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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
geared with their driving wheels, it is necessary to reduce the
velocity of the bobbin shafts. These are driven, as described
hereafter, by a train of gearing from the main shaft, and special
means are adopted to compass the reduction. The spindles are
running at a constant speed, and it follows, in consequence, that the
bobbin must run at the same rate, plus the number of revolutions
necessary to take up the length of yarn delivered in any given time.
If, for instance, the spindles made 100 revolutions while 10 inches of
yarn was being delivered, the bobbin must revolve 100 times plus
the number necessary to take up the 10 inches of yarn.
(240) When the flyer leads, the application of this principle is not
quite so clearly seen at first sight, but a little reflection will make it
understood. In this case the winding is effected by the excess of the
speed of the flyer over that of the bobbin. This is exactly the reverse
of the practice when the bobbin leads, but the essential condition is,
as before, the preservation of the relative surface speeds of the
bobbin and roller. Suppose that, in starting, the diameter of these
two are the same, then the bobbin must lag behind the flyer to the
extent of one revolution for each revolution of the roller. But as the
bobbin increases in diameter, it requires more yarn to cover its
surface, and a less difference in speed is needed, as, if the bobbin
continues to lag one revolution, the difference between the speed of
delivery and that of winding become so great as to stretch and break
the roving. Instead of wrapping it round, for instance, a
circumference of three inches it has eventually to be wound on one
of six inches, and it is obvious that if the speed of the bobbin
remains constant the roving will be drawn and broken. It is,
therefore, necessary to gradually increase the speed of the bobbin
so that for every inch of yarn delivered, an inch of the circumference
will be covered by it. The difference between this and the former
case consists in the fact that the roving is wrapped on a concentric
surface, revolving in the same direction at a slower speed, while,
with the bobbin leading, the surface on which the roving is wound,
moving in excess of the speed of the flyer, draws the roving through
the flyer eye at a rate equal to that of its delivery. In other words, it
is in one case wrapped on by the excess of the flyer speed or the
drag of the bobbin, while, in the other, it is drawn on by the excess
of speed of the bobbin. The conclusion is thus arrived at that when
the flyer leads, the bobbins must start at their slowest speed, and
gradually increase; while, when the bobbin leads, it must begin at its
highest speed and gradually diminish.
(241) Having thus explained the principle of the machine, it now
remains to describe the mechanism by which it is carried into effect,
referring for this purpose to Fig. 134. The driving, or “jack,” shaft A
has a fast and loose pulley on its outer end, and has fastened on it
two spur wheels. One of these drives, by means of a carrier wheel, a
wheel fixed on one of the spindle shafts, and motion is given to the
spindles in the way previously described. The speed of the spindles,
being independently obtained, can be changed without reference to
the other motions. The pinion C is known as the “twist wheel,” and
is made as large as convenient. It drives, by the intervention of a
carrier wheel, a pinion D fixed on the shaft on which the cone E is
also keyed. The shaft carrying D has also fastened on it, within the
framing, a pinion which directly gears into a wheel fixed on the roller
axis. Thus the twist wheel C drives the cone E and the rollers, so
that if it is replaced by a smaller wheel, both of these revolve at a
lower speed, or vice versâ. This is important, because as the speed
of the rollers and that of the bobbins are both regulated from the
twist wheel, the alteration of their velocities is made simultaneously.
 Fig. 134. J.N.

(242) This part of the mechanism is easily understood and

involves no difficulty, but the driving of the bobbins gives rise to a
complex problem which necessitates the employment of some
ingenious mechanism. The upper cone E drives, by means of a strap
or band, the lower cone E1. The circumferences of each of these
cones are accurately turned to corresponding, but converse,
parabolic curves, one cone being convex and the other concave.
They must be exactly the same in their largest and smallest
diameters, and are turned in lathes fitted with “former” plates, by
which the slide rest is guided in its correct path. The lower cone is
carried in bearings B, formed in two arms connected by a tubular
stay, oscillating on a shaft (M, Fig. 134), on which is the pinion H.
This arrangement is shown separately in plan and elevation in Figs.
135 and 136. A pinion G is fixed on the spindle of the lower cone,
and gears with a spur wheel F fastened on the shaft named. Thus,
when the cone E1 is raised or lowered, the pinion G rolls round its
engaging wheel F, being always fully in gear. This arrangement is
utilised to keep the strap tight, the lower cone being coupled by an
adjustable connecting rod or chain I to a disc fixed on the cross
shaft shown, the former being preferable. By revolving the shaft J,
the cone E1 can be raised or lowered, and the tension on the strap
can be regulated by means of a right and left-handed nut which
couples the two parts of the connecting rod I, Fig. 134. Motion is
given to the pinion H, as will be easily understood, from the cone
E1, and from it to the shaft K by the carrier pinion which gears with
H1 on K. On K also is fixed a spur pinion L1 driving the plate wheel
L, and the worm which engages with the worm-wheel on the upright
shaft M. The latter is thus revolved, its precise function being
explained hereafter.
 Figs. 135 and 136. J.N.

(243) The wheel L forms a part of the ingenious winding, or, as it

is sometimes called, “the differential motion,” invented by Mr. Henry
Holdsworth. This is one of the class of epicyclic wheel trains, of
which many instances are known and which are very interesting. Fig.
137 is a drawing on an enlarged scale of this motion, the reference
letters, with the exception of L and N, being used for this figure
specially. Upon the shaft A a fixed cast-iron tube is placed, upon
which the wheel L and the compound wheel D N revolve. The jack
shaft A revolves in the tube, and on the shaft is fastened a bevel
wheel B which gears with similar pinions C and E. These are carried
in bearings formed in the wheel L at equal distances from its centre,
and have perfect freedom of revolution. They also engage with the
bevel wheel D, cast in one piece with the spur wheel N, which is
known as the “bobbin wheel.” The latter gears with a spur pinion
carried in a double swing frame O O1 (Fig. 134), centred on the jack
shaft and attached at its other end to the bobbin rail. In this way, as
the latter rises and falls, the swing frame or “swing”—as it is shortly
called—oscillates on its centre, and the spur pinion rolls round the
bobbin wheel N, being always in full gear. By means of a carrier
wheel—also borne by the swing—the motion of the bobbin wheel is
communicated to a spur wheel on one of the bobbin shafts, and by
equal sized pinions on each shaft to the other. Thus, the bobbins are
driven by a train of wheels, which are always in gear, no matter what
the vertical position of the bobbin may be. The bobbin wheel and its
compound bevel run loose upon the cast-iron tube, as previously
stated.
(244) The foregoing description of the winding motion will serve
to show the principle of its construction, and its mode of action can
now be explained. Suppose first, that the bearings of the pinions C
and E are fixed instead of revolving with the wheel L, and that the
shaft A is revolved, it is obvious that the revolution of the wheel B
would be communicated to C and E. These would rotate on their
axes, and would consequently drive the wheel D N at the same
speed as B, but in the opposite direction. This may be called one
pole of the operation of this motion. The other is reached when the
plate wheel L is rotated in the same direction as B at an equal
velocity, the wheel D N being then carried round in the same
direction, and at the same speed as B. But if the relative velocity of
L is reduced, there will be a lessened speed communicated to the
wheel D N in the proportion of two revolutions less than that of B
for every revolution of L. That is to say, if B was running at 20
revolutions per minute and L in the same time made one revolution,
D N would make 18 revolutions. This gives rise to a curious result in
working. When the number of revolutions made by L is half of those
made by B, the motion of D N entirely ceases, but as the proportion
is varied so as to be slower than B, the velocity of D N is reduced as
described, but its direction of rotation will be different. That is, if L
makes more than half as many revolutions as B, the wheel D N will
move in the same direction as B; but if it makes less than half, D N
will rotate in the opposite direction to B. This motion is admirably
treated in Professor Goodeve’s “Elements of Mechanism,” where its
rationale is fully described, and where the student will find ample
explanations of the operation of this class of mechanism. It is
sufficient for the present purpose, however, to reiterate that the loss
of motion in the bobbin wheel D N, is equal to two revolutions of B
for each one of L; and that the direction of motion of D N depends
on the speed of L. It may be said, in amplification, that when L
revolves at less than half the speed of B, the velocity of D N
increases as that of L decreases; while if the plate wheel L makes
more than one-half the number of turns of B the speed of D N
increases with that of L. The middle point thus becomes a sort of
zero, a fact which it is desirable to remember. Treated algebraically,
the formula may be stated as follows, where b = the velocity of the
driving pinion B, l = that of the plate wheel L, and n that of the
bobbin D N, if L revolves in the same direction as the shaft, n = b -
2l; but if in the contrary direction, then n = -b - 2l.
(245) The effect of the application of this formula in the latter
case is different entirely to the results already described. If the
wheel L revolves at the same speed as B, but in the contrary
direction, then n = - 3b, if the value of b be substituted for that of l.
If L makes half the number of revolutions that B does, then n = -2b.
The relations of B and D N can thus be accurately ascertained, and
by the aid of this formula the speed of the bobbin wheel can be
easily calculated. It is only necessary to know the value of the entire
train of gearing from the fixed wheel B to the plate wheel N to be
able to apply the formula given above. Thus, if it is found that the
ratio of the velocity of L and the fixed wheel B be, say, as 1: 40, and
that B makes 250 revolutions per minute, the speed of D N could be
arrived at easily. Substituting the arithmetical value of l and b for
those signs, the result would be n = 250 - 2(250÷40) = -262·5. As
the changing position of the cone strap is the only variable factor in
the problem, it is only necessary to know the diameters at various
points to ascertain accurately the reduction or acceleration of speed
which will occur during the time it is making the necessary traverse.
It should be explained, before passing on to deal at greater length
with the practice of the subject, that the minus sign merely indicates
that the bobbin wheel revolves in a contrary direction to the wheel B
and the shaft A.

Fig. 137. J.N.

(246) The application of this mechanism to the purposes of

winding depends, therefore, upon the regulation of the speed of L.
It has been seen that the motion of the latter is derived from the
bottom cone E1. Assuming the plate wheel to run in the same
direction as the wheel B, it follows that when the bobbin leads, the
wheel L must start at its slowest relative speed, and increase as the
bobbin fills. It is for many reasons desirable that the speed of the
plate wheel should be as low as possible, which is the course
generally adopted. If the flyer leads, the opposite plan is pursued.
When, as is the case in the machine made by Mr. John Mason, the
plate wheel revolves in the reverse direction to that of the wheel B,
it commences at its quickest and finishes at its lowest relative speed,
with a bobbin lead. Under these circumstances the full value of the
special arrangement, illustrated in Fig. 137, is seen. The highest
velocity of the cone is obtained when the bobbins are empty and
have in consequence the lightest weight. Where spindles are
revolving at 800 to 1,000 revolutions per minute, this is undoubtedly
a great consideration, because the strain upon the strap is lessened
by reason of the decreased velocity at a time when the strap is on
the smallest diameter of the driving cone. It is sometimes the
practice to run L and D on the bare jack shaft in the contrary
direction, this creating a good deal of friction and necessitating extra
driving power. For this reason the introduction of a tubular bush,
such as is shown in Fig. 137, is attended with considerable
advantage. The friction existing when the wheels run upon the bare
shaft, but in the contrary direction, is very great, as will be
understood when the speed of the wheels—about 400 revolutions
per minute—is remembered. Any rotation of one or more of the
wheels in the opposite direction to the shaft is therefore equal to an
increase of the friction on the latter by the rate of the movement of
the former.

Fig. 138. J.N.

 (247) To overcome this defect, therefore, the motion has been re-
arranged in one or two cases, so that all the parts revolve in the
same direction. Messrs. Curtis, Sons, and Co. employ Curtis and
Rhodes’ motion, which is illustrated in section in Fig. 138. The
bobbin wheel A is cast in one piece with, or fixed to, an internal
wheel C, which is loose upon the shaft B. The disc D is fastened on
the shaft, revolving with it, and carrying a pin or spindle, on each
end of which are fastened the pinions E and F. E gears with the
internal wheel, and F with a compound pinion G, which in turn
engages with the pinion H. The latter is cast on the collar L, which is
driven from the lower cone and is loose upon the shaft B, revolving
in the same direction. If the collar L is fastened to the shaft, the
whole of the wheels become locked together, and the bobbin wheel
A and the driving pinion H will revolve together at the same speed
and in the same way. This arises from the fact that the disc D is
fixed on the shaft, and as it carries the train of wheels the fastening
of L keeps the teeth of E and F locked, so causing the rotation of
the latter and its attached wheel A. The carrier wheels would be
standing under these conditions, while the Holdsworth motion in the
same circumstances would have the whole of the wheels in rapid
motion. Thus, if in actual work, when the collar L is loose, it is
revolved at the same speed as the disc D or at one nearly
approaching it, there would be no motion in the carrier wheels, or
very little, and the speed of A would equal that of H. As the velocity
of the latter is reducing, more motion is given to the wheels, which
thus retard the wheel A while allowing it to rotate in the same
direction as the shaft. In this way the wear and tear of the parts,
and the power required to drive them, are alike materially reduced.
 Fig. 139. J.N.

(248) Messrs. Howard and Bullough use Tweedale’s motion, which

is illustrated in Fig. 139. The shaft A has a boss fastened on it,
which is constructed with a second boss G at right angles to, but on
one side of it. The latter is bored to receive a short shaft, on each
end of which the two wheels F H are fixed. The wheel B is driven
from the lower cone, and is compounded with the bevel wheel E,
both being free to revolve on the shaft. The bobbin wheel C is cast
in one piece with the wheel D, and also runs loosely upon the shaft.
It will be noticed that only the wheels F and H are positively rotated
on the shaft A, being carried round with the boss. The motion is
communicated from E to D as follows: E drives the wheel F, thus
rotating the short cross shaft and the pinion H. The latter gears with
and drives the wheel D, the pinion F acting merely as a carrier. The
action of this mechanism can be readily understood from the
preceding explanation, and it need only be pointed out that the
regulation comes from the wheel B. There is introduced into this
mechanism the element of a double set of driving and driven
wheels. Thus G drives the wheel F, and H D, so that there is a
difference between this and the Holdsworth motion, in which the
intermediate pinions act as carriers only. In order, therefore, to get
the speed communicated to the wheel D, it is necessary to multiply
the number of teeth in the driving wheels and divide by those of the
driven, by which means the proportions of the two are arrived at. By
the use of the following formula the speed of D can easily be arrived
at. Let m = revolutions of the shaft, n = revolutions of the pinion B,
which is variable, a = the constant arrived at as above, and v = the
speed of bobbin wheel D, then v = m - a(m + n). Having obtained
the speed v it is of course easy to calculate the necessary wheels to
give the speed of the bobbins.
(249) The operation of the differential motion is controlled, as has
been seen, by the lower cone, the speed of which is carefully
regulated by altering the position of the driving strap laterally. It has
been pointed out that the cones are correspondingly but conversely
curved, the reason for this being that the actual increase which
takes place in the diameter of the bobbin is not in the same
proportion to the actual diameter at the end as at the beginning of
winding. There is a slight decrease occurring as the bobbin fills, and
in the early stages of spinning it was the practice to use a rack with
uneven teeth cut to a parabola, which was a costly process, and is
entirely avoided by the use of cones of that shape. Further, it is
found that the bite of the strap is better during a change of position.
It will be readily understood that the position of the strap on the two
cones determines the speed of the plate wheel L. It is therefore
essential to provide means by which the traverse of the strap can be
effected, and, as the addition of one layer of roving implies the
necessity for a change in the bobbin speed, the movement of the
strap is given at the termination of each lift, at the moment of the
change of traverse. It follows, therefore, that the mechanism by
which the strap is moved, and that by which the reversal of the lift is
effected, must be connected. Before proceeding to describe how this
is done it may be stated that the strap passes between two guides
fastened to the toothed rack or slide P (Fig. 134), sustained by
bearings fixed to the frame of the machine. The operation of
traversing the rack is performed by an interesting piece of
mechanism which has several functions.
 (250) The “building motion,” or “box of tricks” as it is sometimes
called, is placed in the position shown in Fig. 133 by the letter Q. In
order that its details may be better understood, a front and back
elevation and plan of it is given in Figs. 140, 141, and 142, to which
special reference will be made. The objects of the building motion
are three-fold: 1st, to give the requisite traverse to the cone strap;
2nd, to give the reciprocal traverse to the bobbin; and 3rd, to
shorten that traverse or lift at the termination of the winding of each
layer. It has been already explained why the two first objects have to
be attained, and it will be profitable to explain the reason for the
third. Suppose that in commencing winding the tube is 11⁄4 inches
diameter, the lift say 10 inches, and the diameter of the roving 1⁄8
inch, there would be wrapped upon that surface during one lift 80
coils or 314 inches of roving. Now, assuming that four layers have
been wound, the diameter of the bobbin would be 21⁄4 inches,
which, if the lift remained constant, would cause 563 inches to be
wound on the surface. But as the rate of delivery by the rollers is
definite during the time occupied by the lift, it follows that such a
length of roving could not be wound. It, therefore, becomes
necessary to reduce the lift after each layer of yarn is wound, so as
to compensate for the increased area of the cylindrical surface, and
provide that the whole of the length delivered by the rollers is taken
up, but no more.
 Fig. 140. J.N.

(251) Referring now to Figs. 140 and 141 it will be noticed that
there are two cradles A and B, centred respectively on the pins A1
and B1. Fixed in the upper cradle A are hooks, one at each side,
which are connected, as shown, with double hooks C D, passing
through ears on the lower cradle B, having weights attached to their
lower ends. The lower cradle B has fixed in it a pin E1, engaging
with a slot in the lever E. E is centred on the pin F, and is coupled at
its lower end to the rod R, which is connected with the double bevel
wheel T T, this connection being shown in Fig. 134. Two catches G
G1, centred at their lower ends to the frame carrying the cradles,
are coupled by the helical spring H. It will be noticed that the pawls
of the catch levers are differently shaped, so as to engage with the
teeth of the rack or ratchet wheel I on the upper and lower side of
the centre respectively. The rack wheel is fixed on the same centre
as the cradle A, as is also a bevel pinion J, gearing with a similar
one J1 fixed on the upright shaft K, Fig. 141. At a higher point on K
a spur pinion P1 is fastened, which gears with the teeth on the rack
P, controlling the strap guides. Two levers L L1 are pivoted to the
frame as shown, and are coupled at their inner ends by a helical
spring M, which is carried round the centre B1. The inner ends of L
L1 engage with shoulders or corners N N1, formed in the lower
cradle B. Fixed to the bobbin rail is the double slide Q, which has a
pin O sliding in it, on which the end of the connecting rod S is
centred. This rod passes through bearings placed in the cradle A
(see Fig. 140), and is formed with a toothed rack at its lower side
with which a wheel T fixed on the pin A1 gears. These are the whole
of the parts of this particular mechanism, but a reference to Fig. 134
will show that the rack P has a weight attached to it by a chain,
which is always tending to draw it inwards, and move the strap. In
addition to this it causes a torsional strain to be exercised on the
shaft K, and consequently on the rack wheel, which causes the
latter, when released by the catches, to rotate.
(252) The action of this mechanism is as follows: The slide Q in its
reciprocal vertical movement causes by means of the “diminishing
rod” or “hanger bar” S, the upper cradle A to oscillate in its centre.
When the bobbins are midway in their lift, the centre of the slide Q
should be in a line drawn horizontally through the centre of the pin
A1, and the rod S should be capable of being moved horizontally
without producing any oscillating movement in the cradle A. When
this is the case, the two levers L L1 engage respectively with the
shoulders N N1. Assuming that the bobbins are descending, the
cradle A is turned from left to right when looked at from the back of
the frame as in Fig. 141. In this way the hook D is raised with its
pendant weight, while C is simultaneously lowered. As the shoulder
on the upper part of the hook C prevents it passing through the hole
in the ear on the cradle B, it follows that a pressure is exercised on
the latter, which causes it to turn in the same direction as A. The
weight attached to D is finally completely taken off the cradle B, and
the continuance of the movement causes the point of contact of L
and N to become the fulcrum by which the rotary movement of A is
arrested for the time. This movement closely resembles the action of
an anchor, the cradle B being practically fixed as a ship is by its
anchor. In some modifications of the mechanism this resemblance is
more pronounced than in the one immediately under notice. Thus
the point through which D passes continues to be free, while the
whole weight is thrown upon the hook C, which thus exercises a
proportionate strain on B. The continued oscillation of A in the
direction indicated causes the screw X, fixed in the left hand arm of
A, as shown in Fig. 140, to come into contact with the outer end of
the lever L. The increasing pressure so applied causes L to turn
upon its centre, destroying the contact of its inner end with the
shoulder N, and allowing the cradle B to make a sudden movement,
which is partially rotary, but is also vertical in character. The
movement being reversed, the parts assume the position shown in
Fig. 140, shortly after the reversal. The screws fixed in the arms of
the cradle A can be readily adjusted and locked so as to make the
release of the lower cradle B simultaneous with the termination of
the bobbin traverse.
Fig. 141. J.N.

Fig. 142.
 (253) In consequence of the sudden release so effected, the lever
L1 assumes the position shown in Fig. 140, and at the same time the
pin E1 strikes one side of the hole in the lever E (see Fig. 141), and
causes the latter to turn rapidly on the pin F. This is followed by
three things. The head of the lever E strikes the catch G1 and
throws it out of gear with the ratchet wheel. The latter at once
makes a rotary movement to the extent of half a tooth, but is then
arrested and retained by the catch G. As the catch levers G G1 are
coupled by the spring H it will be easily understood how the
movement of one of them to the right or left is accompanied by a
corresponding movement of the other. By this release of the ratchet
wheel and its partial revolution, the upright shaft K also moves and
causes the rack P to travel inwards and so move the strap on the
cones. This is the first effect of the movement of the lever E.
(254) As shown in Fig. 134, and also in Fig. 141, the lower end of
the lever E is attached to the rod R, which is connected at its other
extremity by a forked lever to the double bevel or “striking” wheel T
T1. The latter engage alternately with the small bevel pinion fixed on
the lower end of the upright or “change” shaft M and slide upon a
short shaft U, which they drive by means of a feather key. On U is
also fixed a spur pinion V which drives, by the intervention of
suitable gearing, a shaft running longitudinally and placed just
behind the spindles. This shaft has a number of spur pinions fixed on
it, which engage with vertical racks or “pokers” fastened to the
bobbin frame. In this way the rotation of the pinion V in either
direction is followed by the traverse of the bobbins either upwards or
downwards. When, therefore, the rod R is traversed by the
oscillation of the lever E and the bevel wheels T T1 are respectively
thrown into gear with the pinion on M, the bobbin traverse in a
corresponding direction is obtained.
(255) A further effect which arises from the rotation of the ratchet
wheel is found in the fact that the wheel T (Fig. 140) also moves,
and as it engages with the rack on the underside of the rod S draws
the latter inward. As will be readily understood, the position of the
pin O plays an important part in the oscillation of the cradle A. If, for
instance, the pin were at the extreme point of Q furthest from A, the
motion of the latter would be made much more slowly than if O
were at the other end of the slide, when, owing to the shorter
radius, A would make its oscillatory movement more quickly, and, if
Q made the same vertical traverse, A would move through a greater
arc. Thus, if O is drawn inwards, it is followed by a more rapid
movement of the cradle A, and, as a consequence, the change of
the position of the lever E occurs at an earlier moment. This causes
the reversal of the traverse of the bobbin rail to take place sooner,
and, in this way, each succeeding layer of roving occupies a shorter
portion of the bobbin surface longitudinally than its predecessor.
Thus the bobbin is built accurately in the double conical shape
required, and the shortening of the lift, the necessity for which has
been previously demonstrated, is properly effected.
(256) A reference to Fig. 134 will show that the weight attached
to the rack P is fastened to the latter by a chain, which passes over
a pulley at the lower end of the lever W, which is sustained in
position by a catch placed at X. When the rack P has made its
extreme inward traverse the catch is released, and the lever W is
caused to strike the collar on the rod Y, so as to cause the latter to
move longitudinally. As the rod is connected with the driving strap
fork, the strap is thrown over on to the loose pulley, and the frame is
stopped. Attached to the bobbin frame are chains, to the other end
of which balance weights are fastened so as to relieve the work of
the lifting pinions. These chains are passed over pulleys fixed to the
framing as shown in Fig. 134.
(257) Recurring now to the action of the building and winding
motions, it is necessary to note that the number of the releases of
the ratchet wheel I correspond to those of the reversals of the
bobbin rail, and consequently to the number of the layers of roving.
It therefore becomes necessary to alter the wheel I whenever a
change in the roving which is being produced is made. As the
ratchet wheel is the governing factor in the regulation alike of the
speed of the strap traverse and of that of the inward movement of
the rod S, the reason for changing it is easily seen. Thus the
increase in the diameter of a bobbin on which a roving 1⁄16th inch
diameter is being spun would be less than that which occurs when a
roving 3⁄32nd inch diameter is made. It follows, therefore, that the
rate at which the strap is moved along the cones would in the first
case be only two-thirds of that at which it moves in the last case.
Again, the lessened increase in diameter involves, as was shown, the
winding on of a shorter length of roving during the “lift” of the
bobbin, and consequently the latter does not require to be
diminished in the same ratio. Therefore, it is desirable to substitute
for the ratchet wheel one with more teeth, the number of which
must be in direct ratio to the number of coils it is intended to wind
on the full bobbin.
(258) Let it be assumed that the pitch of the teeth of the rack P
and of that in S is one-quarter inch; that the ratchet wheel I has 30
teeth, the pinion engaging with P 31 teeth, and the pinion T 19
teeth. As was shown, the wheel I moves to the extent of half the
pitch of the tooth every time the traverse of the bobbin rail takes
place. In this case 60 such reversions would take place during the
time that the ratchet wheel made a complete revolution. During that
time the wheel engaging with P would also have made a complete
revolution, and P would have moved in 73⁄4 inches, giving a
corresponding traverse to the strap. In the same time the pinion T
would have made a revolution, and the “diminishing rod” S would
move in 43⁄4 inches. Assuming—a purely hypothetical assumption—
that the distance from the centre A1 of the cradle A to the
outermost point of the slide Q to which the pin O can be pushed is
15 inches, and that the lift of the bobbin be 7 inches, it will follow
that the above reduction of the distance of O from A1 will cause a
more rapid oscillation of the cradle A. A simple calculation will show
that this would cause the change of the direction of the lift to take
place when 43⁄4 inches was covered. This example will serve to
illustrate the principle involved, but does not necessarily represent
any actually existing case. It is only intended to show that the
reduction of the lift takes place in exact accordance with the period
occupied by the ratchet wheel I in its rotation. During the time the
traverse has been shortened the speed of the bobbin, owing to the
traverse of the strap along the cones, has also been diminished in
the exact proportion required to compensate for the increased
diameter.
(259) Now, if it be assumed that a coarser roving requires
producing, and that the ratchet wheel I is changed for one
containing only 20 teeth, it will be seen that while the same
necessity exists for the full traverse of the strap guide and
diminishing rod, a smaller number of layers of roving will be wound
in the same time. In this case 40 layers only will be laid, although
the strap makes the same movement. That is, the same reduction of
the speed of the bobbin is made while 40 layers are wound that was
previously made while 60 were wound. Now, as the diminution of
the speed of the bobbin must be exactly proportionate to the
increase of its diameter, it follows that the roving in the former case
must be correspondingly thicker. It should also be observed that the
inward traverse of the diminishing rod S is quickened as well as that
of the racks P, because the time occupied by the ratchet wheel in
making a complete revolution is, of course, less than when one with
30 teeth is employed. Thus the speed of the bobbin and the length
of its traverse are both decreased at a more rapid rate when a
ratchet wheel is employed, which is exactly what is wanted when
coarser roving is being produced.
(260) A locking motion is fitted to the machine by which, when the
rack P is released in the manner described, the stop rod is locked in
such a way that until the rack has been wound back by hand into
proper position the frame cannot be started. There are two
advantages in this motion, viz., that the size of the bobbins is
accurately regulated, and damage to the frame is prevented.
 Figs. 143, 144, 145, and 146.

(261) In order to avoid the uneven wear of the top rollers, caused
by the slubbing or roving passing through them at one point
constantly, it has become the practice to give a slight lateral traverse
to the guide bar. One of the latest developments of this special
treatment is illustrated in Figs. 143 to 147, this being the invention
of Mr. George Paley, a spinner, of Preston. It consists of a worm I
fixed upon the end of the roller spindle, which gears into two wheels
G H, carried on a pin fixed in a bracket. The number of teeth in the
wheels are different, H having one more tooth than G. In this way G
is revolved once for every 24 revolutions of the worm, while H
requires 25 revolutions of the latter before making a complete
rotation. The wheel H has a boss J, the upper part of which K is
formed eccentrically, and on this portion the eccentric L is placed. To
the clip of L the traverse rod P is coupled. L is driven from the wheel
G by means of a pin fastened in L, and engaging with a slot in G.
Thus the rotation of the eccentric L is followed by the traverse of the
guide bar.
(262) It will be noticed that the outer eccentric L is not only out of
centre with the pin S, but also with the inner eccentric K. Thus the
rotation of the latter perpetually establishes a new condition of
eccentricity. At one point the throw of the combined eccentrics is
smaller than at another, and there are fixed limits within which many
positions are assumed. If the throw of K is 3⁄8 inch, and of L 5⁄8
inch, it is obvious that if they are both at the front centre their
combined throw will be 1 inch. But if K is at its back centre and L at
its front one the combined throw is only 1\4 inch. Now owing to the
fact that the wheels G and H are made with one tooth more or less,
it happens that 25 complete revolutions of the eccentrics are needed
before they are brought with their centres coinciding after that
position had been abandoned. The result is, that during every one of
the 25 traverses a different throw occurs, and the length of the
traverse is varied, as shown diagramatically in Fig. 147. By altering
the size of the wheels G H any number of variations desired can be
obtained.

DIAGRAM SHOWING VARIATIONS OF TRAVERSE

Fig. 147.

(263) Messrs. Howard and Bullough fit to their intermediate frame

an electric stop motion. It should be explained that it is customary to
pass two slubbings through the rollers at once, twisting them
together to form one thread. If from any cause one of these ends
breaks, the other may go on twisting, and a thin defective place
would result. To obviate this, the arrangement named is applied. The
slubbing bobbins are placed in a creel, and are passed between the
surface of a metallic spring, and a roller placed at the back part of
the machine. The drawing rollers are fixed in their usual position,
and the spring is held by a bracket attached to one pole of an
electro magnet and battery, the back roller being connected to the
other pole. When the thread of slubbing breaks, contact between
the spring and the roller occurs, and the circuit is closed. Thereupon
a current is passed through the magnet, and one end of a lever is
attracted so as to bring its other end in the path of a constantly
rotating ratchet wheel. This arrests the motion of the latter, and so
releases a catch on the stop rod, allowing it to be drawn along by
the action of a helical spring. In this way the machine is rapidly
stopped.
PRODUCTION OF SLUBBING AND ROVING FRAMES IN LBS. PER
WORKING WEEK OF 56 HOURS.
Speed of Spindles. Twist
Hank
Revolutions per Production. Maker’s Name.
Roving.
Per Minute. Inch.
·50 600 ·85 114 John Mason.
·50 600 ·85 116 Crighton and Sons.
·50 700 ·84 115 Howard and Bullough.
1·00 700 1·20 56 John Mason.
1·00 700 1·20 56 Crighton and Sons.
1·00 700 1·20 59 Howard and Bullough.
3·00 1000 2·08 17 John Mason.
3·00 1000 2·08 16 Crighton and Sons.
3·00 1100 2·07 16·53 Howard and Bullough.
6·00 1400 2·94 7·25 John Mason.
6·00 1300 2·94 7·20 Crighton and Sons.
6·00 1100 2·92 6·25 Howard and Bullough.

Note.—The velocity of the spindles and amount of twist introduced

will largely influence the productions as given above, which are only
illustrative of the capacity of these machines.
 CHAPTER XI.

THE MULE.

(264) The last process in the production of yarn is that in which

the rovings, obtained in the manner described, are elongated and
twisted into a thread. To many persons this is known as “spinning,”
although strictly speaking, that phrase is applicable to the whole
range of treatment by which cotton is converted into yarn. Using the
term, however, in its narrower sense, spinning may be either an
intermittent or continuous operation, that is, the rovings can be
twisted for a portion of the time only during which the machine is
working, or for the whole of that period. Although the latter system
is the most ancient, for the last century the former has been more
generally pursued. It is, therefore, advisable to describe first the
machine by which it is carried out.
(265) This is known as the “mule,” and owing to the practical
automaticity of its mechanism, as the “self-acting” mule or “self
actor.” It is without exception the most interesting of the whole
series of machines used in cotton manufacture, combining an
intricate sequence of mechanical movements with great ingenuity. As
a further consideration will show, one piece or part of the
mechanism used performs work widely diverse in its character at
different periods, and it is this fact which renders the mule so
difficult a machine to understand. The time occupied in completing
the cycle of operations which constitute mule spinning is so small
that the action of the various parts must be very rapid and certain.
In order to understand the description which follows, it will be
advisable to define the stages or periods which succeed each other
and form the entire process.
(266) In order to facilitate the grasp of the subject by the reader,
it will be better to describe first and briefly the essential or primary
parts of the machine. These are shown in Fig. 148, which is a purely
diagrammatic representation. The roving bobbins A are fitted on a
skewer and placed in the frame or creel arranged at the back of the
machine, being held in an almost vertical position. The roving R is
guided as shown to the nip of triple lines of drawing rollers B B B.
From the rollers the roving passes to the tip or point of a steel
spindle H, sustained by an upper bearing or bolster O, and a
footstep N. These are fixed in wooden rails which form part of a box
or frame I, known as the “carriage.” The carriage is fitted at
convenient distances along its length, with cross brackets, in each
end of which bearings are formed for the axes of the pulleys or
runners P. These rest upon the edges of oblong iron bars or “slips”
Q, which are securely fastened to the floor of the room. The spindle
receives a rapid rotary motion, being driven by a band M, carried
tightly round a small V grooved pulley or “warve” fixed on the
spindle, and a light roller K extending longitudinally of the carriage,
and fastened on a shaft T. The roller—or more correctly the “tin
roller”—K is suitably driven, and, it will be easily understood that the
direction and velocity of H will depend upon those of K. In its
passage to the spindle the roving is taken under a small guide wire
D—known as the “faller wire” or shortly the winding “faller”—
fastened on the outer end of a curved arm or “sickle” secured on the
shaft F—known as the “faller shaft.” The roving also passes over a
second wire C—called the “counter faller”—which is fixed in a
similarly shaped arm fastened on the “counter faller shaft” E. By the
oscillation of the shafts E F, the winding faller and counter faller are
elevated or depressed, thus enabling the finished yarn to be wound
into the spool or “cop” G, which is made of the shape shown. The
above form the essential portions of a mule and their respective
functions can now be explained.
(267) The rollers B perform the same office as those used in the
drawing and roving machines, namely, the attenuation and delivery
of the roving. Each of the three lines revolve at different velocities,
that of the front line being the superior one, with the result that
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