Properties of Fluids

1. Explain the phenomenon of capillarity. Obtain an expression for capillary rise of

a liquid
2. Differentiate specific mass, specific weight and specific volume along with their
units
3. Define surface tension. Prove that the relationship between surface tension and
pressure inside a droplet of liquid in excess of outside pressure is given by
p=4σ /d.
4. Classify properties of fluids and derive an expression to determine the capillary
rise or fall of a liquid in a glass tube when held vertically.
5. Explain viscosity, surface tension and vapour pressure
6. Explain Newton’s law of Viscosity and the effect of temperature on viscosity
7. Explain about compressibility and bulk modulus

8. A plate having an area of 0.6 sq.m is sliding down the inclined plane at 300 to the
horizontal with a velocity of 0.36 m/s. The cushion of fluid 1.8 mm thick
between the plane and the plate. Find the viscosity of the fluid if the weight of the
plate is 280 N.

9. Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 2.5mm diameter when immersed
vertically in (a) Water and (b) Mercury. Take surface tensions σ = 0.0725 N/m for
water and σ = 0.52 N/m for mercury in contact with air. The specific gravity for
mercury is given as 13.6 and angle of contact= 1300
10. The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each unit of
the plate is 720 mm. The thickness of the oil film is 15 mm. The upper plate,
which moves at 3 m/s requires a force of 120 N to maintain the speed. Determine
the dynamic viscosity of oil and kinematic viscosity of the oil if the specific
gravity of oil is 0.95.

Pressure and its measurement

1. Classify manometers with a neat sketch.
2. Derive Pascal’s law and state its suitability.
3. Derive the relation of variation of pressure at a point when the fluid at rest.
4. U- tube manometer containing mercury was used to find the negative pressure in the
pipe containing water. The right limb was open to the atmosphere. Find the vacuum
pressure in the pipe if the difference of mercury level in the two limbs was 100 mm
and height of water in the left limb from the centre of the pipe was found to be 40 mm
below.
5. The left leg of U-tube mercury manometer is connected to a pipe line conveying
water, the level of mercury in the leg being 0.6 m below the centre of pipe line, and
the right leg is open to atmosphere. The level of mercury in the right leg is 0.45m
 above that in the left leg and the space above mercury in the right leg contains
benzene (specific gravity 0.88) to a height of 0.3 m. Find the pressure in the pipe.

Fluid Kinematics
1. Explain velocity potential function and stream function.
2. Derive the continuity equation in three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.
3. Classify accelerations and explain various types of lines.
4. What are the different types of fluid flows? Discuss.
5. The stream function for a two-dimensional flow is given by ψ = 2xy, calculate the
velocity at the point P(2,3). Find the velocity potential function φ

6. Classify flows with suitable examples.

7. Derive continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates
8. A two dimensional flow field is given by φ = 3xy. Determine the stream function, the
velocity at L(2,6) and M(6,6) and discharge between the streamlines passing through
the points L and M.
9. The two velocity components are given ,determine the third component of velocity
such that they satisfy the continuity equation. v=2y2 ,w=2xyz.
10. The velocity potential function (ϕ) is given by an expression

(i) Find the velocity components in x and y direction.

(ii) Show that represents a possible case of flow.
11. Derive continuity equation in 3D flow. The diameters of a pipe at the sections 1-1 and 2-2 are
200 mm and 300 mm respectively. If the velocity of water flowing through the pipe at section
1-1 is 4 m/s , find discharge through the pipe and velocity of water at section 2-2.
12. Determine the component of rotation for the following velocity field pertaining to the flow of
an incompressible fluid. ‘u’ = Ayz , ‘v’ = Azx, ‘w’ = Axy where ‘A’ is a numerical constant.
Comment whether the flow is rotational or irrotational.
13. A stream function is defined by the expression Ψ = 2x2 – y2. Calculate the components of
velocity and the velocity at p(x=3, y=1)
14. A two dimensional flow is described by the velocity components: ‘u’ = 5x 3 and ‘v’= -15x2y.
Evaluate the stream function, velocity and acceleration at point P (x = 1m and y = 2m).
 Fluid Dynamics

1. Derive force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe bend

2. Describe momentum equation along with its applications
3. Derive the Bernoulli’s equation from Euler’s equation of motion and state the
assumptions
4. Derive an expression for the discharge through a venturimeter.
5. Derive Euler’s equation along a streamline.
6. State the momentum equation. How will you apply momentum equation for
determining the force exerted by a flowing fluid on a pipe bend.
7. A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.8 changes in diameter from 300 mm at
position 1 to 600 mm diameter at position 2 which is 5 meters at a higher level. If the
pressures at positions 1 and 2 are 100 kN/sq.m and 60 kN/sq.m respectively and the
discharge is 300 litres/s. Determine loss of head and direction of flow.
8. The following data relate to an orificemeter: diameter of the pipe is 240 mm,
diameter of the orifice is 120 mm, specific gravity of oil is 0.88, reading of
differential manometer is 400 mm of mercury and coefficient of discharge is 0.65.
Calculate discharge of oil through the pipe.
9. A 450 reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet and outlet
of the bend being 600 mm and 300 mm respectively. Find the force exerted by water
on the bend if the intensity of pressure at inlet to bend is 8.829 N/cm2 and rate of
flow of water is 600 litres/s.
10. Determine the rate of flow of water through a pipe 300 mm diameter placed in an
inclined position where a venturimeter is inserted, having a throat diameter of 150
mm. The difference of pressure between the main and throat is measured by a liquid
of specific gravity 0.7 in an inverted U-tube which gives a reading of 260 mm. The
loss of head between the main and throat is 0.3 times the kinetic head of the pipe.
11. A 300 mm diameter pipe carries water under a head of 20 metres with a velocity of
3.5m/s. If the axis of the pipe turns through 450, find the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force at the bend.
12. A 30 cm diameter horizontal pipe terminates in a nozzle with the exit diameter of 7.5
cm. If the water flows through the pipe at a rate of 0.15 m3/s, what force will be
exerted by the fluid on the nozzle?
13. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters 30cm and 15cm
respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The reading of differential
manometer connected to the inlet and the throat is 20 cm of mercury. Determine the
rate of flow. Take Cd = 0.98.
14. A 300 mm diameter pipe carries water under a head of 20 m with a velocity of 3.5
m/s. If the axis of the pipe turns through 450 , find the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force at the bend.