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CHAPTER 1:
DESIGN CONCEPTS
Part 1/2
Prepared by:
Ir. Dr. MOHAMMAD SOFFI MD NOH
&
Koh Heng Boon
1
Introduction to
Structural System
• Building is an assemblage of various systems such as Infrastructure
System,Structural System, M&E System, Security System and etc.
• Structural system – a system that holding the components of a certain system
and transfer the load through the members of a structure to provide stability
and durability.
• The primarily role of the building structure is to support and transmit the
building loads and forces to the ground.
• The most important characteristics of the structure are strength, stability and
cost effectiveness. 1
2
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Types of Buildings
Structural System
• Building is an assemblage of various
systems such as Infrastructure
xde
Liang
System,Structural System, M&E
System, Security System and etc.
• Structural system – a system that
holding the components of a
certain system and transfer the load
through the members of a structure
to provide stability and durability.
bridge
Beam and column structural system
The load of the slab is transferred to the columns or
walls through the beams, down to the foundation,
and then to the supporting soil beneath
Reinforced
Concrete
Steel
Timber
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Cables System
• Cables are slender structural elements that are primarily used in tension to
support loads.
• When a cable is subjected to a tensile load, it stretches in the direction of the
force applied. The deformation of the cable is primarily elastic, meaning that it
returns to its original shape once the load is removed, as long as the stress
applied does not exceed the yield strength of the material.
• Cables used in structures must be kept under tension to avoid buckling.
Types of Building
Structures
1. Timber Structures
Timber structures are made from wood and are commonly used for residential
and small commercial buildings. Timber structures are lightweight and easy to
construct, but they are not as durable as other materials and are susceptible
to fire and rot.
Purlin / Battern
Truss / Rafter
Sawn timber
Joist
3
Beam / Girder
Column
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Types of Building
Structures
2. Steel Structures
Steel structures are made from steel and are commonly used for
commercial and industrial buildings. Steel structures are strong and
durable, and they can be prefabricated for easy construction. However,
they can be expensive to build and require specialized equipment for
construction.
There are a number of inherent characteristics that make steel an
ideal construction material; these include its high strength to weight
ratio, the weight of steel structure is relatively small.
This property makes steel a very attractive structural material for
high rise building and long span girder. Speed of erection is often one
of the main criteria for selecting steel.
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Steel
Hot rolled steel Cold formed steel
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Steel
Hot rolled steel Section
Universal Beam (UB) Universal Column (UC) Hollow Section Angle Section
Steel
Mechanical Properties of Steel
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Steel
Steel Structural Elements
Column
RC Slab
Main beam
Steel Truss
Secondary
beam
Base
Steel Connection 11
Steel
Steel Structural Failure
STEEL COLUMN:
6
Squashing Overall Torsional Local
Flexural Buckling Buckling
Buckling
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Types of Building
Structures
3. Precast Concrete Structures
Precast concrete structures are created by pouring concrete into moulds that
are made in a factory, rather than on-site. The concrete is then cured and the
resulting panels or elements are transported to the construction site and
assembled into a complete structure. Precast concrete structures provide the
advantages in speed of construction, quality control, durability and
sustainability.
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Types of Building
Structures
4. Prestressed Concrete Structures
Prestressed concrete structures are a type of building structure that uses pre-
tensioning or post-tensioning of steel cables or tendons to place the concrete
under compression, which increases its strength and durability. The use of
prestressed concrete can result in structures that are stronger and lighter than
conventional reinforced concrete structures. Prestressed concrete structures
have a number of advantages, including the strength, durability and
sustainability. Some of the challenges of using prestressed concrete include the
need for specialized equipment and skilled labour, and the potential for 7
corrosion of the steel tendons if not properly protected.
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min starter bar : 40 &
Types of Building
Structures
Example of Prestressed Concrete
Structures
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5. Reinforced Concrete Structures
• Reinforced concrete is one of the principal materials use in many civil
engineering applications.
• Such applications are in construction of buildings and infrastructures,
retaining walls, foundations, water retaining structures, highway and
bridges.
• Around 70% buildings around the world were constructed using reinforced
concrete due to reliability and low cost.
• It is a composite material, consisting of steel reinforcing bars embedded in
a hardened concrete matrix that have complementary properties. 8
Concrete Highly in compressive strength but weak in tensile strength
Steel reinforcement Highly in tensile strength but weak in compressive strength
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when it is slender.
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Reinforced Concrete
BRC
1
B
A
Tensile strength test Cube test
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Reinforced Concrete
• By providing steel bars in the
zones within a concrete member
which will subjected to tensile
stresses, an economical structural
material can be produced through
its composite action.
• In addition, the concrete provides
corrosion protection and fire
resistance to the embedded steel 9
reinforcing bars.
min allowable crack
0 .
3 mm
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Main RC elements for building
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Reinforced Concrete
• Failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete structure (flexural member):
• Types of cracks:
1) Flexure tension cracks, 2) Flexure compression cracks, 10
3) Flexure – shear cracks, 4) Diagonal tension cracks,
5) Shear compression cracks, 6) Dowel cracks and
7) Diagonal tension crack from flexure – shear crack.
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Reinforced Concrete
• Failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete structure (compression member)
Failure mechanisms of foundation
Buckling Crushing Shear
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Reinforced Concrete
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Structural Design
A process of determination of reliable structural system, selection of suitable materials and obtaining the
optimum member sizes for the structure to be built. The aim of structural design is to ensure that the structure
performs satisfactorily during its design life.
The basic requirements of structural design:
1) Function and aesthetic
• The arrangement of space, span, ceiling height, access ability, and traffic flow must complement the intended use.
2) Safety and reliability
• A structure must be strong enough to support all anticipated loadings safely and it must not deflect, overturn, tilt,
vibrate or crack in any manner that impairs its usefulness.
3) Economy and cost effective
• The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client’s budget. The designer should take into account not only
the cost of materials, but also the buildability, construction time, cost of temporary structures required and cost of
maintenance.
4) Maintainability and sustainability
• A structure should be designed to require minimum maintenance and be able to be maintained with ease. 23
Structural Design
Architect Structural Engineer/ Designer/Consultant
Architecture Engineering Structural Design &
Detailing Construction
Plan Layout Analysis Checking
Site Engineer/
Safety/ Standard of Practise Contractor
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Optimum/ Economical To be fulfilled in
design
Serviceability/ Functionality
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Code of Practice
• Document that gives recommendation for the design and construction
of structures.
• It contains detailed requirement regarding actions, stresses,
strengths, design principal and method of achieving the required
performance of completed structure.
• The design procedures, described in this course for the RC structures
conform to the following Eurocode (EC) published by European
Committee for Standardization and the timber structures conform to
the Malaysian Standard (MS544) published by Department of
Standards Malaysia.
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Code of Practice
Eurocode Standard
• Developed started from 1975.
• Effectively replaced the current
British Standard since 2010.
• Claimed to be the most technically
advanced structural codes in the
world.
• Resulted in more economic
structures, Logical and organized
to avoid repetition.
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• Less restrictive and more
extensive than existing codes.
• There are ten (10) Eurocodes
covering all the main structural
materials. 26
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Code of Practice
MS EN 1990 : EUROCODE 0 Basis of Structural Design
Contents
Section 1 General
Section 2 Requirements
Section 3 Principles of Limit State Design
Section 4 Basic Variables
Section 5 Structural analysis and design assisted by
testing
Section 6 Verification by the partial factor method
Annex A1 Application for buildings
Annex A2 Application for bridges
Annex B Management of structural reliability for
construction works
Annex C Basis for partial factor design and reliability
analysis
Annex D Design assisted by testing 27
Code of Practice
MS EN 1991 : EUROCODE 1 (EC1)
Actions on Structures
EUROCODE 1: ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES
EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self weight and imposed loads
EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads
EN 1991-1-4 Wind loads
EN 1991-1-5 Thermal loads
EN 1991-1-6 Actions during execution
EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions
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EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks
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Code of Practice
MS EN 1992 : EUROCODE 2 (EC2)
EUROCODE 2: DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
EN 1992-1 General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1992-1-2 General rules –Structural fire design
EN 1992-2 Concrete bridges –design and detailing rules
EN 1992-3 Liquid retaining and containment structures
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Code of Practice
MS EN 1993 : EUROCODE 3 (EC3)
EUROCODE 3: DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
EN 1993-1-1 General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1993-1-2 General rules – Structural fire design
EN 1993-1-3 General rules – Supplementary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting
EN 1993-1-4 General rules – Supplementary rules for stainless steels
EN 1993-1-5 General rules – Platted structural elements
EN 1993-1-6 Strength and stability of shell structures
EN 1993-1-7 Strength and stability of planar platted structures subjected to out of plane loading
EN 1993-1-8 Design of joints
EN 1993-1-9 Fatique
EN 1993-1-10 Material toughness and through-thickness properties
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EN 1993-1-11 General structures with tension components
EN 1993-1-12 General – High strength steels
EN 1993-2 Steel bridges
EN 1993-3 Tower, masts and chimneys
EN 1993-4 Silos 30
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Code of Practice
BS EN 1995 : EUROCODE 5 (EC5)
MS 544 – Part 1 & 2 : 2001
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Code of Practice
EUROCODE Terminology
• Principles - Clauses that are general statements, definitions, requirements and
analytical models. They are identified by (P) after the clause number.
• Characteristic value – The characteristic values are denoted by subscript ‘k’ (e.g.
Qk etc).
• Design values - These refer to representative values modified by partial factors.
They are denoted by subscript ‘d’ (e.g. fcd = fck/γc ; Qd = γ Q Qk).
• Action (F) - Set of forces, deformations or accelerations acting on the structure.
• Permanent actions (G) – Permanent load (Dead load). 16
• Variable actions (Q) - Actions whose magnitude will vary with time (e.g. wind
loads, imposed load).
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To be continued………
THANK YOU !
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