language.

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4. Under the "Preferred languages" section, click the Add a preferred
language button.

Source: Windows Central

5. Search for the language you want on Windows 10.
6. Select the language package from the result.
Source:
Windows
Central

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7. Click the Next button.
8. Check the Set as my display language option.
9. Check the Install language pack option.
10. Check or clear the additional language features as needed.
11. Click the Install button.
Source:
Windows
Central

12. Click the Yes, sign out now button.

Source:
Windows
Center.

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13. Sign back into the Windows 10 account.

After you complete the steps, the language will change across the entire Windows 10
experience. The new changes will be reflected in the Sign-in screen, Settings app, File
Explorer, Desktop, apps, browser, and websites you visit. Also, depending on your
new settings, Windows 10 may prompt you to review your privacy settings again .

Changing region settings

If you're changing the system language because you're located in a different region,
you'll also need to update the region settings.

To change the local region settings on Windows 10, use these steps:

1. Open Settings.
2. Click on Time & Language.
3. Click on Region.
4. Use the "Country or region" drop-down menu to select your geographical location
if different from your current settings.
5. Under the "Regional format" section, use the drop-down menu to select the
correct formats for dates and times if different from your region.

Source: Windows Central

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6. Click on Language on the left pane.
7. Under the "Related settings" section, in the right pane, click the Administrative
language settings option.

Source: Windows Central

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8. In the "Administrative" tab, click the Copy settings button.
Source:
Windows
Central

9. Under the "Copy your current settings to" section, check the Welcome screen
and system accounts and New user accounts options.

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10. Click the OK button.
11. Click the OK button again.
12. Click the Restart now button.
Once you complete the steps, the device will display the correct region settings
according to your physical location.

Usually, you will never need to change or install additional languages. The ability to
adjust these settings generally comes in handy on small and large organizations
working with users who may have different language preferences.

Also, this feature will be useful in those situations when you move to another region,
and you want to match the local settings. Or when buying a new computer that ships
from a different country, because it's not locally available.

Remember that when changing the language settings, you may lose the ability to
use Cortana, as the digital assistant is not supported in most regions.

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 File and Folder

File
A file is a collection of data stored in one unit, identified by a filename. It can be a
document, picture, audio or video stream, data library, application, or other
collection of data File Type The special abbreviation added to the end of the
filename that tells the Operating System what application to use to open the file.
Normally shown in E-Mail attachments.

Folder
Folder is an operating system file management object that can contain multiple files
and other folders Hierarchy All the software and data in a computer are stored on
the internal hard disk as "files," and files are organized into "folders" in a
hierarchical structure.

Data
Computer data is information processed or stored by a computer. This information
may be in the form of text documents, images, audio clips, software programs, or
other types of data.

Path
A path, also known as a "file path" or "directory path," defines the location of a file
or folder.

File Type
The special abbreviation added to the end of the filename that tells the Operating
System what application to use to open the file.

Hierarchy
All the software and data in a computer are stored on the internal hard disk as
"files," and files are organized into "folders" in a hierarchical structure.

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 Library
An organizational feature of the Windows 7 file system that provides a top-level
view into files and folders. Windows 7 comes with four Libraries (Documents,
Music, Pictures and videos) that display at the top of the Explorer hierarchy.

File Properties

Whenever you create a file or folder, Windows 10 scrawls a bunch of secret hidden
information on it, such as the date you created it, its size, and even more trivial
stuff. Sometimes Windows even lets you add your own secret information,
including reviews for your music files or thumbnail pictures for any of your folders.
You can safely ignore most of the information. Other times, tweaking that
information is the only way to solve a problem.
To see what Windows is calling your files and folders behind your back, right-click
the item and choose Properties from the pop-up menu. Choosing Properties on a
song, for example, brings up bunches of details, as shown.

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Here’s what each tab means:
General: This first tab shows the file’s type (an MP3 file of the song “Getting
Better”), its size (6.42MB), the program that opens it (in this case, the Music app),
and the file’s location.

Want a different program to open your file? Right-click the file, choose
Properties, and click the Change button on the General tab. A list of
your computer’s available music players appears, letting you choose
your preferred program.

 Security: On this tab, you control permissions, which are rules determining
who can access the file and what they can do with it. System administrators earn
high wages mostly for understanding this type of stuff.
 Details: True to its name, this tab reveals arcane details about a file. On
digital photos, for example, this tab lists EXIF (Exchangeable Image File Format)
data: the camera model, f-stop, aperture, focal length, and other items loved by
photographers. On songs, this tab displays the song’s ID3 tag (IDentify MP3), which

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includes the artist, album title, year, track number, genre, length, and similar
information.

 Previous Versions: After you set up the Windows File History backup
system, this tab lists all the previously saved versions of this file, ready for retrieval
with a click.
Normally, these tidbits of information remain hidden unless you right-click a file or
folder and choose Properties. But what if you want to see details about all the files
in a folder, perhaps to find pictures taken on a certain day? For that, switch your
folder’s view to Details by following these steps:
1. Click the View tab on the Ribbon along the folder’s top edge.
A menu appears, listing the umpteen ways a folder can display your files.
2. In the Layout group, select Details, as shown here.
The screen changes to show your files’ names, with details about them stretching
to the right in orderly columns.

Try all the views to see which view you prefer. (Windows remembers which views
you prefer for different folders.)
 If you can’t remember what a folder’s toolbar buttons do, rest your mouse
pointer over a button. Windows displays a helpful box summing up the button’s
mission.
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  Switch among the different views until you find the one that fits what you’re
trying to accomplish, be it to see a particular photo’s creation date or see thumbnails
of every photo in a folder.

 Folders usually display files sorted alphabetically. To sort them differently,

right-click a blank spot inside the folder and choose Sort by. A pop-up menu lets
you choose to sort items by size, name, type, and other details.
 When the excitement of the Sort by menu wears off, try clicking the words at
the top of each sorted column. Click Size, for example, to reverse the order, placing
the largest files at the list’s top.
 Feel free to add your own columns to Details view: Right-click a column
header you don’t need, and a drop-down menu appears, letting you choose different
criteria.

Sharing Files and Folders

File sharing over a network in Windows 10 allows you to share files and folders
on your computer with other users over a private or public network in
your workgroup or domain.

You can set the permissions of a shared file or folder to allow groups or users to
have a read only, change (modify), or full control access rights.

Starting with Windows 10 version 1803, some features of file sharing over a
network have changed, including the removal of Home Group. However, even
though Home Group has been removed, you can still share printers and files by
using features that are built into Windows 10.

OPTION ONE
Set Up File Sharing on a Windows 10 PC

This option needs to be done on each Windows 10 PC you want to be able to

share files and folders between before doing any of the other options below.

1. Make sure each computer on the network has a different computer name.

2. Enable SMB Direct. If you have an older USB network drive or connecting to
an older Windows than Windows 10, then you may need to also enable SMB1.
(see screenshot below)
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SMB Direct will not be available in the Windows 10 Home edition. You will need
to enable SMB1 instead.

If you enable SMB1, be sure to uncheck Automatic Removal.

3. Make sure Use Sharing Wizard is checked in Folder Options > View tab. (see
screenshot below)

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4, Make sure the Function Discovery Resource Publication and Function
Discovery Provider Host services are started (running) and their startup type is
set to automatic. (see screenshots below)

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5. Turn on network discovery for your private or public network.

6. Turn on File and Printer Sharing for your private or public network.

7. Turn on Public folder sharing if you want to share items in

the C:\Users\Public folder.

8. Turn on or off password protected sharing for what you want.

9. Select the file sharing connections encryption level you want to use.

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When password protected sharing is turned on, only people who have a user
account and password on your computer can access shared
files, printers attached to your computer, and the Public folders.

If you want to give access to shared files to other people without requiring them
having an account and password on your computer, then turn off password
protected sharing.

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OPTION TWO
Share File or Folder using "Give access to" Context Menu

1. Open File Explorer (Win+E).

2. Navigate to and select one or more file, folder, and/or library you want to share,
right click or press and hold on the selected item(s), click/tap on Give access to,
and click/tap on Specific people. (see screenshot below)

3. You will now see the people that you are currently sharing this with and their
permission level. (see screenshot below)

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4. Select a name of a user account on your PC or everyone you want to share
with. (see screenshot below)

5. Click/tap on Add. (see screenshot below)

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6. Select (check) the permission level you want for this user or everyone. (see
screenshot below)

If you want to stop sharing with a specific user, select the user's name, and
click/tap on Remove in their permission level.

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7. When finished adding people to share with, click/tap on the Share button at the
bottom. (see screenshot below)

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8. Click/tap on Done. (see screenshot below)

OPTION THREE
Stop Sharing File or Folder using "Give access to" Context Menu

This option will have no effect on people you choose to share with in advanced
sharing from Option Eight.

1 Open File Explorer (Win+E).

2 Navigate to and select one or more file, folder, and/or library you want to stop
sharing with everyone, right click or press and hold on the selected item(s),
click/tap on Give access to, and click/tap on Remove access. (see screenshot
below)

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OPTION FOUR
Share File or Folder using Share tab in File Explorer

1 Open File Explorer (Win+E).

2 Navigate to and select one or more file, folder, and/or library you want to share,
click/tap on the Share tab, and click/tap on Specific people in the "Share with"
section of the ribbon. (see screenshot below).

3. You will now see the people that you are currently sharing this with and their
permission level. (see screenshot below)

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4. Select a name of a user account on your PC or everyone you want to share
with. (see screenshot below)

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5. Click/tap on Add. (see screenshot below)

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6. Select (check) the permission level you want for this user or everyone.
(see screenshot below)

If you want to stop sharing with a specific user, select the user's name, and
click/tap on Remove in their permission level.

7. When finished adding people to share with, click/tap on the Share button
at the bottom. (see screenshot below)

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8. Click/tap on Done. (see screenshot below)

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OPTION FIVE
Stop Sharing File or Folder using Share tab in File Explorer

This option will have no effect on people you choose to share with in advanced
sharing from Option Eight.

1 Open File Explorer (Win+E).

2 Navigate to and select one or more file, folder, and/or library you want to stop
sharing with everyone, click/tap on the Share tab, and click/tap on Remove
access in the "Share with" section of the ribbon. (see screenshot below)

OPTION SIX
Share Folder using Sharing Properties

1 Open File Explorer (Win+E).

2 Navigate to and right click or press and hold on the folder you want to share,
and click/tap on Properties. (see screenshot below)

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3. Click/tap on the Sharing tab, and click/tap on the Share button. (see
screenshot below)

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4. You will now see the people that you are currently sharing this with and their
permission level. (see screenshot below)

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5. Select a name of a user account on your PC or everyone you want to share
with. (see screenshot below)

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6. Click/tap on Add. (see screenshot below)

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7. Select (check) the permission level you want for this user or everyone. (see
screenshot below)

If you want to stop sharing with a specific user, select the user's name, and
click/tap on Remove in their permission level.

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8. When finished adding people to share with, click/tap on the Share button at the
bottom. (see screenshot below)

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9. Click/tap on Done. (see screenshot below)

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10. Click/tap on Close. (see screenshot below)

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OPTION SEVEN
Share Folder or Drive using Advanced Sharing

You must be signed in as an administrator to be able to do this option.

1. Open File Explorer (Win+E).

2. Navigate to and right click or press and hold on the folder or drive you want to
share, and click/tap on Properties. (see screenshot below)

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3. Click/tap on the Sharing tab, and click/tap on the Advanced Sharing button.
(see screenshot below)

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4. Perform the following actions: (see screenshot below)

A) Check Share this folder.

B) If you want a different share name, then you can change it.

C) Limit the number of simultaneous users to the number you want. The default
is 20.

D) Add any comments you want for this share.

E) Click/tap on the Permissions button.

5. Select a group or user, select (check or uncheck) the permissions (allow or

deny) you want for this group or user, and click/tap on OK when finished. (see
screenshots below)

Everyone is allowed to read this share by default.

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Note
If you want to stop sharing with a group or user, select the user or group, and
click/tap on the Remove button.

If you want to add a user or group to share this folder or drive with, click/tap on
the Add button, and perform the following steps:

A) Click/tap on the Advanced button. (see screenshot below)

B) Click/tap on the Find Now button, select a user or group you want to share
with, and click/tap on OK. (see screenshot below)

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C) Click/tap on OK. (see screenshot below)

6. Click/tap on OK. (see screenshot below)

7. Click/tap on Close. (see screenshot below)

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OPTION EIGHT

Stop Sharing Folder or Drive using Advanced Sharing

You must be signed in as an administrator to be able to do this option.
This option only affects what you shared in Advanced Sharing from Option
Seven, and will have no effect on people you choose to share with from Option
Two, Option Four, and Option Six.
1. Open File Explorer (Win+E).
2. Navigate to and right click or press and hold on the folder or drive you want to
stop sharing with everyone, and click/tap on Properties. (see screenshot below)

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3. Click/tap on the Sharing tab, and click/tap on the Advanced Sharing button.
(see screenshot below)

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4. Uncheck Share this folder, and click/tap on OK. (see screenshot below)

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5. If prompted, click/tap on Yes to confirm. (see screenshot below)

6. Click/tap on Close. (see screenshot below)

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OPTION NINE
Stop Sharing Folder or Drive using Shared Folders MMC Snap-in
You must be signed in as an administrator to be able to do this option.

This option will have no effect on people you choose to share with from Option
Two, Option Four, and Option Six.
This option is the same as doing Option Eight, and affects what you shared in
Advanced Sharing from Option Seven.

1. Press the Win+R keys to open Run, type either compmgmt.msc (Computer
Management) or fsmgmt.msc (Shared Folders) into Run, and click/tap on OK.

2. Expand open Shared Folders in the left pane, click/tap on Shares, right click on
the share name (folder or drive) without $ at the end of the name you want to stop
sharing, and click/tap on Stop Sharing. (see screenshots below)

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3. Click/tap on Yes to confirm. (see screenshot below)

4. When finished, you can now close Computer Management or Shared Folders if
you like.

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Folder Option

Folder Options is an important aspect in Windows operating system and it is

needless to say the importance of folders. Folders are the building blocks of file
organization and storing. Most users are expected to know how to access
Folders and open the folder option. But in case you do not know, we are there for
you. You can do multiple things with folder, copy files from one folder to another,
delete items from a folder, hide a folder and show that hidden folder. We are
discussing some easy steps which you may find helpful.

1. Open the File Explorer.

2. Tap on View and click on Options.

3. If you want to open folders in just a single click, then select the single click
option. By default, opening folders with double click is enabled.

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4. Under View Tab, you can enable options by reading them. For e.g. you can
hide hidden folders or show them. Similarly, you can disable thumbnail views and
many more. In case you want to go back to default settings, just hit Restore
Defaults.

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5. The search folder will help you how you would like to search items from your
computer. Since search is an important and prominent feature in Windows 10, so
checking right options is very important. We recommend to keep the default
settings.

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Show Hidden Files

By default, Microsoft Windows 10 hides certain files from view when you explore
them on your hard drive. This protects important files from being deleted so that
the system isn’t damaged. If you’re the geeky type, you’ll want to be able to view
all files all the time. Follow these steps to show hidden files.

Option 1 – From File Explorer

1. Select the “Start” button, then choose “File Explorer“.

2. Make sure the menu bar is expanded. You can toggle the menu bar by
selecting the ^ at the upper right portion of the window.
3. Select the “View” tab.
4. Check the “Hidden items” check box to view hidden items.

5. If you need more file viewing options, select “Options” > “View “.

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Option 2 – From Control Panel

1. Right-click the “Start” button, then select “Control Panel “.

2. Go to “Appearance and Personalization “, then select “File
Explorer Options “.
3. Click the “View” tab.
4. Scroll down a bit and change the “Hidden files and folders” setting to
“Show hidden files, folders, and drives “. Optionally, you may wish to uncheck
the “Hide protected operating system files” box as well.

Option 3 – Via Registry

1. Hold the Windows Key and press “R” to bring up the Run dialog box.
2. Type “regedit“, then press “Enter“.
3. Navigate to the following location:
 HKEY_CURRENT_USER
 Software
 Microsoft
 Windows
 CurrentVersion
 Explorer
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  Advanced

4. Set the value for “Hidden” to “1” to show hidden files, folders, and drives.
Set the value to “2” to not show hidden files, folders, and drives.
5. Set the value for “ShowSuperHidden” to “1” to show protected operating
system files. Set the value to “2” to not show protected operating system files.

Windows Installation
Installation is the process of making hardware and/or software ready for use.
Obviously, different systems require different types of installations. While certain
installations are simple and straightforward and can be performed by non-
professionals, others are more complex and time-consuming and may require the
involvement of specialists.
Installation can be categorized into two broad categories: physical and virtual.
Physical installation pertains to installing physical equipment such as computer hard
drives, cables, modems and so on, while virtual installation refers to installation of
software. Much physical machine installation requires specific expertise. Similarly,
there are software installations that can be done only by experts, whereas other
installations are as simple and straightforward as the wizard-based installations
commonly found with consumer software and frequently available on websites to
be downloaded. Different types of software installations include Windows Installer
installation, web-based software installation and single exe software installation.

There are several ways to install Windows 10 on your PC, whether you’re upgrading
from Windows 7 or 8, installing a new operating system from scratch, or reinstalling
a fresh version of Windows 10. There are still ways to get a free Windows 10
upgrade license, too.

How to Get a Windows 10 License

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 There are a variety of ways you can get a Windows 10 license for your PC, and
many of them are still free.

 Upgrade from Windows 7 or 8: Microsoft still offers a free Windows 10 upgrade to

PC users who use accessibility tools. You can also still install Windows 10 and enter
a Windows 7 or 8 key in the installer to receive a free Windows 10 upgrade license.
Once you’ve performed the upgrade once, your PC has a Windows 10 license
forever. So, if you upgraded when Windows 10 was released and downgraded
shortly after, you’re still eligible to upgrade to Windows 10 for free. A license
associated with your PC is stored on Microsoft’s servers.
 Buy a new PC with Windows 10: If your PC came with Windows 10 installed, it
likely has a license key embedded into its UEFI firmware. The manufacturer paid
for a license and you can reinstall Windows 10 on the PC without entering the key.
Windows 10’s installer will pull the key from a chip on the motherboard.
 Purchase a Windows 10 license: If you’re building your own PC and don’t yet
have an operating system, you can purchase a Windows 10 license from Microsoft,
just as you could with previous versions of Windows.
 Don’t get a license: You can also install Windows 10 without entering a product
key. You’ll see messages telling you your Windows 10 system isn’t licensed and
needs to be activated, but it will be completely usable. You can even purchase a
Windows 10 license from the Store within Windows 10 to turn it into a properly
licensed Windows 10 PC. This is a convenient solution for testing Windows 10 on
a PC without purchasing it first.

Once you know which method is going to work for you, proceed to one of the
sections below to install Windows 10.
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How to Upgrade to Windows 10 from Windows 7 or 8

You can use Microsoft’s upgrade tool to install Windows 10 on your PC if you
already have Windows 7 or 8.1 installed. This will also make it possible
to downgrade and go back to Windows 7 or 8.1 after you perform the upgrade, if
you don’t like it.

If you’re taking advantage of the the Assistive Technologies offer, just download
the tool from the Assistive Technologies website and click through the wizard. It
will give your PC a free Windows 10 license and install Windows 10.

The Assistive Technologies offer will expire on December 31, 2017. However, if
you take advantage of the offer before then, your PC will permanently have a
genuine Windows 10 license.

If you’re upgrading to Windows 10 for another reason—perhaps you’ve previously

upgraded to Windows 10 on the current PC and it already has a valid license—
you can use the Download Windows 10 tool. Click “Download Tool Now”, run it,
and select “Upgrade this PC”. Follow the instructions on your screen to complete
the upgrade process.

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 The tool you use will download the Windows 10 installation files and begin the
installation process.

How to Get Installation Media and Do a Clean Install of Windows 10

If you don’t want to upgrade from an existing Windows installation, you can
download the official Windows 10 installation media for free from
Microsoft and perform a clean install. To do this, visit Microsoft’s Download
Windows 10 page, click “Download Tool Now”, and run the downloaded file.
Select “Create installation media for another PC”.

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Be sure to select the language, edition, and architecture you want to install of
Windows 10. If you’re installing it on a PC with a 64-bit CPU, you probably want
the 64-bit version. If you’re installing it on a PC with a 32-bit CPU, you’ll need the
32-bit version.

If you’re installing Windows 10 on the current PC, just keep the “Use the
recommended options for this PC” box checked and the tool will automatically
download the correct version for your current PC.

The tool will allow you to copy the Windows 10 installation files to a USB drive or
burn them to a DVD. If you’re using a USB drive, it must be 4 GB or larger in size.
All files on the USB drive will be erased as part of this process.

If you want to install Windows 10 in a virtual machine, select the “ISO file” option
here. The tool will download an ISO file, and you can then boot the downloaded
ISO in a virtual machine to install Windows 10 inside it

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Once you’ve created installation media, you’ll need to insert it into the PC you
want to install Windows 10 on. You then boot from the installation media. This
may require modifying the boot order in your PC’s BIOS or UEFI firmware.

On the Windows Setup screen, select your language, time and currency format,
and keyboard layout. Click “Next” to continue.

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When you reach the installer screen, select “Install Now” and follow the
instructions to install Windows 10 on your PC.

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When you see the Activate Windows screen, you’ll need to either enter a key or
skip it. You may not see this screen if Windows 10 automatically detects a key
associated with your PC’s hardware.

 If you’ve never installed and activated Windows 10 on this computer

before, enter your Windows 10 key here. If you don’t have one, but you have a
valid Windows 7, 8, or 8.1 key, enter it here instead.
 If you’ve previously taken advantage of the free Windows 10 upgrade offer
on this PC, click “I don’t have a product key”. Windows will automatically activate
with a “digital license” associated with your PC’s hardware on Microsoft’s servers
once it’s installed.

When you reach the “Which type of installation do you want?” screen, click
“Custom” to perform a clean installation and remove everything on your PC. (If
you’ve changed your mind and want to upgrade your existing installation, you can
click “Upgrade”.)

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On the next screen, select the hard drive you want to install Windows on and
erase it. If you have multiple partitions on that drive, you may want to erase those
as well.

Warning: When you delete a partition, you’re also deleting all the files on that
partition. Be sure you have backups of any important files before doing this!

When you’re done erasing partitions, you should have a big block of “Unallocated
Space”. Select that, click “New”, and once it’s formatted your drive, click Next.

Windows 10 will install itself, and may restart a few times during this process.
When it’s done, you’ll see the normal setup interface you see when setting up
Windows 10 on any new PC, where you can add user accounts and adjust
various settings.

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How to Reinstall Windows 10 on a PC That Already Has Windows 10

If you already have Windows 10 on your PC and want to perform a fresh install,
you can also do that.

Windows 10’s Creators Update makes it much easier to install Windows 10 from
scratch. You can use the “Fresh start” option in Windows Defender to get a
completely fresh-from-Microsoft Windows 10 system. Unlike the standard Refresh
and Reset options, which preserve any bloatware your PC manufacturer installed,
this will wipe away all that manufacturer-installed stuff and just leave a fresh
Windows 10 system.

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 If you don’t currently have Windows 10 installed or just prefer doing things the old-
fashioned way, you can also use the Download Windows 10 application to create
Windows 10 installation media and reinstall from scratch, if you prefer. Whether
your PC came with a Windows 10 license or you previously took advantage of the
free upgrade offer, you won’t need to enter a license key during this process. Your
Windows 10 license will be automatically acquired from your PC’s hardware or via
Microsoft’s servers.

Drivers, Drives and Partition

Definition: The partitioning of a hard drive occurs after the drive has
been physically formatted but before it is logically formatted. It involves creating
areas on the disk where data will not be mixed.

It can be used for example, to install different operating systems that do not use
the same file system. Therefore, logically there will be at least as many partitions
as there are operating systems using different file systems. If you are using just
one operating system, a single partition of the full size of the disk is sufficient. That
is unless you want to create several partitions so as to have several drives on
which data is kept separately.

There are three types of partitions: primary partitions, extended

partitions and logical drives. A disk may contain up to four primary partitions
(only one of which can be active), or three primary partitions and one extended
partition. In the extended partition, the user can create logical drives (i.e.
"simulate" several smaller-sized hard drives).

What is a hard disk partition? A hard disk partition is a defined storage space on a
hard drive.

A hard disk partition is a defined storage space on a hard drive.

Most operating systems allow users to divide a hard disk into multiple partitions,
making one physical hard disk into several smaller logical hard disks.

Reasons to Use Hard Disk Partitions

A user may decide to split a hard disk into multiple partitions in order to organize
his data more effectively. On Microsoft Windows machines, it is common to store
the OS and applications on one hard disk partition and user data on another hard
disk partition. When a problem occurs with Microsoft Windows, the OS partition
can be completely formatted and reinstalled without affecting the data partition.

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 A user may decide to split a hard disk into multiple partitions because smaller
partitions often have smaller cluster sizes. A cluster size is the smallest chunk of
data which a partition can store. A large partition might have a cluster size of
16KB. This means that a file with one character in it will occupy 16KB of space on
the disk. In a smaller partition, that file might only require 4KB to store. This is a
useful strategy if you are storing a large number of small files.

A user may have to split a large hard disk into multiple partitions if the hard disk is
larger than the partition size supported by the operating system.

Creating Hard Disk Partitions

Most operating system use the 'fdisk' command to create hard disk partitions.
Many operating systems also have graphical tools which accomplish the same
task, such as EaseUS Partition Master.

Hard Disk Partitions and File Systems

You don't actually store data in hard disk partitions.

You store file systems in hard disk partitions and then you store data in these file
systems.

Some operating systems blur the lines between partitions and file systems.

The Partition Table

Partition information is stored in the partition table, a reserved area at the

beginning of a hard disk.

Extended Partitions

A standard partition table is only able to store information about four partitions. At
one time this meant that a hard disk could have a maximum of four partitions.

To work around this limitation, extended partitions were created.

An extended partition stores information about other partitions. By using an

extended partition, you can create many more than four partitions on your hard
disk.

The four standard partitions are often called the primary partitions.

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Partitions configured into an extended partition are often referred to as logical
partitions.

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