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Lecture2 SQLCommands

The document explains the different types of SQL languages: Data Query Language (DQL) for retrieving data, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for managing data, Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database structures, Data Control Language (DCL) for managing permissions, and Transaction Control Language (TCL) for managing transactions. Each language has specific commands and examples illustrating their usage. Overall, these languages are essential for interacting with and managing databases.

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Satakshi Pandey
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10 views2 pages

Lecture2 SQLCommands

The document explains the different types of SQL languages: Data Query Language (DQL) for retrieving data, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for managing data, Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database structures, Data Control Language (DCL) for managing permissions, and Transaction Control Language (TCL) for managing transactions. Each language has specific commands and examples illustrating their usage. Overall, these languages are essential for interacting with and managing databases.

Uploaded by

Satakshi Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Query Language (DQL)

Q: What is DQL in SQL?

●​ A: DQL stands for Data Query Language. It is used to retrieve data from a database.
The primary DQL command is SELECT, which allows you to fetch data from one or more
tables based on specific conditions. For example, SELECT * FROM table_name;
retrieves all records from a table.

DML (Data Manipulation Language) in SQL is a subset of SQL commands used to manipulate
and manage the data within a database. These commands allow you to retrieve, insert, update,
and delete data in database tables.

INSERT: Adds new records to a table.​


Example: INSERT INTO employees (name, age, department) VALUES ('John',
30, 'HR');

UPDATE: Modifies existing data in a table.​


Example: UPDATE employees SET age = 31 WHERE name = 'John';

DELETE: Removes records from a table.​


Example: DELETE FROM employees WHERE name = 'John';

3. Data Definition Language (DDL)

Q: What is the purpose of DDL commands in SQL?

●​ A: DDL stands for Data Definition Language, which is used to define and manage
database structures such as tables, views, and indexes. Common DDL commands
include:
○​ CREATE: Used to create a new database object, like a table.​
Example: CREATE TABLE employees (id INT, name VARCHAR(100),
department VARCHAR(50));
○​ ALTER: Modifies an existing database object.​
Example: ALTER TABLE employees ADD age INT;
○​ DROP: Deletes an object from the database.​
Example: DROP TABLE employees;
○​ TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table, but keeps the structure intact.​
Example: TRUNCATE TABLE employees;
4. Data Control Language (DCL)

Q: What is DCL in SQL?

●​ A: DCL stands for Data Control Language. It is used to manage permissions and access
control to database objects. Common DCL commands include:
○​ GRANT: Assigns privileges to a user or role.​
Example: GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON employees TO user_name;
○​ REVOKE: Removes privileges from a user or role.​
Example: REVOKE SELECT ON employees FROM user_name;

5. Transaction Control Language (TCL)

Q: Can you explain the importance of TCL in SQL?

●​ A: TCL stands for Transaction Control Language, which is used to manage transactions
in SQL. Transactions are important for ensuring data integrity. TCL commands include:
○​ COMMIT: Saves the changes made during the current transaction to the
database.​
Example: COMMIT;
○​ ROLLBACK: Reverts the changes made during the current transaction, ensuring
that the database remains in a consistent state.​
Example: ROLLBACK;
○​ SAVEPOINT: Sets a point within a transaction to which you can roll back later.​
Example: SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
○​ SET TRANSACTION: Configures the properties of a transaction, like isolation
levels.​
Example: SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;

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