LABORATORY FOR

Internet of Things

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION & TECHNOLOGY

Sl. Pag
CONTENT
e
No. No.
01 Internet of Things (IoT) 1-3
02 Arduino Uno 4
03 Arduino UNO Pin Configuration 5
04 Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) 6-11
05 Make the LED glow and fade using Arduino UNO
06 Arduino UNO - Read digital and analog signal from a
sensor module
07 Build a mobile application for controlling the
peripheral devices via Bluetooth
08 write an Arduino program to turn LED ON and
OFF using Push Button with Arduino Uno.
09 Interface a sensor with the microcontroller and
transmit the data to cloud
10 Measure the room light intensity and output the data to
the web API
 Internet of Things (IoT)
Introduction: IOT stands for “Internet of Things”. The IOT is a name for the vast
collection of “things” that are being networked together in the home and workplace (up to
20 billion by 2020 according to Gardner, a technology consulting firm).

Characteristics of the IoT

These IoT devices talk to one

another (M2M communication) or
to servers located in the local
Networking network or on the Internet. Being
on the network allows the device
the common abilityto consume and
produce data.

Actuators IoT devices that do something.

Lock doors,beep, turn lights on, or
turn the TV on.
Communications in IoT

Communications are important to IOT projects. In fact, communications are core to the whole
genre. There is a trade-off for IOT devices. The more complex the protocols and higher the
data rates, the more powerful processor needed and the more electrical power the IOT device
will consume.
TCP/IP base communications (think web servers; HTTP-based commutation(like REST
servers); streams of data; UDP) provide the most flexibility and functionality at a cost of
processor and electrical power.
Low-power Bluetooth and Zigbee types of connections allow much lower power for
connections with the corresponding decrease in bandwidth and
functionality. IOT projects can be all over the map with requirements forcommunication flexibility
and data bandwidth requirements.
Arduino in IoT
In IoT applications the Arduino is used to collect the data from the sensors/devices to send it to
the internet and receives data for purpose of control of actuators.
 Arduino Uno
Introduction: The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the
Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The board is
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six
capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by
theUSB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20
volts. The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to markthe initial release of
Arduino Software.

Features of the Arduino

1.​ Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and
turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud
and many other actions.

2.​ The board functions can be controlled by sending a set of instructions to themicrocontroller
on the board via Arduino IDE.
3.​ Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn toprogram.
4.​ Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-controller
into a more accessible package.
 Arduino UNO Pin Configuration
Arduino boards senses the environment by receiving inputs from many sensors, and affects their
surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. Arduino boards are the
microcontroller development platform that will be at the heart of your projects. When making
something you will be building the circuits and interfaces for interaction, and telling the
microcontroller how to interface with other components. Here the anatomy of Arduino UNO.

1.​ Digital pins Use these pins with digitalRead(), digitalWrite(), and
analogWrite(). analogWrite() works only on the pins with the PWM symbol.
2.​ Pin 13 LED The only actuator built-in to your board. Besides being a handy target
for your first blink sketch, this LED is very useful for debugging.
3.​ Power LED Indicates that your Arduino is receiving power. Useful for debugging.
4.​ ATmega microcontroller The heart of your board.
5.​ Analog in Use these pins with analogRead().
6.​ GND and 5V pins Use these pins to provide +5V power and ground to your circuits.
7.​ Power connector This is how you power your Arduino when it's not plugged
into a USB port for power. Can accept voltages between 7-12V.
8.​ TX and RX LEDs These LEDs indicate communication between your Arduino
and your computer. Expect them to flicker rapidly during sketch upload as well
as during serial communication. Useful for debugging.
9.​ USB port Used for powering your Arduino UNO, uploading your sketches to
your Arduino, and for communicating with your Arduino sketch (via Serial.
println() etc.).
10.​Reset button Resets the ATmega microcontroller.
 Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment)

Introduction: The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use and is based on the Processing
programming environment. The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a
cross-platform application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in functions from
C and C++.The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and
upload it to the board. This software can be used with any Arduinoboard.

The Arduino Software (IDE) – contains:

●​ A text editor for writing code

●​ A message area
●​ A text consoles
●​ A toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus.It connects to the
Arduino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.
Installation of Arduino Software (IDE)

Step1: Downloading

​ To install the Arduino software, download this page: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software and

proceed with the installation by allowing the driver installation process.
 Step 2: Directory Installation

Choose the installation directory.

Step 3: Extraction of Files

​ The process will extract and install all the required files to execute properlythe
Arduino Software (IDE).
 Step 4: Connecting the board

The USB connection with the PC is necessary to program the board and not just to power it
up. The Uno and Mega automatically draw power fromeither the USB or an external power
supply. Connect the board to the computer using the USB cable. The green power LED
(labelled PWR) should go on.

Step 5: Working on the new project

​ Open the Arduino IDE software on your computer. Coding in the Arduinolanguage
will control your circuit.
​ Open a new sketch File by clicking on New.
Step 6: Working on an existing project

To open an existing project example, select File → Example → Basics →Blink.

Step 7: Select your Arduino board.

To avoid any error while uploading your program to the board, you must select the correct
Arduino board name, which matches with the board connected to your computer.
Go to Tools → Board and select your board.
Step 8: Select your serial port

Select the serial device of the Arduino board.

Go to Tools → Serial Port menu. This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are
usually reserved for hardware serial ports).
To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu, the entry that
disappears should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the boardand select that serial port.

Step 9: Upload the program to your board.

Click the "Upload" button in the environment.

Wait a few seconds; you will see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing.
If the upload is successful, the message "Done uploading" will appear in thestatus bar.

A Verify

B Upload

C New

D Open

E Save

F Serial Motor
 Experiment 1 : Make the LED glow and fade using Arduino UNO

Aim: The principal aim of this experiment is to interface a LED with the microcontroller and
to Make LED glow using Arduino Uno.

1.​COMPONENTS REQUIRED
a)​ Arduino UNO
b)​ Breadboard
c)​ Jumper wires
d)​ 100 Ohm resistors
a.​ARDUINO UNO:
Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can
tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

Figure 1.0 - Arduino UNO

b.​BREADBOARD:
Breadboards are one of the most fundamental pieces when learning how to build
circuits. Breadboards are commonly utilized while prototyping temporary circuits. It
is useful to designers because it allows components to be removed and replaced easily.
 Figure 1.1 – Breadboard
2.​SOFTWARE
Software is a generic term to refer to the scripts and programs that run on a
microprocessor or microcontroller and execute specific tasks.
2.1​GET START WITH ARDUINO IDE
Follow the steps to install Arduino IDE:
Step 1: Browse for the URL - ' https://www.arduino.cc/en/software '
Step 2: In DOWNLOAD OPTIONS, choose Windows/Linux/Mac OS accordingly.
Step 3: Select - JUST DOWNLOAD. The download will start!
Step 4: Run the downloaded setup file.

3.​PROGRAM to implement Blinking LED Using Arduino

void setup() {
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);

void loop() {
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13,LOW);
delay(500);
}

4.​Results
Blinking LED Using Arduino is successfully implemented
Experiment 2 : Arduino UNO - Read digital and analog signal from a sensor module

Aim: The principal aim of this experiment is to interface a sensor with the microcontroller
and to experiment with its analog and digital values..

1.​COMPONENTS REQUIRED
a)​ Arduino UNO
b)​ Breadboard
c)​ soil moisture sensor
d)​ Jumper wires

a.​ARDUINO UNO:
Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can
tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

Figure 1.0 - Arduino UNO

b.​BREADBOARD:
Breadboards are one of the most fundamental pieces when learning how to build
circuits. Breadboards are commonly utilized while prototyping temporary circuits. It
is useful to designers because it allows components to be removed and replaced easily.
Figure 1.1 – Breadboard
c.​soil moisture sensor :
The soil moisture sensor is the first thing that springs to mind when it comes to
building your smart irrigation system or automatic plant watering system. With this
sensor in place and a little Arduino support, we can design a system that can water
your plants when it's needed, avoiding overwatering and under watering.

d.​WIRING
●​ Connect the ―vcc‖ of the sensor to the ―5v‖ of the Arduino UNO, GND to
GND pin of the microcontroller, D0 pin to the D8 pin of the microcontroller, and A0
to the A0 pin of the microcontroller..

2.​SOFTWARE
Software is a generic term to refer to the scripts and programs that run on a
microprocessor or microcontroller and execute specific tasks.
2.1​GET START WITH ARDUINO IDE
Follow the steps to install Arduino IDE:
Step 1: Browse for the URL - ' https://www.arduino.cc/en/software '
Step 2: In DOWNLOAD OPTIONS, choose Windows/Linux/Mac OS accordingly.
Step 3: Select - JUST DOWNLOAD. The download will start!
 Step 4: Run the downloaded setup file.

3.​ PROGRAM to implement Read digital and analog signal from a

sensor module.

void setup() {
pinMode(8,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
int soil_digital_value = digitalRead(8);
int analog_value = analogRead(A0);
Serial.print(soil_digital_value);
Serial.print(" ");
Serial.println(analog_value);

4.​Results
Fetched the data successfully from the sensor using the microcontroller unit in both
analog and digital form
Experiment 3 : Build a mobile application for controlling the peripheral devices via Bluetooth
Aim:

The aim of this Experiment is to Build a mobile application for controlling the peripheral
devices via Bluetooth

2.​SOFTWARE
MIT App Inventor is a web application integrated development environment originally
provided by Google, and now maintained by the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
2.1​GET START WITH MIT APP Inventor
Follow the steps to Login MIT APP Inventor:
Step 1: Browse for the URL - ' https://appinventor.mit.edu/'
Step 2: Go to App Inventor and open a project (or create a new one — use Project >
Start New Project and give your project a name)

Step 3: Use a horizontal arrangement component to display this component from left
to right in the Mobile Display.
Step 4: Go to Properties Set AlignHorizontal(option).In this the choices are: 1 = left
aligned, 2 = right aligned, 3 = horizontally cantered. Alignment has no effect if the
Horizontal Arrangement’s Width is Automatic.
Step 5: Go to Properties Set AlignVertical. The choices are: 1 = aligned at the top, 2
= vertically centered, 3 = aligned at the bottom. Alignment has no effect if the
HorizontalArrangement’s Height is Automatic.
Step 6: Specifies the background color of the HorizontalArrangement as an alpha-red-
green-blue integer.
Step 7: Specifies the HorizontalArrangement’s vertical height, measured in100 pixels.
Step 8 : Specifies the horizontal width of the HorizontalArrangement, measured in
100 percent.
Step 9: repeat the step 3 to 8
Step 10 : In User Interface – Select -ListPicker -Is a button that, when clicked
on, displays a list of texts for the user to choose among.
Step 11 : Go to Properties Specifies the ListPicker’s background color as an alpha-red-green-blue
integer.

Step 12 : Specifies the text displayed by the ListPicker as SCAN FOR DEVICE and TextAlignment as
1 (center)

Step 13: Specifies the text color of the ListPicker as an alpha-red-green-blue integer.

Step 14: repeat the step 3 to 8

Step 15: In User Interface – Select-Button-Button with the ability to detect clicks
Step 16 : Go to Properties Specifies the Button background color as an alpha-red-green-blue integer.
Step 17 : Specifies the text displayed by the Button as TURN ON and TextAlignment as 1 (center)
Step 18: In User Interface – Select-Button- Go to Properties Specifies the Button background
color as an alpha-red-green-blue integer.

Step 19 : Specifies the text displayed by the Button as TURN OFF and TextAlignment as 1 (center)
Step 20 : Select Connectivity -Drag and drop in Mobile display Its Use BluetoothClient to
connect your device to other devices using Bluetooth.

User Interface in Mobile :

Code: Go to Blocks and Drag and drop the respective code as give bellow.
Step 21 : Go to Build option Select Android APP(.apk) which generates Android app and it
need to be downloaded and installed in the mobile phone.
Experiment 4: write an Arduino program to turn LED ON and OFF using Push Button with
Arduino Uno.

INTERFACING PUSH BUTTON

AIM: To write an Arduino program to turn LED ON and OFF using Push Button with
Arduino Uno.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1.​PC
2.​Arduino IDE
3.​LED
4.​Bread Board-1No
5.​Resistor-560Ω, 10K Ω -1No
6.​Push Button-1No
7.​Wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1)​ Digital pin 13 pin to LED positive

2)​ Ground (GND) to LED Negative
3)​ Digital 2 pin to PUSS BUTTON Negative
 4)​ 5V to PUSS BUTTON Negative
5)​ PUSH BUTTON Positive to LED Negative

PROCEDURE:
1.​Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2.​Connect Arduino to your PC.
3.​Open the Arduino IDE in computer and write the program.
4.​Compile the program for any errors and upload it to the Arduino.
5.​Observe the output LED ON when pressing Push Button.

PROGRAM:
// Turns on and off a light emitting diode(LED) connected to
digital pin 13, when pressing a pushbutton attached to pin 2.
// set pin numbers:
const int buttonPin = 2; // the number of the pushbutton pin
const int ledPin = 13;​ // the number of the LED pin // variables will change:
int buttonState = 0;​ // variable for reading the pushbutton status
void setup() {
// initialize the LED pin as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize the pushbutton pin as an input:
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
// read the state of the pushbutton value:
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);
// check if the pushbutton is pressed.
// if it is, the buttonState is HIGH:
if (buttonState == HIGH) {
// turn LED on:
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
} else {
// turn LED off:
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
}

RESULT: Thus the LED is switched ON, OFF by Push Button using Arduino Uno.
 Experiment 5: Interface a sensor with the microcontroller and transmit the data to cloud
​

Aim : The aim of this Experiment is to send the sensor data from the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
to the Thing Speak Cloud Platform and analyze the data using graphs and charts provided by
Thing Speak.

MODULE 2 - HARDWARE
Hardware refers to any physical components/particulars of a system containing ICs,
electronics, sensors, and circuit boards. Without hardware, an IoT system cannot exist, and
the software developed won't be able to run.
2.1​ COMPONENTS REQUIRED
●​NodeMCU ESP8266
●​USB Data cable
●​Soil moisture sensor
●​Breadboard
●​Jumper wires
2.2​ANNEXURE
A.​NodeMCU ESP8266:
The Node MCU ESP8266 is a popular WiFi development board that is based on the
ESP8266 WiFi module. It features a microcontroller, flash memory, and a built-in WiFi
module, which makes it ideal for creating IoT devices that require wireless connectivity. The
Node MCU ESP8266 is programmable using the Arduino IDE, Lua scripting language, or
other programming languages such as Micro Python.

B.​BREADBOARD:
Breadboards are one of the most fundamental pieces when learning how to build
circuits. Breadboards are commonly utilized while prototyping temporary circuits. It is useful
to designers because it allows components to be removed and replaced easily.

C.​SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR:

A soil moisture sensor is a device designed to measure the amount of moisture present in soil.
It is typically made up of two metal probes that are inserted into the soil, with a small
electronic circuit in between them. When the probes come into contact with the soil, the
electronic circuit measures the electrical resistance between the probes. The resistance is
inversely proportional to the moisture content of the soil, which means that as the soil
becomes drier, the resistance between the probes increases.

2.3​ WIRING
1.​ Connect the VCC of the sensor to "VCC" of ESP8266
module -3V, 2 The GND OF the sensor to the "G" of the
ESP8266 module and
3.​The signal (ANALONG) pin to the "A0" of the Node MCU.

MODULE 3 - SOFTWARE
Software is a generic term to refer to the scripts and programs that run on a microprocessor or
microcontroller and execute specific tasks.
3.1​GET START WITH ARDUINO IDE
To set up the Arduino IDE for using ESP8266, follow these steps:
●​ Download and install the latest version of the Arduino IDE from the official
website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software.
●​Open the Arduino IDE and go to File > Preferences.
●​ In the Preferences window, find the "Additional Boards Manager URLs" field
and add the following URL:
http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json
●​Click "OK" to close the Preferences window.
●​ Next, go to Tools > Board > Boards Manager. In the Boards Manager, search for
"esp8266" and install the "esp8266 by ESP8266 Community" package.
●​ Once the installation is complete, go back to Tools > Board and select "NodeMCU
1.0(ESP- 12E Module)" or the appropriate board that you are using.
●​ Finally, connect your ESP8266 board to your computer using a USB cable and
select the appropriate port from the Tools > Port menu.
You are now ready to start programming your ESP8266 board using the Arduino IDE!

3.2​PROGRAM
#include
<ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include
"ThingSpeak.h"
const char* ssid = "ssid"; //WiFi SSID
const char* pass = "123123123"; //WiFi Passcode
WiFiClient client;
unsigned long channelNumber = 2074614; // Channel ID
const char* APIwriteKey = "OT1FHJAES32JHLS4"; // API
WriteKey int data = 0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Connecting to the network");
WiFi.begin(ssid,pass);
while(WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED){
Serial.print(".");
delay(150);
}
Serial.println();
Serial.println("Connected to the network");
ThingSpeak.begin(client);
}
void loop() {
data = data +
5;
ThingSpeak.setField(1, data);
ThingSpeak.writeFields(channelNumber,
APIwriteKey); delay(15000);
}

3.3​THINGSPEAK CLOUD PLATFORM SET-UP

1.​Go to https://thingspeak.com/ and create an account.
2.​ After creating the account, create a new channel. In this channel, we will store the data
sent by the ESP8266.
 MODULE 4 - METHODOLOGY
●​Set-up Thing Speak Cloud Platform
●​Install the Arduino IDE software and set-up the environment for ESP8266 module
●​Write the program and save the file
●​Select respective Board and Port
●​Finally, upload the code to the microcontroller

MODULE 5 - RESULT
This Experiment has demonstrated how to send the sensor data from the ESP8266 Wi-Fi
module to the Thing Speak Cloud Platform.
 Program : 6
1.1​AIM
The aim of this Experiment is to set-up a local server using the ESP8266 WiFi module.
MODULE 1 - HARDWARE
Hardware refers to any physical components/particulars of a system containing ICs,
electronics, sensors, and circuit boards. Without hardware, an IoT system cannot exist, and the
software developed won't be able to run.
2.1​COMPONENTS REQUIRED

●​Node MCU ESP8266

●​USB Data cable

2.2​ ANNEXURE
A. Node MCU ESP8266:
The Node MCU ESP8266 is a popular WiFi development board that is based on the ESP8266
WiFi module. It features a microcontroller, flash memory, and a built-in WiFi module, which
makes it ideal for creating IoT devices that require wireless connectivity. The Node MCU
ESP8266 is programmable using the Arduino IDE, Lua scripting language, or other
programming languages such as Micro Python.
2.3​WIRING : Connect the ESP8266 Node MCU with the system using USB type B data cable

MODULE 2 - SOFTWARE
Software is a generic term to refer to the scripts and programs that run on a microprocessor or
microcontroller and execute specific tasks.

2.1​GET START WITH ARDUINO IDE

To set up the Arduino IDE for using ESP8266, follow these steps:
●​ Download and install the latest version of the Arduino IDE from the
official website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software.
●​Open the Arduino IDE and go to File > Preferences.

●​ In the Preferences window, find the "Additional Boards Manager URLs" field
and add the following URL:
http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json
●​Click "OK" to close the Preferences window.
●​Next, go to Tools > Board > Boards Manager. In the Boards Manager, search for
"esp8266" and install the "esp8266 by ESP8266 Community" package.
●​ Once the installation is complete, go back to Tools > Board and select
"NodeMCU 1.0 (ESP-12E Module)" or the appropriate board that you are using.
●​ Finally, connect your ESP8266 board to your computer using a USB cable and
select the appropriate port from the Tools > Port menu.
You are now ready to start programming your ESP8266 board using the Arduino IDE!
2.2​PROGRAM ESP8266 Code:
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include
<ESP8266WebServer.h>
#include "index.h"

ESP8266WebServer myserver(80);

const char* ssid = "Computercentre";

const char* pass = "password";

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi network");
WiFi.begin(ssid,pass);
while(WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED){
Serial.print(".");
delay(200);
}
Serial.println();
Serial.println("Connected to the
network"); Serial.print("IP: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
myserver.on("/",handle);
myserver.begin();
}

void handle(){
String home = homepage;
myserver.send(200, "text/html",
home);
}

void loop() {
myserver.handleClient(
);
}
const char homepage[] PROGMEM = R"=====(
<html>
<head>
<title>SVCET- CSE </title>
<sty
le>
bo
dy
{
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
background:
linear-gradient(#341757,#1d053b,#100221,#100221); margin:
0;
padding: 0;
}
#navbar {
position:
absolute; top:
0;
width: 100%;
flex-direction:
row; align-items:
center;
justify-content:
center; display:
flex;
}
#navbar
a{
float:
left;
color:
#fff;
text-align: center;
padding: 5px
16px; margin:
20px 20px;
text-decoration:
none; font-size:
17px;
border: 2px solid white;
background-color:
transparent; border-radius:
15px;
transition: background-color 0.5s
ease; transition: color 0.5s ease;
}
#navbar
a:hover{ color:
 #341757;
background:
white;
transition: background 0.5s ease;
transition: color 0.5s ease;
}
.container {
max-width:
1100px; margin:
0 auto;
 height: 100vh;
}

h1 {
font-size:
4em; color:
#fff;
animation: zoom-animation 1s
infinite; text-align: center;
margin-top: 250px;

@keyframes
zoom-animation { 0% {
transform: scale(1);
}
50
%
{
transform: scale(1.1);
}
100
%{
transform: scale(1);
}
}

p{
font-size:
1.5em; color:
whitesmoke;
text-align:
center; margin:
0px 20px;
margin-top:
100px;
}

</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="navbar">
<a href="#">Home</a>
<a href="#">About</a>
<a href="#">Products</a>
<a href="#">Services</a>
<a href="#">Events</a>
<a href="#">Contact</a>
</div>
<div class="container">
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)=====";

OUTPUT :
 Experiment 7: Measure the room light intensity and output the data to the web API

Aim : The aim of this Experiment is to send the LDR sensor data from the ESP8266 Wi-Fi
module to the Thing Speak Cloud Platform and analyze the data using graphs and charts
provided by Thing Speak.

MODULE 2 - HARDWARE
Hardware refers to any physical components/particulars of a system containing ICs,
electronics, sensors, and circuit boards. Without hardware, an IoT system cannot exist, and
the software developed won't be able to run.
2.1​ COMPONENTS REQUIRED
●​NodeMCU ESP8266
●​USB Data cable
●​LDR- Light Dependent Resistor
●​Breadboard
●​Jumper wires
●​1K resistor
2.2​ANNEXURE
A.​NodeMCU ESP8266:
The Node MCU ESP8266 is a popular WiFi development board that is based on the
ESP8266 WiFi module. It features a microcontroller, flash memory, and a built-in WiFi
module, which makes it ideal for creating IoT devices that require wireless connectivity. The
Node MCU ESP8266 is programmable using the Arduino IDE, Lua scripting language, or
other programming languages such as Micro Python.

B.​BREADBOARD:
Breadboards are one of the most fundamental pieces when learning how to build
circuits. Breadboards are commonly utilized while prototyping temporary circuits. It is useful to
designers because it allows components to be removed and replaced easily.

C.​LDR SENSOR:
A photoresistor (also known as a Photocell, or light-dependent resistor, LDR, or
photo-conductive cell) is a passive component that decreases resistance with respect to receiving
luminosity (light) on the component's sensitive surface.
2.3​ WIRING
Connect one of the LDR terminals to "3.3V" of ESP8266 module and the other to the
"GND" followed by a "1k" resistor and draw a wire between the LDR and resistor terminal
and connect it to the "A0" of the NodeMCU.

MODULE 3 - SOFTWARE
Software is a generic term to refer to the scripts and programs that run on a microprocessor or
microcontroller and execute specific tasks.
3.1​GET START WITH ARDUINO IDE
To set up the Arduino IDE for using ESP8266, follow these steps:
●​ Download and install the latest version of the Arduino IDE from the official
website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/software.
●​Open the Arduino IDE and go to File > Preferences.
●​ In the Preferences window, find the "Additional Boards Manager URLs" field
and add the following URL:
http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json
●​Click "OK" to close the Preferences window.
●​ Next, go to Tools > Board > Boards Manager. In the Boards Manager, search for
"esp8266" and install the "esp8266 by ESP8266 Community" package.
●​ Once the installation is complete, go back to Tools > Board and select "NodeMCU
1.0(ESP- 12E Module)" or the appropriate board that you are using.
●​ Finally, connect your ESP8266 board to your computer using a USB cable and
select the appropriate port from the Tools > Port menu.
You are now ready to start programming your ESP8266 board using the Arduino IDE!

3.2​PROGRAM
#include
<ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include
"ThingSpeak.h"
const char* ssid = "ssid"; //WiFi SSID
const char* pass = "123123123"; //WiFi Passcode
WiFiClient client;
unsigned long channelNumber = 2074614; // Channel ID
const char* APIwriteKey = "OT1FHJAES32JHLS4"; // API
WriteKey int data = 0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Connecting to the network");
WiFi.begin(ssid,pass);
while(WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED){
Serial.print(".
");
delay(150);
}
Serial.println();
Serial.println("Connected to the network");
ThingSpeak.begin(client);
}
void loop() {
Int data =
analogRead(A0);
ThingSpeak.setField(1,
data);
ThingSpeak.writeFields(channelNumber,
APIwriteKey); delay(15000);
}

3.3​THINGSPEAK CLOUD PLATFORM SET-UP

1.​Go to https://thingspeak.com/ and create an account.
2.​ After creating the account, create a new channel. In this channel, we will store the data
sent by the ESP8266.
 MODULE 4 - METHODOLOGY
●​Set-up Thing Speak Cloud Platform
●​Install the Arduino IDE software and set-up the environment for ESP8266 module
●​Write the program and save the file
●​Select respective Board and Port
●​Finally, upload the code to the microcontroller

MODULE 5 - RESULT
This Experiment has demonstrated how to send the LDR sensor data from the ESP8266 Wi-Fi
module to the Thing Speak Cloud Platform.
Experiment 8: write an Arduino program to turn LED ON and OFF using LDR with
Arduino Uno.

INTERFACING LDR
AIM: To write an Arduino program to turn LED ON and OFF using LDR with Arduino Uno.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.​PC
2.​Arduino IDE
3.​LDR
4.​Bread Board-1No
5.​Resistors-10K Ω, 220Ω-1No
6.​LDR-1No
7.​Wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1.​Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2.​Connect Arduino to your PC.
3.​Open the Arduino IDE in computer and write the program.
4.​Compile the program for any errors and upload it to the Arduino.
5.​Observe the output LED ON AND OFF.

PROGRAM:
const int ledPin =
13; const int ldrPin
= A0; void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPin,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(ldrPin,
INPUT);
}
void loop() {
int ldrStatus =
analogRead(ldrPin); if
(ldrStatus <= 300) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
Serial.print("Its DARK, Turn on the LED : ");
Serial.println(ldrStatus);
} else {
digitalWrite(ledPin,
LOW);
Serial.print("Its BRIGHT, Turn off the LED : ");
Serial.println(ldrStatus);
}
}

RESULT: Thus the LED is switched ON, OFF by LDR using Arduino Uno.
Experiment 9: write an Arduino program to control LED ON, OFF time by using Potentiometer with
Arduino Uno.
INTERFACING POTENTIOMETER

AIM: To write an Arduino program to control LED ON, OFF time by using Potentiometer with
Arduino Uno.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.​PC
2.​Arduino IDE
3.​LED-1No
4.​Bread Board-1No
5.​Resistor-560Ω-1No
6.​Potentiometer-1No
7.​Wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1.​Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2.​Connect Arduino to your PC.
3.​Open the Arduino IDE in computer and write the program.
4.​Compile the program for any errors and upload it to the Arduino.
5.​ Observe the output LED ON when pressing
Push Button. PROGRAM:
int potentiometerPIN = 2;

// It select the input pin connected to the middle terminal of the

potentiometer int LEDpin = 13; // It selects the LED pin
int value = 0; // value initialized to store the coming value from the
sensor void setup()
{
pinMode(LEDpin, OUTPUT); // The LED pin is declared as the output pin
}
void loop()
{
value = analogRead(potentiometerPIN);
// It reads the value from the sensor
digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH); // turn the LEDpin
ON delay(value); // delay time in milliseconds
digitalWrite(LEDpin, LOW); // turn the LEDpin
OFF
delay(value); // the delay time depends on the value stored from the sensor
}
RESULT: Thus the LED ON, OFF time is varied by Potentiometer using
Arduino Uno
Experiment 10: write an Arduino program to control operation of Servo Motor with Arduino Uno.

INTERFACING SERVO MOTOR

AIM: To write an Arduino program to control operation of Servo Motor with Arduino Uno.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.​PC
2.​Arduino IDE
3.​Bread Board-1No
4.​Servo Motor-1No
5.​Wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1.​Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2.​Connect Arduino to your PC.
3.​Open the Arduino IDE in computer and write the program.
4.​Compile the program for any errors and upload it to the Arduino.
5.​Observe the output LED ON when pressing Push Button.
PROGRAM:
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servo
// a maximum of eight servo objects can be
created int pos = 0; // variable to store the servo
position void setup()
{
myservo.attach(9); // attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo object
}
void loop()
{
for(pos = 0; pos < 180; pos += 1) // goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees
{ // in steps of 1 degree
myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
delay(15); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
for(pos = 180; pos>=1; pos-=1) // goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees
{
myservo.write(pos); // tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'
delay(15); // waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position
}
}
RESULT: Thus the Servo Motor operation is controlled by using Arduino Uno.