Jester Jarine P.
Labog
BSCE 2C
ACTIVITY NO. 1
ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS
I. Provide a reasonable description of the sample space for each of the random
experiments. There can be more than one acceptable interpretation of each
experiment. Describe any assumptions you make.
a. Calls are repeatedly placed to a busy phone line until a connection is
achieved.
Let B = Busy, and C = Connected
Ans. S={c,bc,bbc,bbbc,bbbbc,…}
-Since each call attempt is made until a successful connection is achieved, each
outcome consists of a sequence of one or more calls. Every call results in either a
busy signal (B) or a connection (C). The key here is that the sequence always ends
with the first successful connection. That means the sample space includes outcomes
like "C" (connected on the first try), "BC" (busy once, then connected), "BBC", and
so on. Because there is no fixed number of attempts before connection, this process
can continue indefinitely until success, making the sample space infinite in size.
b. Each of four transmitted bits is classified as either in error or not in error.
Let E = Error, and N = Not in error
Ans.
S={EEEE,EEEN,EENE,EENN,ENEE,ENEN,ENNE,ENNN,NEEE,NEEN,NENE,
NENN,NNEE,NNEN,NNNE,NNNN}
- Since each of the four transmitted bits is individually checked and can result in
either an error (E) or no error (N), each bit has 2 possible outcomes. The bits are
independent of each other, so the total number of different combinations is calculated
by multiplying the possibilities for each bit
c. In the final inspection of electronic power supplies, either units pass or three
types of nonconformities might occur: functional, minor, or cosmetic. Three
units are inspected.
Ans. S={PPP,PPF,PPM,PPC,PFP,PFF,…,CCC}
- Since each unit is inspected individually and can have four possible outcomes —
either it passes, or it has a functional, minor, or cosmetic nonconformity — we treat
each unit's result as an independent event. When inspecting three units, we consider
that each unit can result in any of the four outcomes. Therefore, to find the total
number of possible outcome combinations, we multiply the number of outcomes for
one unit by itself for the total number of units inspected.
d. An order for an automobile can specify either an automatic or a standard
transmission, either with or without air conditioning, and with any one of the
four colors red, blue, black, or white. Describe the set of possible orders for
this experiment.
Ans.S={(A,W,R), (A,W,B), (A,W,K), (A,W,W), (A,N,R), (A,N,B), (A,N,K),
(A,N,W), (S,W,R), (S,W,B), (S,W,K), (S,W,W), (S,N,R), (S,N,B), (S,N,K),
(S,N,W)}
-Since there are 2 types of transmission, 2 air conditioning options, and 4 colors, the
total number of possible orders is 2×2×4=16. Each order is a unique combination of
these choices
e. Three attempts are made to read data in a magnetic storage device before an
error recovery procedure is used. The error recovery procedure attempts
three corrections before an “abort” message is sent to the operator.
f. Let
s denote the success of a read operation
f denote the failure of a read operation
S denote the success of an error recovery procedure
F denote the failure of an error recovery procedure
A denote an abort message sent to the operator
Describe the sample space of this experiment with a tree diagram.
Ans. S = {s, fs, ffs, fffS, fffFS, fffFFS, fffFFFA}
II. Three events are shown on the Venn diagram in the following figure:
a) A’
A B
C
b) A ∩ B
c) (A ∩ B) ∪ C
d) (B ∪ C)’
e) ( A ∩ B)’ ∪ C
III. Samples of emissions from three suppliers are classified for conformance to
air-quality specifications. The results from 100 samples are summarized as
follows:
Let A denote the event that a sample is from supplier 1, and let B denote the event
that a sample conforms to specifications. If a sample is selected at random, determine
the following probabilities:
a. P (A)
22+8
100 = �. � or 3/100
b. P (B)
22+25+30
= �. �� or 77/100
100
c. P (A’)
3
1- 10 = 7/10
d. P (A ∪ B)
A ∪ B= 22
22
100 = 11/50
e. P (A ∪ B)
P (A) + P (B) – P (A ∩ B)
30/100 + 77/100 – 22/100 = 85/100 or 17/20
f. P (A’ ∩ B)
P (A’) = 1 - 30/100 = 70/100 P (B) = 77/100
22 + 30
P (A’ ∩ B) = 100 = 55/100 or 11/20
IV. A batch of 500 containers for frozen orange juice contains 5 that are
defective. Three are selected, at random, without replacement from the
batch.
a. What is the probability that the second one selected is defective given that
the first one was defective?
5-1/500-1 = 4/499
b. What is the probability that the first two selected are defective?
Probability of 1st defective = 5/500
Probability of 2nd defective = 4/499
5/500 × 4/499 = 1/12475
c. What is the probability that the first two selected are both acceptable?
Probability of 1st acceptable = 495/500
Probability of 2nd acceptable = 494/499
495/500 x 494/499 = 24453/24950
d. What is the probability that the third one selected is defective given that the
first and second ones selected were defective?
5-2/500-2 = 3/498 or 1/166
e.What is the probability that the third one selected is defective given that the
first one selected was defective and the second one selected was okay?
5-1/500-2 = 4/498
f. What is the probability that all three selected ones are defective?
Probability of 1st defective = 5/500
Probability of 2nd defective = 4/499
Probability of 3rd defective = 3/498
5/500 × 4/499 × 3/498 = 1/ 2070850
V. A maintenance firm has gathered the following information regarding the
failure mechanisms for air conditioning systems:
The units without evidence of gas leaks or electrical failure showed other types of
failure. If this is a representative sample of AC failure, find the probability
a. That failure involves a gas leak
P (A) = 55+32 / 55+32+17+3 = 87/107
b. That there is evidence of electrical failure given that there was a gas leak
P (B|A) = 55/55+32 = 55/87
c. That there is evidence of a gas leak given that there is evidence of electrical
failure
P (A|B) = 55/55+17 = 55/72
VI. The probability that a lab specimen contains high levels of contamination is
0.10. Five samples are checked, and the samples are independent.
a. What is the probability that none contain high levels of contamination?
P(X=0) = 5C0 (0.1)0 (1 – 0.1)5-0 = 0.59049
b. What is the probability that exactly one contains high levels of contamination?
P (X=1) = 5C1 (0.1)1 (1 – 0.1)5-1 = 0.32805
c. What is the probability that at least one contains high levels of contamination?
P (5 ≥ X ≥ 1) = ∑ x = 1, as x approaches 5 (5Cx (0.1)x (1 – 0.1)5-x) = 0.40951
