INDIA: DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT (MPS -003)

TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT

Course Code: MPS-003

Assignment Code: /Asst/TMA/2024-25
Marks: 100

Ans wer five questions, selecting at least two questions from each section. Each question
is to be ans wered in about 500 words. Each question carries 20 marks.

SECTION-I

1. Explain the concept of development and its relationship with democracy.

2. Analyse the functioning of the federal system in India.
3. Elaborate on the Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalization (LPG) policies.
4. Elaborate upon the evolution of peasant movements in India.
5. Write short notes on the following in about 250 words each.
A) The Telangana Peasant Rebellion
B) Political participation
SECTION-II

6. Explain the behavioralist concept of political participation.

7. Explain the nature of regionalism in India.
8. Examine the Basic Minimum Needs approach to human development.
9. Discuss the causes of over-urbanisation.
10. Write short notes on the following in about 250 words each:
a) Internal Migration
b) Sustainable Development

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MPS-003
SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2024-25

Note: Attempt any five questions. 20*5 = 100 Marks

SECTION - A
Q.1 - Explain the concept of development and its relationship with
democracy
ANS.- Concept of Development and Its Relationship with Democracy
Understanding Development
Development is a multifaceted concept that encompasses economic, social, and political changes aimed
at improving the quality of life for individuals and communities. At its core, development involves
progress in various areas such as economic growth, education, healthcare, infrastructure, and social
equity. The concept is often divided into two primary dimensions:
1. Economic Development: This refers to the increase in a country’s wealth and economic
productivity. It is typically measured through indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP),
income levels, and employment rates. Economic development aims to boost standards of living
by creating job opportunities, enhancing income, and fostering business growth.
2. Human Development: This dimension focuses on improving individuals' overall well-being and
quality of life. It includes access to education, healthcare, and essential services. Human
development emphasizes the importance of people’s capabilities and opportunities rather than
just economic metrics. The Human Development Index (HDI), which considers factors like life
expectancy, education, and per capita income, is a common tool used to gauge this aspect.
Development and Democracy
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The relationship between development and democracy is intricate and mutually reinforcing. Democracy,
as a system of government, involves the active participation of citizens in decision-making processes, the
protection of individual rights, and the rule of law. Here’s how democracy and development interact:
1. Democratic Institutions and Development: Democratic institutions provide a framework for
effective governance, transparency, and accountability. In a democratic setup, governments are
more likely to implement policies that address the needs of diverse populations due to electoral
pressures and public scrutiny. This responsiveness can lead to more equitable development
outcomes as policies are designed to benefit a broader segment of society.
2. Citizen Participation: Democracy encourages active citizen participation, which can drive
development initiatives. When individuals have a voice in political processes, they can advocate
for policies that address local needs, leading to more tailored and effective development
strategies. Citizen engagement also helps in identifying and rectifying development challenges,
ensuring that development efforts are more inclusive and relevant.
3. Rule of Law and Development: The rule of law is a cornerstone of democracy and is essential for
sustainable development. It ensures that laws are applied fairly and consistently, protecting
individuals' rights and creating a stable environment for economic and social activities. This legal
framework fosters trust and security, which are crucial for attracting investments, promoting
business growth, and ensuring equitable resource distribution.
4. Accountability and Governance: In democracies, governments are accountable to their citizens.
This accountability fosters good governance practices, which are vital for effective development.
Transparent and accountable governance helps prevent corruption and misallocation of
resources, ensuring that development funds and efforts are directed towards genuine needs and
priorities.
5. Human Rights and Social Development: Democracy upholds human rights and fundamental
freedoms, which are integral to social development. By ensuring that individuals have the
freedom to express themselves, participate in societal activities, and access essential services,
democratic systems create an environment where human development can thrive. This includes
efforts to reduce inequality, improve education and healthcare, and enhance overall social
welfare.
6. Economic Growth and Democratic Stability: Economic development often supports democratic
stability by improving living standards and reducing social tensions. When people experience
economic progress, they are more likely to support and sustain democratic institutions.
Conversely, economic hardship and inequality can undermine democratic processes by fostering
discontent and instability.
Challenges in the Relationship
While the relationship between development and democracy is generally positive, challenges do exist:
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 Unequal Development: In some democratic nations, economic and social development is

uneven, leading to disparities between different regions or social groups. This inequality can
undermine the democratic ideal of equal opportunity and fair representation.
 Political Instability: Rapid or uneven development can sometimes lead to political instability,
especially if it exacerbates existing social or economic divides. In such cases, the democratic
process can be strained, impacting the effectiveness of governance and development.
 Institutional Weaknesses: In some democracies, weak institutions and corruption can hinder
development efforts. Even in democratic settings, inadequate institutional capacity can lead to
ineffective policy implementation and slow progress in addressing development challenges.
Conclusion
In summary, development and democracy are deeply interconnected, with democratic systems providing
the structure for equitable and sustainable development. By fostering citizen participation, upholding the
rule of law, and ensuring accountability, democracies create an environment conducive to both
economic and human development. However, challenges such as inequality and institutional weaknesses
must be addressed to fully realize the benefits of this relationship. Effective governance and inclusive
policies are key to ensuring that development contributes positively to democratic stability and progress.

Q.2 - Analyse the functioning of the federal system in India.

ANS.- Functioning of the Federal System in India
India’s federal system is a blend of unitary and federal features, shaped by its unique historical, cultural,
and political contexts. This system is enshrined in the Constitution of India, which delineates the powers
and responsibilities of the Union and State governments, and establishes a framework for cooperative
federalism.
Federal Structure of the Indian Constitution
1. Constitutional Framework
India's federal system is defined by the Constitution, which outlines a division of powers between the
central and state governments. The Constitution provides for a strong central government with the
power to intervene in matters typically under state jurisdiction, reflecting a unitary tilt. The federal
structure is based on the principles of the division of powers and the supremacy of the Constitution.
2. Distribution of Powers
The Constitution of India distributes powers between the Union and State governments through three
lists in the Seventh Schedule: the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List.
 Union List: Contains subjects on which only the Union Parliament can legislate. Examples include
defense, foreign affairs, and atomic energy.
 State List: Contains subjects on which only State Legislatures can legislate, such as police, public
health, and agriculture.
 Concurrent List: Includes subjects on which both Parliament and State Legislatures can legislate,
like education and marriage and divorce. In case of a conflict, Union law prevails.
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3. Residuary Powers
Matters not enumerated in any of these lists fall under the Residuary List, which is the exclusive domain
of the Union Parliament. This arrangement allows the central government to address emerging issues
that may not have been anticipated at the time of the Constitution’s drafting.
Mechanisms for Federal Cooperation and Conflict Resolution
1. Inter-Governmental Relations
The Indian federal system emphasizes cooperation between the Union and State governments.
Mechanisms like the Inter-State Council, set up under Article 263 of the Constitution, facilitate
discussions and cooperation on matters of common interest.
2. Finance Commission
The Finance Commission, constituted every five years, plays a critical role in federal financial relations. It
recommends the distribution of central revenues between the Union and State governments, ensuring
fiscal balance and equitable distribution of resources.
3. Governor’s Role
The Governor of a state acts as the central government's representative. Although the Governor’s role is
largely ceremonial, they have certain powers and responsibilities, including the ability to dissolve the
state legislature and the discretion to act in certain situations like a breakdown of constitutional
machinery.
4. Judicial Review
The Supreme Court of India acts as the guardian of the Constitution and the arbiter of disputes between
the Union and State governments. It has the authority to resolve conflicts regarding the distribution of
powers and ensure that both levels of government operate within their constitutional boundaries.
Challenges in the Federal System
1. Centralization vs. Federalism
One of the key challenges facing India’s federal system is the tendency towards centralization. The
central government’s ability to legislate on the Concurrent List and the imposition of President's Rule in
states are examples of how federal principles can sometimes be overshadowed by central authority.
2. Financial Imbalances
Financial disparities between the Union and State governments have been a persistent issue. While the
Union government controls substantial resources, states often rely on central transfers to meet their
expenditure needs. This imbalance can lead to unequal development and dependence on central
allocations.
3. Political Dynamics
The political dynamics in India, including coalition politics and regional party dominance, can affect
federal functioning. For example, the relationship between the Union government and states can be
influenced by the political party in power, which may impact cooperative federalism and governance.
4. Administrative Challenges
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Administrative and bureaucratic hurdles can affect the smooth functioning of the federal system.
Coordination between central and state administrations is essential for effective governance, but
mismatches in priorities and inefficiencies can lead to implementation challenges.
Recent Developments and Reforms
1. Strengthening Federal Mechanisms
Recent initiatives have aimed at strengthening federal mechanisms, such as the establishment of the
NITI Aayog, which replaced the Planning Commission. The NITI Aayog focuses on cooperative federalism
and collaborative governance, emphasizing a more inclusive approach to planning and development.
2. GST and Financial Reforms
The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) represents a significant reform in federal financial
relations. GST aims to create a unified tax system, enhance revenue generation, and reduce tax-related
disputes between the Union and states.
3. Enhanced State Autonomy
There have been calls for greater state autonomy to address regional needs more effectively. Reforms to
enhance the powers and responsibilities of states, particularly in areas like education and health, are
ongoing to ensure a more balanced federal system.
Conclusion
India’s federal system is a complex and dynamic framework designed to balance the distribution of
power between the Union and State governments. While the system has been effective in
accommodating the diverse needs of a vast and varied country, challenges such as centralization,
financial imbalances, and political dynamics continue to shape its functioning. Ongoing reforms and
mechanisms for cooperation and conflict resolution play a crucial role in maintaining the balance and
effectiveness of India’s federal structure.

Q.3 - Elaborate on the Liberalisation, Privatisation, and

Globalization (LPG) policies.
ANS.- Introduction
Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalization (LPG) are key economic policies that have significantly
shaped the global economy since the late 20th century. These policies emerged as part of broader
economic reforms aimed at improving economic efficiency, enhancing growth, and integrating
economies into the global market. This essay elaborates on each component of LPG, their implications,
and their impact on economies worldwide.
Liberalisation
Liberalisation refers to the reduction or elimination of government restrictions on economic activities,
particularly those related to trade and investment. It involves removing controls, such as tariffs, quotas,
and regulations that hinder the free flow of goods, services, and capital. The primary goals of
liberalisation are to foster competition, enhance efficiency, and stimulate economic growth.
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1. Trade Liberalisation: This involves reducing tariffs and other trade barriers to encourage
international trade. By allowing businesses to compete globally, trade liberalisation promotes
efficiency and innovation. Countries that embrace trade liberalisation often experience an
increase in exports and imports, leading to economic growth and improved consumer choices.
2. Investment Liberalisation: Investment liberalisation focuses on easing restrictions on foreign
direct investment (FDI). By creating a more open and transparent investment climate, countries
can attract foreign capital, technology, and expertise. This inflow of investment can boost local
industries, create jobs, and stimulate economic development.
3. Financial Liberalisation: This entails opening up financial markets to foreign players and reducing
restrictions on capital flows. Financial liberalisation allows for greater access to international
capital markets, enabling businesses and governments to raise funds more efficiently. It also
fosters competition in the financial sector, leading to better financial products and services.
Privatisation
Privatisation involves transferring ownership and control of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to private
individuals or organizations. The main objectives of privatisation are to improve the efficiency of public
enterprises, reduce the financial burden on the government, and promote competition.
1. Efficiency Gains: Private companies are often more efficient than public enterprises due to profit
motives and competitive pressures. By privatising SOEs, governments aim to enhance operational
efficiency, reduce costs, and improve service delivery.
2. Revenue Generation: Privatisation can generate significant revenue for governments by selling
state assets. This revenue can be used to reduce public debt, invest in infrastructure, or fund
social programs.
3. Enhanced Competition: Privatization can stimulate competition in industries previously
dominated by state monopolies. Increased competition often leads to lower prices, improved
quality, and greater innovation in goods and services.
Globalization
Globalization refers to the process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among
countries through the exchange of goods, services, capital, and information. It involves the integration of
national economies into the global market, driven by advancements in technology, transportation, and
communication.
1. Economic Integration: Globalization facilitates the integration of national economies into the
global market. This integration allows countries to benefit from comparative advantages, access
larger markets, and attract foreign investment. It also promotes economic growth by providing
opportunities for specialization and trade.
2. Cultural Exchange: Globalization fosters cultural exchange by facilitating the flow of people,
ideas, and information across borders. This exchange enriches societies, enhances mutual
understanding, and promotes global cooperation.
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3. Technological Advancements: Globalization accelerates the spread of technological innovations

and advancements. By participating in the global economy, countries can access new
technologies, improve productivity, and enhance their competitive edge.
Impact of LPG Policies
1. Economic Growth: LPG policies have contributed to significant economic growth in many
countries. By liberalizing trade and investment, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and
embracing globalization, countries have experienced increased economic activity, job creation,
and higher standards of living.
2. Inequality: While LPG policies have spurred economic growth, they have also led to increased
inequality in some cases. The benefits of economic liberalisation and globalization are not always
evenly distributed, leading to disparities between different regions and social groups.
3. Economic Crises: The integration of economies into the global market can expose countries to
external economic shocks. Economic crises in one country can quickly spread to others,
highlighting the need for robust economic policies and international cooperation.
4. Environmental Concerns: Globalization and economic liberalisation can lead to environmental
challenges, such as increased pollution and resource depletion. Balancing economic growth with
environmental sustainability is a critical issue for policymakers.
Conclusion
Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalization (LPG) policies have played a pivotal role in shaping the
modern global economy. These policies have facilitated economic growth, improved efficiency, and
integrated national economies into the global market. However, they also present challenges, including
increased inequality, exposure to economic crises, and environmental concerns. As countries navigate
the complexities of the global economy, a balanced approach to LPG policies is essential for achieving
sustainable and inclusive economic development.

SECTION - B
Q.6 - Explain the behavioralist concept of political participation.
ANS.- Behavioralist Concept of Political Participation
Introduction
The behavioralist concept of political participation is a significant theoretical approach within political
science, which emerged prominently in the mid-20th century. This perspective emphasizes
understanding political behavior through empirical research and statistical analysis, focusing on
individuals' actions, attitudes, and psychological factors in the political domain. This approach differs
from earlier, more structural or institutional theories by prioritizing the study of individuals and their
behavior in political contexts.
Core Principles of Behavioralism
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Behavioralism represents a shift from normative and institutional studies to an empirical and analytical
examination of political behavior. The core principles include:
1. Focus on Individuals: Behavioralism centers on understanding political behavior at the individual
level rather than just analyzing political institutions or state structures. It examines how individual
attitudes, beliefs, and actions shape and are shaped by political processes.
2. Empirical Research: This approach relies on systematic data collection and empirical evidence.
Behavioralists use surveys, experiments, and observational studies to gather data on how
individuals participate in politics, their voting patterns, political beliefs, and engagement in
political activities.
3. Scientific Method: Behavioralism advocates for a scientific approach to studying politics.
Researchers use statistical methods and quantitative analysis to identify patterns, test
hypotheses, and develop theories about political behavior.
4. Behavioral Patterns: It seeks to identify patterns and regularities in political behavior. For
instance, it examines why people vote or do not vote, how they form political opinions, and how
these opinions influence their political participation.
Types of Political Participation
Behavioralist scholars categorize political participation into various forms:
1. Voting: Voting is one of the most common forms of political participation. Behavioralists analyze
voter turnout, electoral behavior, and the factors influencing voting decisions. They study
demographic variables, psychological factors, and socio-economic conditions to understand
voting patterns.
2. Protest and Activism: Participation in protests, demonstrations, and activism is another area of
interest. Behavioralists explore the motivations behind such actions, including socio-political
grievances, ideological commitments, and collective identity.
3. Political Communication: This includes activities such as discussing politics, engaging in political
discourse, and consuming political media. Behavioralists investigate how communication
influences political attitudes and behaviors, and how individuals use media to engage in politics.
4. Membership in Political Organizations: Involvement in political parties, interest groups, and
advocacy organizations is another aspect of political participation studied by behavioralists. They
examine how group affiliations affect political behavior and decision-making.
Key Theoretical Contributions
1. Theories of Political Behavior: Behavioralists have developed various theories to explain political
participation. For instance, the rational choice theory posits that individuals participate in politics
based on a cost-benefit analysis, where they weigh the potential benefits of participation against
the costs. Another example is the socialization theory, which suggests that political behavior is
influenced by socialization processes, such as family, education, and peer groups.
2. Cognitive Psychology and Political Behavior: Behavioralism incorporates insights from cognitive
psychology to understand how individuals perceive and process political information. It examines
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how cognitive biases, heuristics, and mental shortcuts affect political decision-making and
participation.
3. Political Efficacy: The concept of political efficacy, which refers to individuals' belief in their ability
to influence political outcomes, is central to behavioralism. Research in this area explores how
perceptions of efficacy impact political engagement and participation.
Criticisms and Limitations
While behavioralism has made significant contributions to understanding political participation, it has
faced criticisms:
1. Overemphasis on Quantitative Data: Critics argue that behavioralism's reliance on quantitative
data can overlook the qualitative aspects of political behavior, such as the nuanced motivations
and meanings behind political actions.
2. Neglect of Structural Factors: Behavioralism is often criticized for neglecting the influence of
structural and institutional factors on political behavior. Critics argue that focusing solely on
individual behavior may miss the broader context in which political participation occurs.
3. Deterministic Views: Some critics argue that behavioralism may adopt a deterministic view of
political behavior, failing to account for the complex interplay of individual, social, and
institutional factors.
Conclusion
The behavioralist concept of political participation has provided valuable insights into how individuals
engage in politics, shaping the field of political science. By focusing on empirical research, individual
behavior, and psychological factors, behavioralism has enriched our understanding of political dynamics.
However, it is essential to consider its limitations and integrate it with other theoretical perspectives for
a more comprehensive view of political participation.

Q.7 - Explain the nature of regionalism in India.

ANS.- Nature of Regionalism in India
Regionalism in India refers to the political and cultural movements driven by regional identities,
aspirations, and grievances within the country. It reflects the diversity of India's social fabric and
manifests in various forms across different states and regions. Understanding regionalism in India
involves exploring its historical roots, socio-economic factors, political expressions, and implications for
national unity.
Historical Roots
Regionalism in India has historical roots that date back to pre-independence times. The British colonial
period accentuated regional identities by administratively dividing the subcontinent into various
provinces, each with its distinct cultural and linguistic characteristics. This division often ignored the
complex socio-political realities on the ground, laying the groundwork for future regional movements.
Post-independence, the Indian government initially focused on fostering a unified national identity.
However, the diverse linguistic, cultural, and historical backgrounds of various regions continued to
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influence regional sentiments. The reorganization of states along linguistic lines in 1956 under the State
Reorganization Act aimed to address these regional identities but also sometimes exacerbated regional
aspirations for autonomy and recognition.
Socio-Economic Factors
Several socio-economic factors contribute to regionalism in India. Economic disparities between states
are a significant driver. Regions with varying levels of development, industrialization, and infrastructure
face unequal distribution of resources and opportunities. This economic imbalance often fuels regional
grievances and demands for greater autonomy or special status to address perceived injustices.
For instance, the North-East states, such as Assam and Nagaland, have experienced demands for greater
autonomy or independence due to their unique cultural identities and economic marginalization.
Similarly, states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, with large populations and limited resources, often feel
neglected compared to more affluent states like Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Political Expressions
Regionalism in India manifests through various political expressions, including regional parties,
movements, and demands for autonomy. Regional parties play a crucial role in Indian politics by
representing the interests of specific states or communities. For example:
 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(AIADMK): These parties in Tamil Nadu have been instrumental in advocating for Tamil identity
and regional autonomy.
 Shiv Sena: In Maharashtra, the Shiv Sena has championed the cause of Marathi identity and local
interests.
 Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS): In Telangana, the TRS has led the movement for statehood and
regional development.
These parties often engage in regional mobilization, pushing for greater representation, autonomy, and
resources for their states. Their agendas and demands reflect the specific concerns and aspirations of
their constituencies, contributing to the regionalist discourse.
Implications for National Unity
While regionalism is a natural expression of diversity, it poses challenges to national unity. The quest for
regional autonomy can sometimes lead to tensions between the central government and regional
entities. In extreme cases, demands for secession or significant autonomy can strain the integrity of the
Indian state.
However, regionalism also has positive aspects. It can enhance democratic participation by giving voice
to diverse groups and ensuring that regional issues are addressed. Regional parties and movements
often bring attention to neglected areas and contribute to a more inclusive and responsive governance
system. For instance, the demands for autonomy in the North-East have led to increased attention and
investment in the region.
The Indian constitution provides mechanisms to manage regional aspirations while maintaining national
unity. Federalism, as enshrined in the constitution, allows for the distribution of powers between the
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central and state governments, enabling regional governments to address local needs while ensuring
overall cohesion.
Challenges and Future Directions
Managing regionalism in India requires a delicate balance between acknowledging regional identities and
fostering national integration. Key challenges include addressing economic disparities, ensuring fair
resource distribution, and mitigating the potential for regional conflicts.
Future directions for managing regionalism involve:
 Inclusive Development: Ensuring that economic development is equitable across regions can
help address some of the grievances that fuel regionalism. Targeted investments in
infrastructure, education, and healthcare can reduce regional disparities.
 Strengthening Federal Mechanisms: Enhancing the effectiveness of federal mechanisms and
ensuring that regional governments have the capacity to address local issues can contribute to a
more balanced relationship between the central and state governments.
 Promoting Dialogue: Encouraging dialogue between regional and central authorities can help
address regional concerns and find mutually acceptable solutions.
In conclusion, regionalism in India is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by historical, socio-
economic, and political factors. While it poses challenges to national unity, it also reflects the rich
diversity of the country. By addressing regional aspirations and promoting inclusive development, India
can harness the positive aspects of regionalism while maintaining its unity and integrity.