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ACIDS AND BASES

PROPERTIES

ACIDS BASES
• Taste sour • Taste bitter and have a soapy feel
• Turn BLUE litmus paper RED • Turn RED litmus paper BLUE
• Increase the concentration of hydrogen • Decrease the concentration of hydrogen
ions (H+) in a solution ions (H+) in a solution
• Decrease the concentration of hydroxide • Increase the concentration of hydroxide
ions (OH−) in a solution ions (OH−) in a solution
• Have pH values of LESS THAN 7 • Have pH values of MORE THAN 7

ACID-BASE THEORIES

Arrhenius Theory Lowry-Brønsted Theory

Only explains acids & bases when Explains acid & bases in both SOLID and
dissolved IN WATER LIQUID PHASE – no water needed

Acid: A substance that produces Acid: An acid is a proton (H+) DONOR.

H+/H3O+ ions in water. Base: A base is a proton (H+) ACCEPTOR.
Base: A substance that produces OH−
ions in water. A pair of substances that differ
from one another by a proton
within an acid-base reaction.

CONJUGATE ACID-BASE PAIRS

When an ACID donates a proton, its CONJUGATE BASE is produced.
When a BASE accepts a proton, its CONJUGATE ACID is produced.

Examples:
1. NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH+4 + OH- Conjugate acid of a base:
base 1 acid 2 acid 1 base 2 ADD H+ to the given compound or ion
conjugate acid-base pair Example: Conjugate acid of NH3
conjugate acid-base pair
NH3 + H+ → NH+4

Conjugate base of an acid:

2. HCℓ + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cℓ− REMOVE H+ from the given compound or ion
acid 1 base 2 acid 2 base 1
conjugate Example: Conjugate base of H2O:
acid-base pair
H2O - H+ → OH−
conjugate acid-base pair

AMPHIPROTIC substances (ampholytes)

A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.

H2O acts as acid in Example 1 and as a base in Example 2. H 2O is an example of an

ampholyte.

In presence of a STRONG acid, an amphiprotic substance reacts as a base.

In presence of a STRONG base, an amphiprotic substance reacts as an acid.

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Strength of an acid or base refers to

STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS AND BASES extent of ionisation or dissociation
that takes place in a solution.

STRONG ACIDS WEAK ACIDS

Strong acids IONISE COMPLETELY in solution Weak acids IONISE INCOMPLETELY in solution to
to form a high concentration of H3O+ ions form a low concentration of H3O+ ions
High Ka values (> 1) Low Ka values (< 1)
Examples Examples
Hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Oxalic acid [(COOH)2]
Nitric Acid (HNO3) Hydrofluoric acid (HF)
Hydrobromic acid (HBr) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

STRONG BASES WEAK BASES

Strong bases DISSOCIATE COMPLETELY in
Weak bases DISSOCIATE INCOMPLETELY in
solution to form a high concentration of OHˉ
solution to form a low concentration of OHˉ ions
ions
High Kb values (> 1) Low Kb values (< 1)
Examples
Examples Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) / Ammonia (NH3)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) Potassium carbonate (K2CO3)
Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NHCO3)

Acid/Base strength must NOT be confused with concentration (c) which refer to the amount of
acid/base with certain volume of solution. The concentration is the number of moles (n) per unit
volume (V).
Volume = 2 ℓ (2 dm3)

Volume = 1 ℓ (1 dm3)

Same amount of a STRONG

acid added to
both containers.

More concentrated Less concentrated

How concentrated or dilute an acid or base may be is a measure of the amount of water present
in the solution.
Acids and Bases, Cape Town Science Centre In collaboration with the Western Cape Education Department, p5

AUTO-IONISATION OF WATER

Water is an ampholyte and can act as both an acid and a base. Two water molecules can undergo
auto-protolysis or auto-ionisation where two molecules react with one another and were one acts an
acid (H+ donor) and the other a base (proton acceptor).

H2O(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + OH−(aq)

The equilibrium constant is: Kc = [H3O+][OH−] = Kw (ionisation constant of water)

In pure water, [H3O+] = 1 x 10-7 mol.dm-3 and [OH−] = 1 x 10-7 mol.dm-3

Kw = [H3O+][OH−] = 1 x 10-14 at room temperature (25 °C)

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pH SCALE & pH CALCULATIONS

Base
Examples
pH pH = - log[H3O+] & [H3O+] = 10-pH

14
Drain cleaner pOH = - log[OH−]
(pH = 14)

13 pH + pOH = 14
Bleach, oven cleaner
(pH = 13,5)
12
Ammonia solution
11 (pH = 10,5 to 11,5)
Acidic Solution
10 Baking powder
(pH = 9,5) [H3O+] > [OH− ]

9 [H3O+] > 1x10-7 mol·dm-3

Sea water
(pH = 8)
8
Blood
7 Neutral (pH = 7,4) Neutral Solution
Milk, urine, saliva
6 (pH = 6,3 to 6,6) [H3O+] = [OH−]

5 Black coffee [H3O+] = 1x10-7 mol·dm-3

(pH = 5)

4
Grapefruit juice, soda, tomato
juice
3 (pH = 2,5 to 3,5) Basic Solution

2 Lemon juice, vinegar

[H3O+] < [OH−]
(pH = 2)
[H3O+] < 1x10-7 mol·dm-3
1
Battery acid, hydrochloric acid
0 (pH = 0)

https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/ph-scale-0
Acid

ACID-BASE INDICATORS

INDICATOR COLOUR IN ACID COLOUR IN BASE pH Range

Methyl orange Orange Yellow 3.1 – 4.4
Bromothymol blue Yellow Blue 6 – 7.6
Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink 8.3 – 10

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HYDROLYSIS OF SALTS
Hydrolysis is the reaction of a salt with water.

The salt of a strong acid and a weak base is acidic, pH < 7.

The salt of a weak acid and a strong base is basic, pH > 7.
The salt of a strong acid and a strong base does not undergo hydrolysis, pH = 7

STEPS HOW TO DETERMINE THE WHETHER A SALT IS ACIDIC, BASIC OR NEUTRAL

1. Determine the positive and negative ion in the salt.

2. Determine the base from which the positive ion comes.
3. Determine the acid from which the negative ion comes.
4. If BOTH THE ACID AND BASE IDENTIFIED ARE STRONG OR IF BOTH ARE WEAK, NO
hydrolysis will take place. The pH of the salt will be NEUTRAL (pH = 7).
5. If identified as a STRONG ACID and a WEAK BASE:
o The positive ion coming from the WEAK BASE will undergo hydrolysis and the pH of the
salt will be acidic (< 7).
o To write the hydrolysis reaction, react the positive ion with H2O to obtain H3O+ and the
WEAK BASE from which the positive ion comes.
o Explain acidity of salt in terms of the formation of H3O+ ions
6. If identified as a WEAK ACID and a STRONG BASE:
o The negative ion coming from the WEAK ACID will undergo hydrolysis and the pH of the
salt will be basic (> 7).
o To write the hydrolysis reaction, react the negative ion with H2O to obtain OH− and the
WEAK ACID from which the negative ion comes.
o Explain alkalinity/basic properties of salt in terms of the formation of OH− ions

Example 1
Will CaCO3 be acidic, basis or neutral? Write an equation to explain the answer.

Answer:
• Two ions in CaCO3: Ca2+ and CO2- 3
• Ca2+ comes from a base - Ca(OH)2 which is a STRONG BASE
• CO2-3 comes from an acid - H2CO3 which is a WEAK ACID
• Salt of a STRONG base and WEAK acid: BASIC
• Equation: CO2- 3 + H2O → H2CO3 + OH
−
−
• Due to the formation of OH the hydrolysis of the salt forms a BASIC solution.

Example 2
Will NH4Cℓ be acidic, basis or neutral? Write an equation to explain the answer.

Answer:
• Two ions in NH4Cℓ: NH+4 and Cℓ−
• NH+4 comes from a base – NH4OH / NH3 which is a WEAK BASE
• Cℓ− comes from an acid - HCℓ which is a STONG ACID
• Salt of a WEAK base and STRONG acid: BASIC
• Equation: React the ion coming from the weak base with H2O to form H 3O+ and the weak
base
NH+4 + H2O → NH3 + H3O+ OR NH+4 + 2H2O → NH4OH + H3O+
• Due to the formation of H3O+ the hydrolysis of the salt forms an ACIDIC solution.

Example 3
Will NaCℓ be acidic, basis or neutral? Write an equation to explain the answer.

Answer:
• Two ions in NaCℓ: Na+ and Cℓ−
• Na+ comes from a base – NaOH which is a STRONG BASE
• Cℓ− comes from an acid - HCℓ which is a STONG ACID
• Salt of a STRONG base and STRONG acid: No hydrolysis – NEUTRAL solution

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ACID-BASE NEUTRALISATION REACTIONS

Acid Reaction of an acid and a base to form a salt

Base
and water

acid + base →salt + H2O

Salt and water

ACID-BASE TITRATIONS
TITRATION: When a standard solution (solution of known concentration) is added to
the sample solution (unknown concentration) until the end point (the point where the
indicator changes colour) is reached.
pH COLOUR
An ACID-BASE INDICATOR is used ACID BASE INDICATOR CHANGE
to determine the end point of a RANGE
Bromothymol
titration. You must be able to choose Strong Strong 6,0 – 7,6
the correct indicator for a titration blue
Strong Weak Methyl orange 3,2 – 4,4
Weak Strong Phenolphthalein 8,2, - 10

Titration of CH3COOH with NaOH

(one of unknown concentration) Fill burette with
(phenolphthalein as indicator) NaOH-solution

Take the initial

reading on the burette
Measure 25 cm3 of Transfer the and record it
CH3COOH using a acid to a conical
pipette and pipette filler flask

Use the titration formula

caVa na
( = ) to calculate the
cb Vb nb
unknown concentration.

Take the final reading Add NaOH until the

on the burette indicator changes Add a few drops of
colour phenolphthalein as
indicator

Permanent light
pink colour Colourless

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IMPORTANT TIPS FOR ACID-BASE STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS

• Ensure you know stoichiometry from grades10 and 11.

• You must be able to calculate:
m
o Number of moles (n) from a given mass (m) using n = where M is the molar mass
M
n
o Number of moles (n) from a given concentration (c) using c = where V is the volume in
V
dm3
N
o Number of moles from a given number of particles N using n = where NA is the
NA
Avogadro constant (NA = 6,02 x 1023 mol-1)
V
o Number of moles for gases only from a given gas volume using n = where VM is the
VM
molar gas volume. Only at STP the molar gas volume is 22,4 dm3·mol-1.
• After calculating number of moles of acid/base that has reacted, use the ratio of the acid to
the base to find the number of moles of base/acid that reacted.
• When either the acid or base is in excess, calculate the:
o The number of moles in excess through subtraction:
n(excess) = n(initial) – n(reacted)
o The number of moles reacted through subtraction:
n(reacted) = n(initial) – n(excess)
o The initial number of moles through addition:
n(initial) = n(excess) + n(reacted)
• Always label your formulae clearly in a multistep calculation for example, when calculating the:
o Number of moles of HCℓ write it as n(HCℓ) = …
o Concentration of sodium hydroxide write it as c(NaOH) = …
o Excess of sodium hydroxide write as n(NaOH)excess = n(NaOH)initial - n(NaOH)reacted
caVa n
• Use the titration formula ( = a ) only for acid-base neutralisations.
cb Vb nb
m
• Only use the formula c = when dealing with solutions. DO NOT use it for solids that are not
MV
dissolved in water.
• Do not round off when substituting values given in the question paper. All given values should
be substituted as is for example, if a value is given as 0,00687 in the question paper, it should
be substituted as such and NOT rounded to 0,01.
• Do NOT round off answers to two decimal places in each step of a multistep calculation. It
might lead to an incorrect final answer. Rounding off to two decimal places should only be done
in the final answer.
• Remember to give correct units at the final answer, for example:
o The unit of concentration is mol·dm-3 and NOT mol·dm3
o The unit of volume is cm3 and NOT cm-3
o pH has NO unit.
n
• Convert correctly from cm3 to dm3. Volumes are usually given in cm3 but in the formula c =
V
the volume must be substituted in dm3. Volumes in cm3 must be DIVIDED by 1000 to obtain the
volume in dm3.

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TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

A dye used to distinguish between acidic and basic solutions by means of the colour
Acid-base indicator
changes it undergoes in these solutions.
Amphiprotic A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.
substance/ampholyte
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H +)/ hydronium ions (H3O+)
Arrhenius theory when it dissolves in water.
A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH−) when it dissolves in water.
A reaction in which water reacts with itself to form ions (hydronium ions and
Auto-ionisation of water
hydroxide ions).
Concentrated Contain a large amount (number of moles) of acid/base in proportion to the volume
acids/bases of water.
Conjugate acid-base A pair of compounds or ions that differ by the presence of one H+ ion.
pair Example: CO2- -
3 and HCO3 OR HCℓ and Cℓ
−
+
A conjugate acid has one H ion more than its conjugate base.
Conjugate acid and
Example: HCO-3 is the conjugate acid of base CO2- 3
base
CO2-
3 is the conjugate base of acid HCO3 .
-

Contain a small amount (number of moles) of acid/base in proportion to the volume

Dilute acids/bases
of water.
An acid that can donate two protons.
Diprotic acid
Example: H2SO4
Dissociation The process in which ionic compounds split into ions.
Endpoint The point in a titration where the indicator changes colour.
The point in a reaction where equivalent amounts of acid and base have reacted
Equivalence point
completely.
Hydrolysis The reaction of a salt with water.
Ionisation The process in which ions are formed during a chemical reaction.
The product of the ions formed during auto-ionisation of water i.e. [H3O+][OH−] at
Ion product of water
25 °C.
Ionisation constant of
The equilibrium value of the ion product [H3O+][OH−] at 25 °C.
water (Kw)
Ka value Ionisation constant for an acid.
Kb value Dissociation or ionisation constant for a base.
An acid is a proton (H+ ion) donor.
Lowry-Brønsted theory
A base is a proton (H+ ion) acceptor.
Monoprotic acid An acid that can donate one proton. Example: HCℓ
Neutralisation The reaction of an acid with a base to form a salt (ionic compound) and water.
The negative of the logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration in mol·dm -3.
pH In symbols: pH = -log[H3O+]
Unit: None
A scale from 0 – 14 used as a measure of the acidity and basicity of solutions where
pH scale
pH = 7 is neutral, pH > 7 is basic and pH < 7 is acidic.
Salt The ionic compound that is the product of a neutralisation reaction.

Standard solution A solution of precisely known concentration.

Dissociate COMPLETELY in water to form a high concentration of OHꟷ ions.
Strong bases
Examples: sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Ionise COMPLETELY in water to form a high concentration of H3O+ ions.
Strong acids
Examples: hydrochloric acid (HCℓ), sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3)
The procedure for determining the amount of acid (or base) in a solution by
Titration determining the volume of base (or acid) of known concentration that will completely
react with it.
Ionise INCOMPLETELY in water to form a low concentration of H 3O+ ions.
Weak acids
Examples: ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and oxalic acid (COOH)2
Dissociate/ionise INCOMPLETELY in water to form a low concentration of OH − ions.
Weak bases Examples: ammonia (NH3), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

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WORKED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1 (November 2015)
1.1 Ammonium chloride crystals, NH4Cℓ(s), dissolve in water to form ammonium and chloride ions.
The ammonium ions react with water according to the following balanced equation:
NH+4 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
1.1.1 Write down the name of the process described by the underlined sentence. (1)
Answer: Hydrolysis 
1.1.2 Is ammonium chloride ACIDIC or BASIC in aqueous solution? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
Answer: Acidic  Forms H3O+ ions during hydrolysis. 
OR Salt of strong acid and weak base.
1.2 A certain fertiliser consists of 92% ammonium chloride. A sample of mass x g of this fertiliser is
dissolved in 100 cm3 of a 0,10 mol∙dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH(aq). The NaOH is in excess.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
NH4Cℓ(s) + NaOH(aq)  NH3(g) + H2O(ℓ) + NaCℓ(aq)
1.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide in which the sample is dissolved. (3)
Answer: n = cV  = (0,1)(0,1)  = 0,01 mol 
During a titration, 25 cm3 of the excess sodium hydroxide solution is titrated with a 0,11 mol∙dm -3
hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq). At the endpoint it is found that 14,55 cm 3 of the hydrochloric acid
was used to neutralise the sodium hydroxide solution according to the following balanced equation:
HCℓ(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
1.2.2 Calculate the mass x (in grams) of the fertiliser sample used. (8)
Answer:
n(HCℓ) = caVa = (0,11)(14,55 x 10-3)  = 1,6 x 10-3 mol
n(NaOH) = n(HCℓ) = 1,6 x 10-3 mol 
n(NaOH excess) in 100 cm3 = 1,6 x 10-3 x 4  = 6,4 x 10-3 mol
n(NaOH reacted) = 0,01 - 6,4 x 10-3  = 3,6 x 10-3 mol
n(NH4Cℓ) = n(NaOH) = 3,6 x 10-3 mol  (0,003598 mol)

m(NH4Cℓ) = nM x m
n(NH4Cℓ) = 0,92  n(NH4Cℓ) =
= (3,6 x 10-3)(53,5)  53,5 53,5
x
= 0,193 g ∴3,6 x 10-3 = 0,92 53,5  ∴3,6 x 10-3 =
m
53,5
92% : 0,193 g ∴ x = 0,21 g  n(NH4Cℓ) = 0,192 g

100% : x
0,192 x 100
0,193 x 100 m= = 0,21 g 
∴x =  = 0,21 g  92
92
1.3 Calculate the pH of a 0,5 mol·dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution at 25 °C. (4)
Answer:
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
[OH-] = [NaOH] = 0,5 mol∙dm-3 pOH = -log[OH-] 
+
Kw = [H3O ][OH ]- = -log(0,5) 
1 x 10-14 = [H3O+]0,5  = 0,301
∴ [H3O+] = 2 x 10-14 mol∙dm-3
pH = -log[H+]  pH + pOH = 14
= -log(2 x 10-14)  = 13,7  pH = 14 – 0,301  = 13,7  (13,699)
[18]
EXAMPLE 2 (November 2017)
2.1 Ammonia ionises in water to form a basic solution according to the following balanced equation:
NH3(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ NH+4 (aq) + OH─(aq)
2.1.1 Is ammonia a WEAK or a STRONG base? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
Answer: Weak 
Dissociates/Ionises incompletely/partially (in water to form a low concentration of OH ─ ions.) 
2.1.2 Write down the conjugate acid of NH3(g). (1)
Answer: NH+4 / ammonium ion 
2.1.3 Identify ONE substance in this reaction that can behave as an ampholyte in some reactions. (1)
Answer: H2O/water/NH3/ammonia 

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2.2 A learner adds distilled water to a soil sample and then filters the mixture. The pH of the filtered liquid
is then measured. He then gradually adds an ammonia solution, NH 3(aq), to this liquid and measures
the pH of the solution at regular intervals. The graph alongside shows the results obtained.

2.2.1 Is the soil sample ACIDIC or BASIC? Refer to the graph above and give a reason for the
answer. (2)
Answer: Acidic pH < 7/pH = 4 
2.2.2 Calculate the concentration of the hydroxide ions (OH─) in the reaction mixture after the
addition of 4 cm3 of NH3(aq). (4)
Answer:
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
pH = -log[H3O+]  pH + pOH = 14 
∴ 6  = -log[H3O ]
+ 6  + pOH = 14
∴ [H3O+] = 1 x 10-6 mol∙dm-3
pOH = -log[OH─] 
[H3O+][OH─] = 10-14  Any one ∴ 8 = -log[OH─]
(1 x 10-6) [OH─] = 10-14
∴ [OH─] = 1 x 10-8 mol∙dm-3  ∴[OH─] = 1 x 10-8 mol∙dm-3 

2.3 A laboratory technician wants to determine the concentration of a hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) sample.
He adds 5 cm3 of the HCℓ sample to 495 cm3 of distilled water to give 500 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid,
HCℓ(aq). During a reaction 50 cm3 of this dilute hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq), reacts completely
with 0,29 g of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(s).

The balanced equation for the reaction is: Na2CO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid sample. (7)
Answer:
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m 0,29 m 0,29
n(Na2CO3) = =  n(Na2CO3) = = 
M 106 M 106
∴ nb = 2,74 x 10-3 mol / 0,003 mol = 2,74 x 10-3
mol / 0,003 mol
n(HCℓ) = 2n(Na2CO3) 
n(HCℓ) = 2n(Na2CO3)  = 5,47 x 10-3 mol  0,005 mol
= 5,47 x 10-3 mol / 0,005 mol 5,47 x 10-3 → 50 cm3
n(HCℓ) → 500 cm3

n5,47 x 10-3  500 x 5,47 x 10-3
c(HCℓ)dilute = = = 0,1094 mol∙dm-3 ∴n(HCℓ) =
V 0,05 50 
= 0,0547 mol
cV(HCℓ)dilute = cV(HCℓ)conc
n 0,0547
0,1094 x 500  = (HCℓ)conc x 5  c(HCℓ)conc = = 
∴c(HCℓ)conc = 10,94 mol∙dm-3  V 5 x 10-3
= 10,94 mol∙dm-3 
[17]

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EXAMPLE 3 (June 2021)

Learners prepare a solution of known concentration by dissolving 2 g pure sodium hydroxide crystals, NaOH,
in water in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask.
3.1 Write down the term for the underlined phrase. (1)
Answer: Standard solution 
3.2 Calculate the:
3.2.1 Concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution (4)
Answer:
Marking criteria:
m m n
• Any formula: c = /n= /c= .
VM M V
• Substitution of 40 g∙mol-1 into correct formula. 
• Substitution of 0,25 dm3 into correct formula. 
• Final answer: 0,2 mol∙dm-3 
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m m
c=  n=
M
VM
2 2
=
=
40 x 0,25  40  Any one of the formulae 
= 0,20 mol∙dm-3  = 0,05 mol
n
c= .
V
0,05
= = = 0,20 mol∙dm-3 
0,25 
3.2.2 pH of the solution (4)
Answer:
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
[H3O+][OH─] = 1 x 10-14 pOH = -log[OH─] 
[H3O+](0,2) = 1 x 10-14  = -log(0,2) 
[H3O+] = 5 x 10-14 mol∙dm-3 = 0,6989
pH = -log[H3O+]  pH + pOH = 14
= -log(5 x 10-14)  pH = 14 – 0,6989  = 13,30 
= 13,30 
The learners now react 1,5 g of pure CaCO3 with 50 cm3 dilute HCℓ of unknown concentration. The EXCESS
HCℓ is neutralised with 25 cm3 of the NaOH solution that they prepared. The balanced equations for the reactions
are: 2HCℓ(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
HCℓ(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
3.3 Calculate the initial concentration of the dilute HCℓ(aq). (8)
Answer:
Marking criteria:
• Substitution to calculate n(NaOH). 
m
• Substitute 100 g·mol-1 in n = 
M
• Use mol ratio: n(HCℓ)reacted/ : n(CaCO3) = 2 : 1. 
• Use mol ratio: n(HCℓ)excess : n(NaOH) = 1 : 1. 
• n(HCℓ)initial = n(HCℓ) excess + n(HCℓ)reacted 
• Substitute n(HCℓ)initial and 0,05 dm3 to calculate c(HCℓ)initial.
• Final answer: 0,7 mol∙dm-3 
Range: 0,70 to/tot 0,90 mol∙dm-3
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(NaOH)used = cbVb 1 2
n(NaOH)used = x 
= 0,2 x 0,025  10 40
= 5 x 10-3 mol =5x 10-3 mol
m
n(CaCO3) =
M
1,5
=  = 0,015 mol (0,02 mol)
100
n(HCℓ)reacted = 2(CaCO3) = 0,03 mol  (0,04 mol)
n(HCℓ)excess = n(NaOH) = 5 x 10-3 mol 
n(HCℓ)ini = 5 x 10-3 + 0,03  = 0,035 mol (0,045 mol)
n
c(HCℓ)ini = = 0,035  = 0,70 mol∙dm-3  (0,90 mol∙dm-3)
V
0,05
(8)
[17]
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TYPICAL QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1 Nitric acid (HNO3), an important acid used in industry, is a strong acid.
1.1.1 Give a reason why nitric acid is classified as a strong acid. (1)
1.1.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the conjugate base of nitric acid. (1)
1.1.3 Calculate the pH of a 0,3 mol∙dm-3 nitric acid solution.
(Answer: 0,52) (3)
1.2 A laboratory technician wants to determine the percentage purity of magnesium oxide. He dissolves a
4,5 g sample of the magnesium oxide in 100 cm3 hydrochloric acid of concentration 2 mol∙dm-3.
1.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid added to the magnesium oxide.
(Answer: 0,2 mol) (3)
He then uses the apparatus alongside to titrate the EXCESS hydrochloric acid in the above solution
against a sodium hydroxide solution.

Retort stand Q

Sodium hydroxide
solution

Erlenmeyer flask
Hydrochloric acid

1.2.2 Write down the name of apparatus Q in the diagram. (1)

1.2.3 The following indicators are available for the titration:
INDICATOR pH RANGE
A 3,1 – 4,4
B 6,0 – 7,6
C 8,3 – 10,0
Which ONE of the above indicators (A, B or C) is most suitable to indicate the exact endpoint
in this titration? Give a reason for the answer. (3)
1.2.4 During the titration, the technician uses distilled water to wash any sodium hydroxide spilled
against the sides of the Erlenmeyer flask into the solution. Give a reason why the addition
of distilled water to the Erlenmeyer flask will not influence the results. (1)
1.2.5 At the endpoint of the titration he finds that 21 cm3 of a 0,2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide
solution has neutralised the EXCESS hydrochloric acid. Calculate the number of moles of
hydrochloric acid in excess.
(Answer: 4,2 x 10-3 mol) (3)
1.2.6 The balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium oxide is:
MgO(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → MgCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Calculate the percentage purity of the magnesium oxide. Assume that only the magnesium
oxide in the 4,5 g sample reacted with the acid.
(Answer: 87,11%) (5)
[21]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
2.1 Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid.
2.1.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)
2.1.2 Give a reason why sulphuric acid is referred to as a diprotic acid. (1)
2.2 The hydrogen carbonate ion can act as both an acid and a base. It reacts with water according to
the following balanced equation:
HCO-3 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H2CO3(aq) + OH−(aq)
2.2.1 Write down ONE word for the underlined phrase. (1)
2.2.2 HCO-3 (aq) acts as base in the above reaction. Write down the formula of the conjugate acid
of HCO-3 (aq). (1)

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2.3 A learner accidentally spills some sulphuric acid of concentration 6 mol∙dm -3 from a flask on the
laboratory bench. Her teacher tells her to neutralise the spilled acid by sprinkling sodium hydrogen
carbonate powder onto it. The reaction that takes place is: (Assume that the H 2SO4 ionises
completely.)
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ) + 2CO2(g)
The fizzing, due to the formation of carbon dioxide, stops after the learner has added 27 g sodium
hydrogen carbonate to the spilled acid.
2.3.1 Calculate the volume of sulphuric acid that spilled. Assume that all the sodium hydrogen
carbonate reacts with all the acid. (Answer: 30 cm3/27 cm3) (6)
The learner now dilutes some of the 6 mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution in the flask to 0,1 mol∙dm-3.
2.3.2 Calculate the volume of the 6 mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution needed to prepare 1 dm3 of
the dilute acid. (Answer: 20 cm3/ 16,7 cm3) (2)
During a titration 25 cm3 of the 0,1mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution is added to an Erlenmeyer flask
and titrated with a 0,1 mol∙dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.
2.3.3 The learner uses bromothymol blue as indicator. What is the purpose of this indicator? (1)
2.3.4 Calculate the pH of the solution in the flask after the addition of 30 cm 3 of sodium hydroxide.
The endpoint of the titration is not yet reached at this point. (Answer: pH = 1,44) (8)
[22]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
Anhydrous oxalic acid is an example of an acid that can donate two protons and thus ionises in two steps as
represented by the equations below:
I: (COOH)2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + H(COO)-2 (aq)
II: H(COO)-2 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + (COO)2-
2
(aq)
3.1 Write down:
3.1.1 ONE word for the underlined phrase in the above sentence (1)
3.1.2 The FORMULA of each of the TWO bases in reaction II (2)
3.1.3 The FORMULA of the substance that acts as ampholyte in reactions I and II. Give a reason
for the answer. (2)
3.2 Give a reason why oxalic acid is a weak acid. (1)
3.3 A standard solution of (COOH)2 of concentration 0,20 mol∙dm-3 is prepared by dissolving a certain
amount of (COOH)2 in water in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Calculate the mass of (COOH)2 needed to
prepare the standard solution. (Answer: 4,5 g) (4)
3.4 During a titration 25 cm3 of the standard solution of (COOH)2 prepared in QUESTION 3.3 is
neutralised by a sodium hydroxide solution from a burette. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
(COOH)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (COONa)2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
The diagrams below show the burette readings before the titration commenced and at the endpoint
respectively.
Before the titration At the endpoint
cm3 cm3

2 38

Level of Level of
NaOH(aq) NaOH(aq)
3 39

3.4.1 Use the burette readings and calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution.
(Answer: 0,28 mol∙dm-3 ) (5)
3.4.2 Write down a balanced equation that explains why the solution has a pH greater than 7 at
the endpoint. (3)
[18]

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QUESTION 4 (March 2016)

4.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)
4.2 Carbonated water is an aqueous solution of carbonic acid, H 2CO3. H2CO3(aq) ionises in two steps
when it dissolves in water.
4.2.1 Write down the FORMULA of the conjugate base of H2CO3(aq). (1)
4.2.2 Write down a balanced equation for the first step in the ionisation of carbonic acid. (3)
4.2.3 The pH of a carbonic acid solution at 25 °C is 3,4. Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration
in the solution.
(Answer: 2,51 x 10-11 mol·dm-3) (5)
4.3 X is a monoprotic acid.
4.3.1 State the meaning of the term monoprotic. (1)
4.3.2 A sample of acid X is titrated with a standard sodium hydroxide solution using a suitable
indicator. At the endpoint it is found that 25 cm3 of acid X is neutralised by 27,5 cm3 of the
sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 0,1 mol∙dm-3. Calculate the concentration of
acid X.
(Answer: 0,11 mol·dm-3) (5)
4.3.3 The concentration of H3O+ ions in the sample of acid X is 2,4 x 10-4 mol∙dm-3. Is acid X a
WEAK or a STRONG acid? Explain the answer by referring to the answer in
QUESTION 4.3.2. (3)
[20]
QUESTION 5 (June 2016)
5.1 Hydrogen carbonate ions react with water according to the following balanced equation:
HCO-3 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H2CO3(aq) + OH− (aq)
5.1.1 Define an acid according to the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)
5.1.2 Write down the FORMULAE of the two acids in the equation above. (2)
5.1.3 Write down the formula of a substance in the reaction above that can act as an ampholyte. (1)
5.2 During an experiment 0,50 dm3 of a 0,10 mol∙dm-3 HCℓ solution is added to 0,80 dm3 of a NaHCO3
solution of concentration 0,25 mol∙dm-3. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
NaHCO3(aq) + HCℓ(aq) → NaCℓ(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
5.2.1 Calculate the concentration of the hydroxide ions in the solution on completion of the reaction.
(Answer: 0,12 mol∙dm-3) (8)
5.2.2 Calculate the pH of the solution on completion of the reaction.
(Answer: pH = 13,08) (4)
[17]
QUESTION 6 (November 2016)
6.1 A learner dissolves ammonium chloride (NH4Cℓ) crystals in water and measures the pH of the solution.
6.1.1 Define the term hydrolysis of a salt. (2)
6.1.2 Will the pH of the solution be GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO 7?
Write a relevant equation to support your answer. (3)
6.2 A sulphuric acid solution is prepared by dissolving 7,35 g of H2SO4(ℓ) in 500 cm3 of water.
6.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 present in this solution.
(Answer: 0,08 mol) (2)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pellets are added to the 500 cm3 H2SO4 solution. The balanced equation
for the reaction is:
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(s) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
After completion of the reaction, the pH of the solution was found to be 1,3. Assume complete
ionisation of H2SO4.
6.2.2 Calculate the mass of NaOH added to the H2SO4 solution. Assume that the volume of the
solution does not change.
(Answer: 5 g) (9)
[16]

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Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 120 FS/2024

QUESTION 7 (March 2017)

7.1 Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is an acid that ionises incompletely in water according to the following
balanced equation:
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(ℓ) → CH3COO─(aq) + H3O+(aq)
7.1.1 Write down the term used for the underlined phrase above. (1)
7.1.2 An ethanoic acid solution has a pH of 4 at 25°C. Calculate the concentration of the
hydronium ions, H3O+(aq) in the solution.
(Answer: 1 x 10-4 mol∙dm-3) (3)
7.2 A standard solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is prepared in a 250 cm 3 volumetric flask. During
a titration, 12,5 cm3 of this solution neutralises 25 cm3 of a 0,16 mol∙dm-3 ethanoic acid solution. The
balanced equation for the reaction is:
CH3COOH(aq) + KOH(aq) → CH3COOK(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
7.2.1 Define a base according to the Arrhenius theory. (2)
7.2.2 Calculate the mass of potassium hydroxide used to prepare the solution above in the
250 cm3 volumetric flask.
(Answer: 4,48 g) (7)
7.2.3 Will the pH of the solution in the conical flask at the end point be GREATER THAN 7,
SMALLER THAN 7 or EQUAL TO 7? (1)
7.2.4 Explain the answer to QUESTION 7.2.3 with the aid of a balanced chemical equation. (3)
[17]
QUESTION 8 (June 2017)
The Ka values for two weak acids, oxalic acid and carbonic acid, are as follows:
NAME FORMULA Ka
Oxalic acid (COOH)2 5,6 x 10-2
Carbonic acid H2CO3 4,3 x 10-7
8.1 Define the term weak acid. (2)
8.2 Which acid, OXALIC ACID or CARBONIC ACID, is stronger? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
8.3 Oxalic acid ionises in water according to the following balanced equation:
(COOH)2(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) ⇌ (COO)2- 2
(aq) + 2H3O+(aq)
Write down the FORMULAE of the TWO bases in this equation. (2)
8.4 Learners prepare 2 dm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 0,1 mol∙dm-3. Calculate
the pH of the solution.
(Answer: pH = 13) (4)
8.5 During a titration of the sodium hydroxide solution in QUESTION 8.4 with dilute oxalic acid, the
learners find that 25,1 cm3 of the NaOH(aq) neutralises exactly 14,2 cm3 of the (COOH)2(aq). The
balanced equation for the reaction is as follows:
2NaOH(aq) + (COOH)2(aq) → (COO)2Na2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
8.5.1 Calculate the concentration of the oxalic acid solution.
(Answer: 0,09 mol·dm-3) (5)
The following indicators are available for the titration:
INDICATOR pH RANGE
A 3,1–4,4
B 6,0–7,6
C 8,3–10,0
8.5.2 Which ONE of the indicators above is most suitable for this titration? Give a reason for the
answer. (2)
[17]

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QUESTION 9 (March 2018)

9.1 The balanced equation below represents the first step in the ionisation of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in
water: H2SO4(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HSO− 4 (aq)
9.1.1 Write down the FORMULAE of the TWO bases in the equation above. (2)
9.1.2 Is sulphuric acid a STRONG or a WEAK acid? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
9.2 Learners use the reaction of a 0,15 mol∙dm-3 sulphuric acid solution with a sodium hydroxide solution
in two different experiments. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
9.2.1 They use 24 cm3 of H2SO4(aq) in a titration to neutralise 26 cm 3 of NaOH(aq).
Calculate the concentration of the NaOH(aq). (Answer: 0,28 mol∙dm-3) (5)
9.2.2 In another experiment, 30 cm3 of the H2SO4(aq) is added to 20 cm3 of a 0,28 mol∙dm-3 NaOH
solution in a beaker. Calculate the pH of the final solution. (Answer: pH = 1,17) (8)
[17]
QUESTION 10 (June 2018)
The reaction between a sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution and a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is
investigated using the apparatus illustrated below.

Retort stand Burette

H2SO4(aq)

Erlenmeyer flask
NaOH(aq)

10.1 Write down the name of the experimental procedure illustrated above. (1)
10.2 What is the function of the burette? (1)
10.3 Define an acid in terms of the Arrhenius theory. (2)
10.4 Give a reason why sulphuric acid is regarded as a strong acid. (1)
10.5 Bromothymol blue is used as indicator. Write down the colour change that will take place in the
Erlenmeyer flask on reaching the endpoint of the titration. Choose from the following:
BLUE TO YELLOW YELLOW TO BLUE GREEN TO YELLOW (1)
During the titration a learner adds 25cm3 of NaOH(aq) of concentration 0,1 mol·dm-3
to an Erlenmeyer flask
and titrates this solution with H2SO4 (aq) of concentration 0,1 mol·dm-3. The balanced equation for the
reaction that takes place is:
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
10.6 Determine the volume of H2SO4(aq) which must be added to neutralise the NaOH(aq) in the
Erlenmeyer flask completely.
(Answer: 12,5 cm3) (4)
10.7 If the learner passes the endpoint by adding 5 cm 3 of the same H2SO4(aq) in excess, calculate the
pH of the solution in the flask. (Answer: pH = 1,63) (7)
[17]
QUESTION 11 (November 2018)
11.1 Sulphuric acid is a strong acid present in acid rain. It ionises in two steps as follows:
I: H2SO4(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HSO− 4 (aq)
II: HSO−4 (aq) + H 2O(ℓ) ⇌ H 3O +(aq) + SO2− (aq)
4

11.1.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)

11.1.2 Write down the FORMULA of the conjugate base of H3O+(aq). (1)
11.1.3 Write down the FORMULA of the substance that acts as an ampholyte in the ionisation of
sulphuric acid. (2)
11.2 Acid rain does not cause damage to lakes that have rocks containing limestone (CaCO 3).
Hydrolysis of CaCO3 results in the formation of ions, which neutralise the acid.
11.2.1 Define hydrolysis of a salt. (2)
11.2.2 Explain, with the aid of the relevant HYDROLYSIS reaction, how limestone can neutralise
the acid. (3)

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11.3 The water in a certain lake has a pH of 5.

11.1.1 Calculate the concentration of the hydronium ions in the water.
(Answer: 1 x 10-5 mol·dm-3) (3)
The volume of water in the lake is 4 x 109 dm3. Lime, CaO, is added to the water to neutralise the
acid according to the following reaction:
CaO + 2H3O+ ⇌ Ca2+ + 3H2O
11.3.2 If the final amount of hydronium ions is 1,26 x 103 moles, calculate the mass of lime that was
added to the lake.
(Answer: 1,09 x 106 g) (7)
[20]
QUESTION 12 (June 2019)
12.1 Define a base in terms of the Arrhenius theory. (2)
12.2 Explain how a weak base differs from a strong base. (2)
12.3 Write down the balanced equation for the hydrolysis of NaHCO 3. (3)
12.4 A learner wishes to identify element X in the hydrogen carbonate, XHCO3. To do this she dissolves
0,4 g of XHCO3 in 100 cm3 of water. She then titrates all of this solution with a 0,2 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) solution. Methyl orange is used as the indicator during the titration.
12.4.1 Calculate the pH of the hydrochloric acid solution.
(Answer: pH = 0,7) (3)
12.4.2 Give a reason why methyl orange is a suitable indicator in this titration. (1)
At the endpoint she finds that 20 cm3 of the acid neutralised ALL the hydrogen carbonate solution.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
XHCO3(aq) + HCℓ(aq) → XCℓ(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
12.4.3 Identify element X by means of a calculation.
(Answer: M(X) = 39 g∙mol-1 thus X = K/potassium) (6)
[17]
QUESTION 13 (November 2019)
A hydrogen bromide solution, HBr(aq), reacts with water according to the following balanced chemical
equation: HBr(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ Br ‒(aq) + H3O+(aq)
The Ka value of HBr(aq) at 25 °C is 1 x 109.
13.1 Is hydrogen bromide a STRONG ACID or a WEAK ACID? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
13.2 Write down the FORMULAE of the TWO bases in the above reaction. (2)
13.3 HBr(aq) reacts with Zn(OH)2(s) according to the following balanced equation:
Zn(OH)2(s) + 2HBr(aq) → ZnBr2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
An unknown quantity of Zn(OH)2(s) is reacted with 90 cm3 of HBr(aq) in a flask. (Assume that the
volume of the solution does not change during the reaction.)
The EXCESS HBr(aq) is then neutralised by 16,5 cm3 of NaOH(aq) of concentration 0,5 mol·dm-3.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaBr(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
13.3.1 Calculate the pH of the HBr solution remaining in the flask AFTER the reaction with
Zn(OH)2(s).
(Answer: pH = 1,04) (7)
13.3.2 Calculate the mass of Zn(OH)2(s) INITIALLY present in the flask if the initial concentration
of HBr(aq) was 0,45 mol∙dm-3.
(Answer: 1,60 g) (6)
[17]
QUESTION 14 (November 2020)
14.1 Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) is an ingredient of household vinegar.
14.1.1 Is ethanoic acid a WEAK acid or a STRONG acid? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
14.1.2 An ethanoic acid solution has a pH of 3,85 at 25°C. Calculate the concentration of the
hydronium ions, H3O+(aq), in the solution. (Answer: 1,41 x 10-4 mol∙dm-3) (3)
Sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa(aq), forms when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide.
14.1.3 Will the pH of a sodium ethanoate solution be GREATER THAN 7, LESS THAN 7 or EQUAL
TO 7? (1)
14.1.4 Explain the answer to QUESTION 14.1.3 with the aid of a balanced chemical equation. (3)

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14.2 Household vinegar contains 4,52% ethanoic acid, CH3COOH by volume. A 1,2 g impure sample of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is added to 25 cm3 household vinegar. On completion of the reaction, the
EXCESS ethanoic acid in the household vinegar is neutralised by 14,5 cm 3 of a sodium hydroxide
solution of concentration 1 mol∙dm-3. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
14.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of the unreacted ethanoic acid. (Answer: 0,0145 mol) (3)
14.2.2 Calcium carbonate reacts with ethanoic acid according to the following balanced equation:
CaCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → (CH3COO)2Ca(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
Calculate the percentage calcium carbonate in the impure sample if 1 cm3 of household
vinegar has a mass of 1 g. (Answer: 18,08%) (8)
[20]
QUESTION 15 (September 2021)
Two beakers, A and B, contain strong bases.
Beaker A: 500 cm3 of barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2(aq) of unknown concentration X
Beaker B: 400 cm3 of potassium hydroxide, KOH(aq) of concentration 0,1 mol·dm-3
15.1 Define a base according to the Arrhenius theory. (2)
15.2 Calculate the number of moles of hydroxide ions (OHꟷ) in beaker B. (Answer: 0,04 mol) (2)
15.3 The contents of beakers A and B are added together in beaker C. The solution in beaker C has
a pH of 13. Assume that the volumes are additive and that the temperature of the solutions is 25 °C.

15.3.1 Calculate the concentration, X, of the Ba(OH)2 in beaker A.

(Answer: 0,05 to 0,06 mol·dm-3) (8)
The solution in beaker C is titrated with ethanoic acid. It was found that 15 cm3 of the solution
neutralises 30 cm3 of the acid. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CH3COOH(aq) + OHꟷ(aq) → CH3COOꟷ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
15.3.2 Is ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(aq), a WEAK acid or a STRONG acid? Give a reason for
the answer. (2)
15.3.3 Calculate the concentration of the ethanoic acid.
(Answer: 0,05 mol·dm-3) (4)
[18]
QUESTION 16 (November 2021)
16.1 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4, ionises into two steps as follows:
I: H2SO4(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HSO− 4 (aq) Ka = 1 x 103
II: HSO− + 2−
4 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O (aq) + SO4 (aq) Ka = 1 x 10-2
16.1.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)
16.1.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the substance that acts as an ampholyte in the
above equations. Give a reason for the answer. (2)
16.1.3 The conductivity of solutions of HSO− 4 (aq) and H2SO4(aq) are compared.
Which solution will have a LOWER conductivity? Explain the answer. (3)
16.2 The pH of a hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq), is 1,02 at 25 °C.
16.2.1 Calculate the concentration of the HCℓ(aq). (Answer: 0,096/0,1 mol∙dm-3) (3)
This HCℓ solution reacts with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, according to the following balanced
equation:
2HCℓ(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
50 cm3 of the HCℓ solution is added to 25 cm3 of a 0,075 mol∙dm-3 Na2CO3 solution.
16.2.2 Calculate the concentration of the EXCESS HCℓ in the new solution.
(Answer: 0,01 to 0,02 mol∙dm-3) (8)
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QUESTION 17 (June 2022)

17.1 Two acids, HX and HY, of EQUAL CONCENTRATIONS are compared.
The pH of HX is 2,7 and the pH of HY is 0,7.
17.1.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)
17.1.2 Which acid, HX or HY, is STRONGER? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
17.1.3 Acid HX ionises in water according to the following equation:
HX(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + X─(aq)
The Ka value for the reaction is 1,8 x 10-5 at 25 °C.
Is the concentration of the hydronium ions HIGHER THAN, LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO
the concentration of HX? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
17.2 Learners add 150 cm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, of unknown concentration to 200 cm3
of a 0,03 mol∙dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ, as illustrated below. They find that the pH of the
final solution is 2. Assume that the volumes are additive.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

HCℓ(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Calculate the:
17.2.1 Concentration of the H3O+ ions in the final solution
(Answer: 0,01 mol∙dm-3) (3)
17.2.2 Initial concentration of the NaOH(aq)
(Answer: 0,02 mol∙dm-3) (7)
[16]
QUESTION 18 (November 2022)
18.1 Ethanoic acid is a weak acid that reacts with water according to the following balanced equation:
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ CH3COO─(aq) + H3O+(aq)
18.1.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)
18.1.2 Give a reason why ethanoic acid is classified as a WEAK acid. (1)
18.1.3 Write down the formulae of the TWO bases in the equation above. (2)
18.2 A flask contains 300 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), of concentration 0,167 mol·dm-3.
21.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide in the flask.
(Answer: 0,05 mol) (3)
Ethanoic acid of volume 500 cm3and of unknown concentration, X, is now added to this flask to give
a solution of volume 800 cm3. It is found that the pH of the mixture is 11,4.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Calculate the:
18.2.2 Concentration of the OH─(aq) in the mixture
(Answer: 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3) (4)
18.2.3 Initial concentration, X, of the ethanoic acid solution
(Answer: 0,095 to 0,1 mol∙dm-3) (6)
[18]

Chemistry Revision Book © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 125 FS/2024

QUESTION 19 (June 2023)

19.1 The conductivity of three acid solutions, A, B and C, as shown below is investigated at the same
temperature.
A 0,1 mol·dm-3 H2SO4(aq)
B 0,1 mol·dm-3 HNO3(aq)
C 0,1 mol·dm-3 CH3COOH(aq)
The brightness of the bulb in the apparatus shown below is used as a measure of the conductivity of the
solutions.

The acid solutions are electrolytes.

19.1.1 Define the term electrolyte. (2)
The brightness of the bulb for each of the solutions is compared.
19.1.2 In which solution, A or B, will the bulb be brighter? Give a reason for the answer by referring
to the types of acids. (2)
19.1.3 In which solution, B or C, will the bulb be brighter? Give a reason for the answer by referring
to the types of acids. (2)
19.2 A hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq), is standardised by titrating it against 25 cm3 of a 0,04 mol·dm-3
sodium carbonate solution Na2CO3(aq). At the endpoint, it is found that 19,5 cm3 of HCℓ(aq) has reacted.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
19.2.1 Calculate the concentration of the HCℓ(aq).
(Answer: 0,010 mol·dm-3) (3)
19.2.2 Suppose a few drops of water were present in the burette before it was filled with the
hydrochloric acid solution.
How will the volume of the HCℓ solution needed to reach the endpoint be affected?
Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or REMAINS THE SAME.
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
A concentrated household product, ChemClean, contains ammonia as the main cleaning agent.
To determine the amount of ammonia present in 1 dm3 of ChemClean, the following procedure is
followed:
20 cm3 of ChemClean is added to a 250 cm3 flask. The flask is then filled to the 250 cm3 mark with
distilled water.

The diluted solution is titrated against the hydrochloric acid solution of the concentration as calculated in
QUESTION 19.2.1.
During the titration, 22 cm3 of the diluted ChemClean solution is neutralised by 18,7 cm3 of the HCℓ
solution. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
NH3(aq) + HCℓ(aq) → NH+4 (aq) + Cℓ─(aq)
19.2.3 Calculate the mass of ammonia in 1 dm3 of ChemClean.
(Answer: 18,06 g) (7)
19.2.4 Will the pH of the solution at the end of the titration be GREATER THAN 7, EQUAL TO 7 or
LESS THAN 7?
Write down the relevant equation as motivation for the answer. (3)
[21]
Chemistry Revision Book © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 126 FS/2024

QUESTION 20 (November 2023)

To identify metal M in an unknown metal carbonate, MCO3, the following procedure is carried out:

Step 1: 0,198 g of IMPURE MCO3 is reacted with 25 cm3 of 0,4 mol∙dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3(aq).
Step 2: The EXCESS HNO3(aq) is then neutralised with 20 cm3 of 0,15 mol∙dm-3 barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2(aq).
Assume that the volumes are additive.

The following reactions take place:

2HNO3(aq) + MCO3(s) → M(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)
2HNO3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)
20.1 Define the term strong base. (2)
20.2 Calculate the:
20.2.1 Number of moles of Ba(OH)2(aq) that reacted with the excess HNO3(aq)
(Answer: 0,003 mol) (3)
20.2.2 pH of the solution after Step 1
(Answer: 0,062) (5)
20.3 The percentage purity of the MCO3(s) in the sample is 85%. Identify metal M.
(Answer: M = 24 g·mol-1 therefore Mg) (8)
[18]

Chemistry Revision Book © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 107 FS / January 2021

ACIDS AND BASES

QUESTION 1
1.1.1 Ionises / dissociates completely in water.  (1)
1.1.2 NO 3− / Nitrate ion  (1)
1.1.3 pH = - log[H3O+] / - log[H+]  = -log(0,3)  = 0,52  (1)
n n
1.2.1 c=  ∴2=  ∴ n(HCℓ) = 0,2 mol  (3)
V 0,1
1.2.2 Burette  (1)
1.2.3 B Titration of strong acid and strong base.  (3)
1.2.4 The number of moles of acid in the flask remains constant.  (1)
n
  0,2 =  n = 4,2 x 10-3 mol 
n
1.2.5 c=  n(HCℓ)excess = n(NaOH) = 4,2 x 10-3 mol (3)
V 0,021
1.2.6 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(HCℓ reacted): n(HCℓ reacted) = 0,2 – 4,2 x 10-3  = 0,196 mol
0,2 – 4,2 x 10-3  = 0,196 mol m m
n(MgO reacted): n(HCℓ reacted) =  0,196 =
½n(HCℓ) = ½(0,196) = 9,8 x 10-2 mol  M 36,5
m m  m(HCℓ reacted) = 7,154 g
n(MgO reacted) =  0,098 = 
M 40 40 g MgO  .............. 73 g HCℓ 
 m = 3,92 g x g MgO ................... 7,154 g  x = 3,92 g
3,92 3,92
% purity =  = 87,11%  % purity =  = 87,11%  (5)
4,5  100 4,5  100 [21]
QUESTION 2
2.1.1 An acid is a proton (H+ ion) donor.  (1)
2.1.2 It ionises to form 2 protons for each H2SO4 molecule. / It ionises to form 2 moles of H+ ions. 
OR It donates 2 H+ ions per H2SO4 molecule. (1)
2.2.1 Amphiprotic substance / Ampholyte  (1)
2.2.2 H2CO3  (1)
2.3.1

(6)
2.3.2

(2)
2.3.3 Shows end point of titration. / Shows when neutralisation occurs.  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 108 FS / January 2021

2.3.4

(8)
[22]
QUESTION 3
3.1.1 Diprotic  (1)
2−
3.1.2 H2O  and (COO) 2  (2)
− −
3.1.3 H(COO) 2 / HC2O 4  It acts as base (in reaction I) and as acid (in reaction II).  (2)
3.2 Ionises / dissociates incompletely / partially.  (1)
3.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m m n n
c=   0,2 = c=   0,2 =   n = 0,05 mol
MV  0,25  90  V 0,25
 m = 4,5 g  m m
n=  0,05 =   m = 4,5 g 
M 90 (4)
3.4.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
c a Va n a n((COOH)2) = cV  = (0,2)(0,025) 
=  = 0,005 mol
c b Vb nb
 n(NaOH) = 2(0,005)  = 0,01 mol
0,2  25 1
=   cb = 0,28 mol∙dm-3  n 0,01
c b  36  2 • c= = = 0,28 mol∙dm-3 
V 0,0036 (5)
2−
3.4.2 (COO) 2 (aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ (COOH)2(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Bal.  (3)
[18]
QUESTION 4
4.1.1 Hydrolysis  (1)
4.1.2 Acidic  Forms H3O+ ions during hydrolysis.  OR Salt of strong acid and weak base. (2)
4.2.1 n = cV  = (0,1)(0,1)  = 0,01 mol  (3)
4.2.2 n(HCℓ) = caVa = (0,11)(14,55 x 10-3)  = 1,6 x 10-3 mol
n(NaOH) = n(HCℓ) = 1,6 x 10-3 mol 
n(NaOH excess) in 100 cm3 = 1,6 x 10-3 x 4  = 6,4 x 10-3 mol
n(NaOH reacted) = 0,01 - 6,4 x 10-3  = 3,6 x 10-3 mol
n(NH4Cℓ) = n(NaOH) = 3,6 x 10-3 mol  (0,003598 mol)

m(NH4Cℓ) = nM x m
= (3,6 x 10-3)(53,5) n(NH4Cℓ) = 0,92  n(NH4Cℓ) =
53,5 53,5
= 0,193 g
x
92% : 0,193 g
∴3,6 x 10 = 0,92
-3
  3,6 x 10-3 = m 
100% : x 53,5 53,5
 x = 0,193  100  ∴x = 0,21 g  n(NH4Cℓ) = 0,192 g
92 m = 0,192  100 = 0,21 g 
= 0,21 g  92 (8)
4.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
[OH-] = [NaOH] = 0,5 mol∙dm-3 pOH = -log[OH-] 
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = -log(0,5) 
1 x 10-14 = [H3O+]0,5  = 0,301
 [H3O+] = 2 x 10-14 mol∙dm-3
pH = -log[H+]  pH + pOH = 14
= -log(2 x 10-14)  = 13,7  pH = 14 – 0,301  (4)
= 13,7  (13,699) [18]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 109 FS / January 2021

QUESTION 5
5.1 It is a proton donor.  (2)
2−
5.2.1 CO 3 (aq)  (1)
−
5.2.2 H2CO3 + H2O  ⇌ HCO 3 (aq) + H3O+(aq)  Bal.  (3)
5.2.3

(5)
5.3.1 An acid that donates ONE proton / H+ ion / H3O+ ion. 
OR An acid of which ONE mol ionises to form ONE mol of protons / H+ ions / H3O+ ions. (1)
5.3.2

(5)
5.3.3 Weak 
The [H+] OR [H3O+] is lower than the concentration of acid X. 
Therefore the acid is incompletely ionised.  (3)
[20]
QUESTION 6
6.1.1 An acid is a proton/ H+ donor.  NOTE: NOT H3O+ (2)
6.1.2 H2O  and H2CO3  (2)
−
6.1.3 H2O  OR HCO 3 (1)
6.2.1 n(HCℓ) = cV  = (0,1)(0,5)  = 0,05 mol
n(NaHCO3) = cV = (0,25) (0,8)  = 0,2 mol
n(NaHCO3)reacted = n(HCℓ) = 0,05 mol 
n(NaHCO3)excess = 0,2 – 0,05  = 0,15 mol
n(OH-) = n(NaHCO3)  = 0,15 mol
n 0,15
(OH-) = =  = 0,12 mol∙dm-3  (8)
V 1,3
6.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 pOH = -log[OH—] = -log(0,12) 
1 x 10-14 = [H3O+](0,12)  = 0,92
[H3O+] = 8,33 x 10-14 mol∙dm-3 pH + pOH = 14
pH = - log [H3O+] = - log(8,33 x 10-14)  pH + 0,92 = 14  (4)
= 13,08  pH = 13,08 
[17]
QUESTION 7
7.1.1 Hydrolysis is the reaction of a salt with water.  (2)
7.1.2 Smaller than 7 
+
NH 4 + H2O  → NH3 + H3O+  (3)
7.2.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
m 7,35 98 g : 1 mol m 7,35
n= = = 0,08 mol  7,35 :0,08 mol  c= = = 0,15 mol∙dm-3
M 98 MV 98  0,5
n = cV = 0,15 x 0,5 = 0,08 mol  (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 110 FS / January 2021

7.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2

pH = −log[H3O+]  n 0,075
[H2SO4]in = =
1,3  = −log[H3O+] V 0,5 
[H3O+] = 0,05 mol∙dm-3 = 0,15 mol∙dm-3
[H2SO4] = ½[H3O+] = ½ x 0,05  [H3O+]initially
= 2[H2SO4] = 2 x 0,15 
= 0,025 mol∙dm-3 = 0,3 mol∙dm-3
n(H2SO4)excess = cV  = 0,025 x 0,5  pH = −log[H3O ]   1,3  = -log[H3O+]
+

= 0,0125 mol [H3O+] = 0,05 mol∙dm-3

n(H2SO4)react = 0,075 – 0,0125  [H3O+]react = 0,3 – 0,05  = 0,25 mol∙dm-3
= 0,0625 mol [H2SO4]react = ½[H3O+]
= ½ x 0,25
n(NaOH) = 2n(H2SO4) = 2 x 0,0625  = 0,125 mol∙dm-3 (0,14)
= 0,125 mol
OR n(H2SO4)react = cV = (0,125)(0,5) = 0,0625
mol
m n(NaOH) = 2n(H2SO4) = 2 x 0,0625 
n(NaOH) = 1 mol : 40 g  = 0,125 mol
M 
m m
 0,125 = m 0,125 mol : 5 g  n(NaOH) =
M
 0,125 =
40
 m=5g
40
 m=5g (9)
[16]
QUESTION 8
8.1.1 Weak acid  (1)
8.1.2 pH = -log[H3O+]   4  = -log[H3O+]  [H3O+] = 1 x 10-4 mol∙dm-3  (3)
8.2.1 A substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.  (2)
8.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
c a  Va na c a  Va na n(acid)used = cV 
=  =  = (0,16)(0,025) 
c a  Vb nb c a  Vb nb
  = 4 x 10-3 mol
0,16  25 1 0,16  25 1 n(KOH) = 4 x 10-3 mol 
=  =  ∴cb = 0,32 mol·dm -3
c b  12,5  1 c b  12,5  1 In 12,5 cm3:
cb = 0,32 mol·dm-3 n(KOH) = 4 x 10-3 mol
n n
m c= ∴ 0,32 =  In 250 cm3
c= V 0,25 250
MV n(KOH) =  4  10 − 3 
∴ n = 0,08 mol 12,5
m
0,32 = m m
56 0,25 n= ∴ 0,08 =  ∴ m = 4,48 g  = 0,08 mol
M 56 m(KOH) = nM = 0,08 x 56 
m = 4,48 g 
= 4,48 g  (7)
8.2.3 Greater than 7  (1)
8.2.4 CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ CH3COOH(aq) + OH-(aq)  Bal.  (3)
[17]
QUESTION 9
9.1 A substance that ionises incompletely/to a small extent.  (2)
9.2 Oxalic acid  Higher Ka value  OR Carbonic acid has a lower Ka value. (2)
2−
9.3 H2O  and (COO) 2  (2)
9.4 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Kw = [OH─][ H3O+]  1 x 10-14 = (0,1)[H3O+]  pOH = -log[OH─]  = -log(0,1)  = 1
[H3O ] = 1 x 10 mol∙dm
+ -13 -3 14 = pOH + pH ∴ 14 = 1 + pH 
pH = -log[H3O+]  = -log(1 x 10-13)  = 13  pH = 13  (4)
9.5.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
c a  Va na  n(NaOH) = cV  = (0,1)(0,0251) = 0,00251 mol
= 1
c a  Vb nb n(COOH)2 = (0,00251) = 0,00126 mol
ca × 14,2 1
2
 0,1 =   ca = 0,09 mol·dm-3  n
× 25,1  2 ca = = 0,00126  = 0,09 mol∙dm-3 
V 0,0142 (5)
9.5.2 C/ phenolphthalein 
Titration of weak acid and strong base. 
OR The endpoint will be at pH > 7 which is in the range of the indicator. (2)
[17]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 111 FS / January 2021

QUESTION 10
10.1.1 Weak 
Dissociates/Ionises incompletely/partially (in water to form a low concentration of OH - ions.)  (2)
10.1.2 NH+4
/ammonium ion  (1)
10.1.3 H2O/water/NH3/ammonia  (1)
10.2.1 Acidic pH < 7/pH = 4  (2)
10.2.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
pH = -log[H3O+]  pH + pOH = 14
 Any one
 6  = -log[H3O+] 6  + pOH = 14
 [H3O+] = 1  10-6 mol∙dm-3
[H3O+][OH-] = 10-14  Any one pOH = -log[OH-] 
(1  10-6) [OH-] = 10-14  8 = -log[OH-]
 [OH-] = 1  10-8 mol∙dm-3   [OH-] = 1  10-8 mol∙dm-3  (4)
10.3 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m 0,29 m 0,29
n(Na2CO3 ) =  =  n(Na2CO3 ) =  = 
M 106 M 106
 nb = 2,74  10-3 mol / 0,003 mol = 2,74  10-3 mol / 0,003 mol
n(HCℓ) = 2n(Na2CO3) 
n(HCℓ) = 2n(Na2CO3)  = 5,47  10-3 mol  0,005 mol
= 5,47  10-3 mol / 0,005 mol 5,47  10-3 → 50 cm3
n(HCℓ) → 500 cm3:
n 5,47 x10 −3
−3 
c(HCℓ)dilute =
V
= = 0,1094 mol∙dm-3  n(HCℓ) = 500  5,47 10
0,05  50
cV(HCℓ)dilute = cV(HCℓ)conc = 0,0547 mol
0,1094 x 500  = (HCℓ)conc x 5  n 0,0547
 c(HCℓ)conc = 10,94 mol∙dm-3  c(HCℓ)conc =
V
=
5  10 − 3  (7)
= 10,94 mol∙dm-3  [17]
QUESTION 11
−
11.1.1 H2O  & HSO 4  (2)
11.1.2 Strong  Completely ionised (in water).  (2)
11.2.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
c a  Va na  n(H2SO4) = cV  = (0,15)(0,024)  = 3,6 x 10-3 mol
= n(NaOH) =2(3,6 x 10-3) 
c a  Vb nb
= 7,2 x 10-3 mol
0,15  24  1
=  n 7,2 × 10-3
c b  26 2 c = = = 0,28 mol∙dm-3 
V0,026
c(NaOH) = 0,28 mol∙dm-3  (5)
11.2.2 n(NaOH) = cV = 0,02 x 0,28  = 0,0056 mol
[H2SO4] = n = 0,0017 = 0,034mol∙dm-3
n(H2SO4) = 0,03 x 0,15  = 0,0045 mol V 0,05
n(H2SO4)used = ½n(NaOH) = 0,0028 [H3O+] = 2[H2SO4] = 2 x 0,034 
n(H2SO4)excess = 0,0045–0,0028  = 0,068mol∙dm-3 (8)
= 0,0017 mol pH = -log[H3O+] OR -log(0,068)  = 1,17 
[17]
QUESTION 12
12.1 Titration/Volumetric analysis  (1)
12.2 To measure the (exact) volume of acid needed to reach endpoint/to neutralise the base.  (1)
12.3 Acids produce hydrogen ions (H+)/hydronium ions (H3O+) in solution/water.  (2)
12.4 H2SO4 ionises completely.  (1)
12.5 Blue to yellow  (1)
12.6 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
c a  Va na  n
  0,1 =
= cb =
n   n = 2,5 x 10-3 mol
b
c a  Vb nb V 0,025
=  Va = 12,5 cm3  na = 1 nb = 1 (2,5 x 10-3)  = 1,25 x 10-3 mol
(0,1 )Va 1
(0,1)(25) 2 2 2
n
ca =  0,1 = 1,25  10  Va = 0,0125 dm3/12,5 cm3
−3

V V
 (4)
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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 112 FS / January 2021

12.7 OPTION 1 OPTION 2

na(excess = cV  na(final) = cV 
= (0,1)(0,005)  = 5 x 10-4 mol = (0,1)(0,0175)  = 1,75 x 10-3 mol
n −4 na(exs) = na(final) - na(react)
ca = = 5  10 = 1,75 x 10-3 – 1,25 x 10-3 = 5 x 10-4 mol
V 4,25  10 −2
n −4
= 1,18 x 10-2 mol·dm-3 ca = = 5  10 = 1,18 x 10-2 mol·dm-3
c(H+) = 2ca = 2(1,18 x 10-2)  V 4,25  10 −2
= 2,36 x 10-2 mol·dm-3 c(H+) = 2ca = 2(1,18 x 10-2) 
pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(2,36 x 10-2) = 2,36 x 10-2 mol·dm-3
= 1,63  pH = -log[H3O+] = -log (2,36 x 10-2) = 1,63  (7)
[17]
QUESTION 13
13.1.1 An acid is a proton donor.  (2)
13.1.2 H2O  (1)
−
13.1.3 HSO 4  (2)
13.2.1 Reaction of a salt with water/H2O.  (2)
13.2.2 CO 32− (aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ H2CO3(aq) + 2OH- (aq) 
OR CO 32− (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ HCO 3− (aq) + OH-(aq)
The formation of OH- (aq) neutralises the excess acid.  (3)
13.3.1 pH = -log[H3O+]   5  = -log[H3O+]  [H3O+] = 1 x 10-5 mol·dm-3  (3)
13.3.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n   1 x 10 = n c(H3O+)fin = n = 1,26  10
3
c(H3O )ini. =
+ -5
V 4  10 
9
V 4  10 
9

 na = 4 x 104 mol = 3,15 x 10-7 mol∙dm-3

n(H3O+)react = 4 x 104 – 1,26 x 103  c(H3O+)rea = 1 x 10-5 – 3,15 x 10-7 
= 3,87 x 104 mol = 9,69 x 10-6 mol∙dm-3
n(CaO) = ½n(H3O+) = ½ x 3,87 x 104  n(H3O+)rea = cV = (9,65 x 10-6)(4 x 109)
= 1,94 x 104 mol = 3,87 x 104 mol
n(CaO) = ½n(H3O+) = ½ x 3,87 x 104 
= 1,94 x 104 mol
n(CaO) = m  1,94 x 104 = m OR
1 mol : 56 g 
M 56
 m = 1,09 x 106 g  1,94 x 104 mol : m (7)
 m = 1,09 x 106 g  [20]
QUESTION 14
14.1 A base forms hydroxide ions (OH‒) in water/aqueous solution.  (2)
14.2 A strong base ionises/dissociates completely  and a weak base ionises/dissociates incompletely.  (2)
14.3 HCO 3− (aq) + H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ H2CO3(aq) + OH− (aq)  Bal.  (3)
14.4.1 pH = -log[H3O+]  = -log (0,2)  = 0,70  (0,699) (3)
14.4.2 Titration of a weak base and a strong acid.  OR The endpoint will be at pH < 7. (1)
14.4.3 OPTION 1/ OPTION 2
n n c a  Va n a 
c(HCℓ) =   0,2 =   n(HCℓ) = 4 x 10-3 mol =
V 20  10 −3
c b  Vb nb
n(XHCO3) = n(HCℓ)  0,2  20  1 
= 4 x 10-3 mol =
c b  100 1
m
n= cb = 0,04 mol∙dm-3
M 1 mol → M(XHCO3)
4 x 10-3 mol → 0,4 g  m
 4  10 −3 = 0,4  c( XHCO 3 ) =
M(XHCO3) = 100 g∙mol -1 MV
M
M = 100 g∙mol -1  0,04 = 0,4 
M(XHCO3) = M(X) + 61 M(0,1)
M(XHCO3) = M(X) + 61 = 100
= 100
 M(X) = 39 g∙mol  -1 M(XHCO 3) = 100 g∙mol-1
X = K /potassium   M(X) = 39 g∙mol-1  M(XHCO 3) = M(X) + 61 = 100
X = K/potassium   M(X) = 39 g∙mol-1 
X = K / potassium  (6)
[17]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 113 FS / January 2021

QUESTION 15
15.1 Strong (acid) 
Large Ka value/ Ka > 1 / (HBr) ionises completely  (2)
15.2 H2O  & Br-  (2)
15.3.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(NaOH)reacted = cV  c a Va na 
= 0,5(0,0165)  =
c b Vb nb
= 0,00825 mol
n(HBr)excess = n(NaOH) = 0,00825 mol  c a (90)  1
= 
n 0,00825 (0,5)(16,5) 1
c(H3O+) = = = 0,092 mol·dm-3
V 0,09  ca = 0,092 mol·dm-3
pH = -log[H3O+] 
pH = -log[H3O+]  = -log(0,092)  = 1,04 
= -log(0,092)  = 1,04  (7)
15.3.2 OPTION 1
n(HBr)initial= cV = (0,45)(0,09)  = 0,0405 mol
n(HBr reacted with Zn(OH)2) = 0,0405 – 0,00825  = 0,03224 mol
n(Zn(OH)2) = ½n(HBr) = ½(0,03224) = 0,016125 mol
m(Zn(OH)2) = nM = (0,016125)(99)  = 1,596 g 
OPTION 2
c(HBr) = 0,45 – 0,092  = 0,358 mol∙dm-3
n(HBr reacted) = cV = 0,358 x 0,09  = 0,0322 mol
n(Zn(OH)2) = ½n(HBr) = ½(0,0322)  = 0,01611 mol
m(Zn(OH)2) = nM = 0,01611 x 99  = 1,595 g  (1,60 g) (6)
[17]
QUESTION 16
16.1.1 Weak 
-
Ionises/Dissociates incompletely/partially (in water)  (2)
16.1.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
pH = -log[H3O+] ✓ [H3O+] = 10-pH 
3,85  = -log[H3O ]+ = 10-3,85 ✓
[H3O ] = 1,41 x 10 mol∙dm ✓
+ -4 -3 = 1,41 x 10-4 mol∙dm-3 ✓ (3)
16.1.3 Greater than  (1)
16.1.4 CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ CH3COOH(aq) + OH-(aq) 
OR
CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
Due to formation of hydroxide/OH- / the solution is basic/alkaline /pH > 7. ✓ (3)
16.2.1 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(NaOH)reacted = cV 𝑐𝑎 𝑥 𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑎
=
= 1(0,0145)  𝑐𝑏 𝑥 𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑏
= 0,0145 mol 25 𝑥 𝑐𝑎 1
✓= ✓
1 𝑥 14,5 1
n(CH3COOH)diluted = n(NaOH)  ca(unreacted) = 0,58 mol∙dm-3
= 0,0145mol  na(unreacted) = cV
(nie-gereageer) = (0,58)(0,025)
= 0,0145 mol  (3)
16.2.2 m(CH3COOH) =
4,52
𝑥25  = 1,13 g
100
𝑚 1,13
n(CH3COOH)ini/aanv. = ✓ = ✓ = 0,01883 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀 60
n(CH3COOH)rea = 0,01883 – 0,0145 ✓ = 0,0043 mol
1
n(CaCO3) = n(CH3COOH)
2
= 0,5(0,0043) 
= 0,00217 mol
m(CaCO3) = nM
= 0,00217(100) ✓ = 0,217 g
0,217
% CaCO3 = 𝑥100
1,2
= 18,08 %  (8)
[20]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences/P2 12 DBE/November 2022
NSC

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

7.1 Ethanoic acid is a weak acid that reacts with water according to the following
balanced equation:

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ CH3COO─(aq) + H3O+(aq)

7.1.1 Define an acid in terms of the Lowry-Brønsted theory. (2)

7.1.2 Give a reason why ethanoic acid is classified as a WEAK acid. (1)

7.1.3 Write down the formulae of the TWO bases in the equation above. (2)

7.2 A flask contains 300 cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide, NaOH(aq), of

concentration 0,167 mol·dm-3.

7.2.1 Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide in the flask. (3)

Ethanoic acid of volume 500 cm3 and of unknown concentration, X, is now

added to this flask to give a solution of volume 800 cm3.

It is found that the pH of the mixture is 11,4.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

Calculate the:

7.2.2 Concentration of the OH─(aq) in the mixture (4)

7.2.3 Initial concentration, X, of the ethanoic acid solution (6)

[18]

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6.6.4  The rates of the forward and reverse reactions decrease. 

 The reverse reaction is favoured / faster than the forward reaction.
OR
The forward reaction decreases more. 
 A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction. 
 Die voorwaartse en terugwaartse reaksietempo neem af.
 Die terugwaartse reaksie word bevoordeel/is vinniger as die voorwaartse
reaksie.
OF
Die voorwaartse reaksie neem meer af.
 'n Verlaging in die temperatuur bevoordeel die eksotermiese reaksie. (3)
[21]

QUESTION 7/VRAAG 7

7.1
7.1.1 (An acid is a) proton donor/H+ (ion) donor.  (2 or 0)
('n Suur is ʼn) protonskenker/H+(-ioon) skenker. (2 of 0) (2)

7.1.2 (Weak acids) ionise/dissociate incompletely/partially (in water)/have a low Ka

value. 
(Swak sure) ioniseer/dissosieer onvolledig/gedeeltlik (in water)/het 'n lae Ka-
waarde. (1)

7.1.3 H2O  and CH3COO─  (2)

7.2
7.2.1 n(NaOH) = cV 
n = (0,167)(0,300) 
 n(NaOH) = 0,05 mol  (5 x 10-2 mol) (3)

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Physical Sciences P2/Fisiese Wetenskappe V2 15 DBE/November 2022
NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne

7.2.2 Marking criteria: Nasienkriteria:

a) Any formula: pH = -log[H3O+] / a) Enige formule: pH = - log[H3O+] /
pH = -log[H+] / pOH = -log[OH─] / pH = - log[H+] / pOH = - log[OH-] /
[H3O+][OH─] = - / pH + pOH = 14  [H3O+][OH─] = - / pH + pOH = 14 
b) Substitute 11,4 in pH = -log[H3O+]/ b) Vervang 11,4 in pH = - log[H3O+]/
pH + pOH = 14  pH + pOH = 14 
c) Substitute calculated [H3O+] in c) Vervang berekende [H3O+] in
[H3O+][OH─] / 2,6 in pOH = -log[OH─]  [H3O+][OH─] / 2,6 in pOH = -log[OH─] 
d) Final answer: 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3  d) Finale antwoord: 2,51x 10-3 mol∙dm-3 
(0,003 mol∙dm-3) (0,003 mol∙dm-3)

OPTION 1/OPSIE 1
pH = - log[H3O+]
Any one/Enige een (a)
11,4 (b) = - log[H3O+] OR/OF [H3O+] = 10-11,4
[H3O+] = 3,98 x 10-12

─ -
[H3O+][OH ] =
(c)
(3,98 x 10-12)[OH─] = 1 x 10-14
[OH-] = 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3 (d) (0,003)
OPTION 2/OPSIE 2
pH + pOH = 14
11,4 + pOH = 14 (b) Any one/Enige een (a)
pOH = 2,6

pOH = -log[OH─] 
2,6 (c) = -log[OH─]
[OH-] = 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3 (d) (0,003) (4)

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Physical Sciences P2/Fisiese Wetenskappe V2 16 DBE/November 2022
NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne

7.2.3 POSITIVE MARKING FROM QUESTION 7.2.1. AND 7.2.2.

POSITIEWE NASIEN VANAF VRAAG 7.2.1. EN 7.2.2.
Marking criteria:
-3
a) Substitute [NaOH] = ∙d (answer from Q7.2.2) and 0,8 in c = 
b) Subtract: n(NaOH)initial (from Q7.2.1) – n(NaOH)mixture 
c) Use of ratio: n(OH─) = n(CH3COOH) 
d) Substitute 0,5 d (CH3COOH)[calculated by subtraction] into c = 
-3
e) Final correct answer: 0,096 mol∙dm 
Range: 0,095 to 0,1 ∙d -3
Nasienkriteria:
n
a) Vervang [NaOH] = 0,00251 mol∙dm-3 (antwoord van Q7.2.2) en 0,8 in c = 
b) Trek af: n(NaOH)aanvanklik (vanaf Q7.2.1) – n(NaOH)mengsel 
c) Gebruik verhouding: n(OH─) = n(CH3COOH) 
n
d) Vervang 0,5 en ∆n(CH3COOH) [bereken deur aftrekking] in c = 
-3
e) Finale korrekte antwoord: 0,096 mol∙dm 
Gebied: 0,095 tot 0,1 mol∙dm-3

n(NaOH)mixture = cV
= 0,00251 x 0,8 (a)
= 0,002 mol (0,0024)

n(NaOH)reacted = 0,05 – 0,002 (b)

= 0,048 mol (0,0476)

n(NaOH)reacted = n(CH3COOH)used
= 0,048 mol (c)

[CH3COOH] =

= (d)
= 0,096 mol∙dm-3 (e)
(0,0952)
NOTE/LET WEL
IF/INDIEN:
 Max./Maks. ⁄
b b
 Answer from Q7.2.1 substituted in c = to obtain an answer of 0,01 ∙d -3
./
n
Antwoord van Q7.2.1 vervang in c = om 0,01 mol∙dm-3 as antwoord te kry.
Max./Maks. ⁄ (6)
[18]

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Physical Sciences/P2 13 DBE/2023
SC/NSC

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

7.1 The conductivity of three acid solutions, A, B and C, as shown below is

investigated at the same temperature.

A 0,1 mol·dm-3 H2SO4(aq)

B 0,1 mol·dm-3 HNO3(aq)
C 0,1 mol·dm-3 CH3COOH(aq)

The brightness of the bulb in the apparatus shown below is used as a

measure of the conductivity of the solutions.

Carbon electrode

Acid

The acid solutions are electrolytes.

7.1.1 Define the term electrolyte. (2)

The brightness of the bulb for each of the solutions is compared.

7.1.2 In which solution, A or B, will the bulb be brighter? Give a reason

for the answer by referring to the types of acids. (2)

7.1.3 In which solution, B or C, will the bulb be brighter? Give a reason

for the answer by referring to the types of acids. (2)

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Physical Sciences/P2 14 DBE/2023
SC/NSC

7.2 A hydrochloric acid solution, H ℓ(aq), is standardised by titrating it against

25 cm3 of a 0,04 mol·dm-3 sodium carbonate solution Na2CO3(aq). At the
endpoint, it is found that 19,5 cm3 of H ℓ(aq) has reacted.

The balanced equation for the reaction is:

Na2CO3(aq) + 2H ℓ(aq) → 2Na ℓ(aq) + 2(g) + H2 (ℓ)

7.2.1 alculate the concentration of the H ℓ(aq). (3)

7.2.2 Suppose a few drops of water were present in the burette before it
was filled with the hydrochloric acid solution.

How will the volume of the H ℓ solution needed to reach the

endpoint be affected?

Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or REMAINS

THE SAME. Give a reason for the answer. (2)

A concentrated household product, ChemClean, contains ammonia as the

main cleaning agent. To determine the amount of ammonia present in 1 dm 3
of ChemClean, the following procedure is followed:

20 cm3 of ChemClean is added to a 250 cm3 flask. The flask is then filled to
the 250 cm3 mark with distilled water.

ChemClean 1 dm3 Distilled water

20 cm3
Concentrated 250 cm3 diluted
ChemClean ChemClean
The diluted solution is titrated against the hydrochloric acid solution of the
concentration as calculated in QUESTION 7.2.1.

During the titration, 22 cm3 of the diluted ChemClean solution is neutralised

by 18,7 cm3 of the HCℓ solution. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

NH3(aq) + H ℓ(aq) → NH+ (aq) + ℓ ─(aq)

7.2.3 Calculate the mass of ammonia in 1 dm3 of ChemClean. (7)

7.2.4 Will the pH of the solution at the end of the titration be GREATER
THAN 7, EQUAL TO 7 or LESS THAN 7?
Write down the relevant equation as motivation for the answer. (3)
[21]

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QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page.)

To identify metal M in an unknown metal carbonate, MCO3, the following procedure is

carried out:

Step 1: 0,198 g of IMPURE MCO3 is reacted with 25 cm3 of 0,4 mol∙dm-3 nitric acid,
HNO3(aq).

Step 2: The EXCESS HNO3(aq) is then neutralised with 20 cm3 of 0,15 mol∙dm-3 barium
hydroxide, Ba(OH)2(aq).

Assume that the volumes are additive.

The following reactions take place:

2HNO3(aq) + MCO3(s) → M(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ)

2HNO3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)

7.1 Define the term strong base. (2)

7.2 Calculate the:

7.2.1 Number of moles of Ba(OH)2(aq) that reacted with the excess

HNO3(aq) (3)

7.2.2 pH of the solution after Step 1 (5)

7.3 The percentage purity of the MCO3(s) in the sample is 85%. Identify metal M. (8)
[18]

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Physical Sciences P2/Fisiese Wetenskappe V2 14 DBE/November 2022
NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne

6.6.4  The rates of the forward and reverse reactions decrease. 

 The reverse reaction is favoured / faster than the forward reaction.
OR
The forward reaction decreases more. 
 A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction. 
 Die voorwaartse en terugwaartse reaksietempo neem af.
 Die terugwaartse reaksie word bevoordeel/is vinniger as die voorwaartse
reaksie.
OF
Die voorwaartse reaksie neem meer af.
 'n Verlaging in die temperatuur bevoordeel die eksotermiese reaksie. (3)
[21]

QUESTION 7/VRAAG 7

7.1
7.1.1 (An acid is a) proton donor/H+ (ion) donor.  (2 or 0)
('n Suur is ʼn) protonskenker/H+(-ioon) skenker. (2 of 0) (2)

7.1.2 (Weak acids) ionise/dissociate incompletely/partially (in water)/have a low Ka

value. 
(Swak sure) ioniseer/dissosieer onvolledig/gedeeltlik (in water)/het 'n lae Ka-
waarde. (1)

7.1.3 H2O  and CH3COO─  (2)

7.2
7.2.1 n(NaOH) = cV 
n = (0,167)(0,300) 
 n(NaOH) = 0,05 mol  (5 x 10-2 mol) (3)

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Physical Sciences P2/Fisiese Wetenskappe V2 15 DBE/November 2022
NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne

7.2.2 Marking criteria: Nasienkriteria:

a) Any formula: pH = -log[H3O+] / a) Enige formule: pH = - log[H3O+] /
pH = -log[H+] / pOH = -log[OH─] / pH = - log[H+] / pOH = - log[OH-] /
[H3O+][OH─] = - / pH + pOH = 14  [H3O+][OH─] = - / pH + pOH = 14 
b) Substitute 11,4 in pH = -log[H3O+]/ b) Vervang 11,4 in pH = - log[H3O+]/
pH + pOH = 14  pH + pOH = 14 
c) Substitute calculated [H3O+] in c) Vervang berekende [H3O+] in
[H3O+][OH─] / 2,6 in pOH = -log[OH─]  [H3O+][OH─] / 2,6 in pOH = -log[OH─] 
d) Final answer: 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3  d) Finale antwoord: 2,51x 10-3 mol∙dm-3 
(0,003 mol∙dm-3) (0,003 mol∙dm-3)

OPTION 1/OPSIE 1
pH = - log[H3O+]
Any one/Enige een (a)
11,4 (b) = - log[H3O+] OR/OF [H3O+] = 10-11,4
[H3O+] = 3,98 x 10-12

─ -
[H3O+][OH ] =
(c)
(3,98 x 10-12)[OH─] = 1 x 10-14
[OH-] = 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3 (d) (0,003)
OPTION 2/OPSIE 2
pH + pOH = 14
11,4 + pOH = 14 (b) Any one/Enige een (a)
pOH = 2,6

pOH = -log[OH─] 
2,6 (c) = -log[OH─]
[OH-] = 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3 (d) (0,003) (4)

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NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne

7.2.3 POSITIVE MARKING FROM QUESTION 7.2.1. AND 7.2.2.

POSITIEWE NASIEN VANAF VRAAG 7.2.1. EN 7.2.2.
Marking criteria:
-3
a) Substitute [NaOH] = ∙d (answer from Q7.2.2) and 0,8 in c = 
b) Subtract: n(NaOH)initial (from Q7.2.1) – n(NaOH)mixture 
c) Use of ratio: n(OH─) = n(CH3COOH) 
d) Substitute 0,5 d (CH3COOH)[calculated by subtraction] into c = 
-3
e) Final correct answer: 0,096 mol∙dm 
Range: 0,095 to 0,1 ∙d -3
Nasienkriteria:
n
a) Vervang [NaOH] = 0,00251 mol∙dm-3 (antwoord van Q7.2.2) en 0,8 in c = 
b) Trek af: n(NaOH)aanvanklik (vanaf Q7.2.1) – n(NaOH)mengsel 
c) Gebruik verhouding: n(OH─) = n(CH3COOH) 
n
d) Vervang 0,5 en ∆n(CH3COOH) [bereken deur aftrekking] in c = 
-3
e) Finale korrekte antwoord: 0,096 mol∙dm 
Gebied: 0,095 tot 0,1 mol∙dm-3

n(NaOH)mixture = cV
= 0,00251 x 0,8 (a)
= 0,002 mol (0,0024)

n(NaOH)reacted = 0,05 – 0,002 (b)

= 0,048 mol (0,0476)

n(NaOH)reacted = n(CH3COOH)used
= 0,048 mol (c)

[CH3COOH] =

= (d)
= 0,096 mol∙dm-3 (e)
(0,0952)
NOTE/LET WEL
IF/INDIEN:
 Max./Maks. ⁄
b b
 Answer from Q7.2.1 substituted in c = to obtain an answer of 0,01 ∙d -3
./
n
Antwoord van Q7.2.1 vervang in c = om 0,01 mol∙dm-3 as antwoord te kry.
Max./Maks. ⁄ (6)
[18]

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NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne

QUESTION 8/VRAAG 8

8.1
8.1.1 Zn/zinc/sink  (1)

8.1.2 Mn
-
is a stronger oxidising agent  than Zn2+/Zn(II) ions  and will oxidise
Zn  (to Zn2+/Zn(II) ions).
-
Mn is 'n sterker oksideermiddel as Zn2+/Zn(II)-ione en sal Zn oksideer (na
Zn2+/Zn(II)-ione).

OR/OF
-
Zn2+/Zn(II) ion is a weaker oxidising agent  than Mn  and therefore
- 2+
Mn will be reduced  (to Mn /Mn(II) ions).
2+ - -
Zn /Zn(II) ione is 'n swakker oksideermiddel as Mn en dus word Mn
gereduseer (to Mn2+/Mn(II)-ione). (3)

8.2
8.2.1 Provides path for movement of ions. / Completes the circuit. / Ensures
electrical neutrality in the cell. / Restore charge balance. 
Verskaf pad vir beweging van ione. / Voltooi die stroombaan. / Verseker
elektriese neutraliteit in die sel. / Herstel balans van lading. (1)

8.2.2 Mn to/na Ni  (2)

8.2.3 OPTION 1/OPTION 1 NOTE/LET WEL


E cell 
 Ereduction  
 E oxidation  Accept any other correct formula from the data
sheet. /Aanvaar enige ander korrekte formule
= - 0,27– (- 1,18) vanaf gegewensblad.
= 0,91 V 
 Any other formula using unconventional
abbreviations, e.g. E°cell = E°OA - E°RA
followed by correct substitutions:/Enige ander
formule wat onkonvensionele afkortings
gebruik, bv. E°sel = E°OM - E°RM gevolg deur
korrekte vervangings ⁄
OPTION 2/OPSIE 2
Ni2+ + 2e → Ni E = -0,27 
 2+ 
Mn → Mn + 2e E = 1,18 
2+ 2+
Ni + Mn→ Mn + Ni E = 0,91 V  (4)

8.2.4 Ni2+ + Mn  → Mn2+ + Ni  Bal. 

Marking criteria/Nasienkriteria:
 Reactants  Products  Balancing 
Reaktanse  Produkte  Balansering 
 Ignore/Ignoreer ⇌ and phases/en fases
 Marking rule 6.3.10/Nasienreël 6.3.10 (3)

8.2.5 Increase/Toeneem  (1)

[15]

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Physical Sciences P2/Fisiese Wetenskappe V2 18 DBE/November 2022
NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne

QUESTION 9/VRAAG 9

9.1 ANY ONE:

 The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to
chemical energy.  (2 or 0)
 The use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change.
 The process during which an electric current passes through a solution /
molten ionic compound.

ENIGE EEN:
 Die chemiese proses waarin elektriese energie omgeskakel word na
chemiese energie. (2 of 0)
 Die gebruik van elektriese energie om 'n chemiese verandering te
veroorsaak.
 Die proses waar 'n elektriese stroom deur 'n oplossing / gesmelte ioniese
verbinding beweeg. (2)

9.2.1 Cr3+(aq) + 3e- → Cr 

Marking criteria/Nasienkriteria:
 Cr ← Cr3+(aq) + 3e- ( 2 )
2
Cr (aq) + 3e ⇌ Cr (
3+ - 1 )
2
Cr ⇌ Cr3+(aq) + 3e- ( 0 )
2
3+ -
Cr (aq) + 3e ← Cr ( 0 )
2
 Ignore if charge omitted on electron./Ignoreer indien lading weggelaat op
elektron.
 If charge (+) omitted on Cr3+/Indien lading (+) weggelaat op Cr3+:
Example/Voorbeeld: Cr3(aq) + 3e- → Cr Max./Maks: 1
2 (2)

9.2.2 q=I 
= (2,5)(10 x 60 x 60) 
= 9 x 104 C  (90 000 C) (3)

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Physical Sciences P2/Fisiese Wetenskappe V2 19 DBE/November 2022
NSC/NSS – Marking Guidelines/Nasienriglyne

9.2.3 POSITIVE MARKING FROM QUESTION 9.2.2.

POSITIEWE NASIEN VANAF VRAAG 9.2.2.
Marking criteria: Nasienkriteria:
a) Substitute 1,6 x 10-19 C in n =  a) Vervang 1,6 x 10-19 C in n = 
e
b) N(Cr) = n(electrons) divide by 3  b) N(Cr) = n(elektrone) gedeel deur 3 
c) n(Cr) = N(Cr) divided by NA  c) n(Cr) = N(Cr) gedeel deur NA 
d) Substitution of 52 into n =  d) Vervang 52 in n = 
e) m(Cr) + 2,2  e) m(Cr) + 2,2 
f) Final answer: 18,32 (g)  f) Finale antwoord: 18,32 (g) 
Range: 18,32 to 18,40 (g) Gebied: 18,32 tot 18,40 (g)
OPTION 1/OPSIE 1 OPTION 2/OPSIE 2
n= / x
q n(Cr) = (a & c)
x
x (b)
= = 0,31 mol
x - (a)
= 5,63 x 1023 electrons
m(Cr) = 0,31 x 52 (d)
= 16,12 g
x
N(Cr atoms) =
(b) m(X) = 16,12 + 2,2 (e)
= 1,88 x 1023 = 18,32 (g) (f)

n(Cr) =

x
= (c)
x
= 0,31 mol

n(Cr) =
m(Cr) = 0,31 x 52 (d)
= 16,12 g

m(X) = 16,12 + 2,2 (e)

= 18,32 (g) (f) (6)
[13]

TOTAL/TOTAAL: 150

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Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 49 FS/2024

ACIDS AND BASES

1. Consider the ionisation reaction below:

H3PO4(aq) + HCO 3− (aq) ⇌ H2PO −4 (aq) + H2CO3(aq) Ka >> 1

The strongest base in the above reaction is:

A H2PO −4 B HCO 3−
C H3PO4 D H2CO3 (2)
Exemp 2014
2. Which ONE of the following represents the products formed during the hydrolysis of
ammonium chloride?
A NH3(aq) and H3O+(aq) B NH+4 (aq) and Cℓ−(aq)
C HCℓ(aq) and OH−(aq) D Cℓ−(aq) and H3O+(aq) (2)
Nov.2014
3. Which ONE of the following is a CORRECT description for a 0,1 mol∙dm-3 hydrochloric
acid solution?
A Dilute strong acid B Dilute weak acid
C Concentrated weak acid D Concentrated strong acid (2)
Mar 2015
4. Which ONE of the following weak acids, each of concentration 0,1 mol∙dm-3, has
the lowest H3O+(aq) concentration?
ACID Ka VALUE
A H2SO3(aq) 1,2 x 10-2
B H2CO3(aq) 4,2 x 10-7
C (COOH)2(aq) 5,6 x 10-2
D H2S(aq) 1,0 x 10-7
(2)
Jun 2015
5. Consider the reaction represented by the balanced equation below.
-
H3PO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + H2 PO4(aq)
Which ONE of the following is a conjugate acid-base pair?
A H3O+(aq) and H2O(ℓ) B H3PO4(aq) and H2O(ℓ)
C H3PO4(aq) and H3O+(aq) D H3O+(aq) and H2 PO-4(aq) (2)
Nov 2015
6. Which ONE of the following compounds will react with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a
neutralisation reaction?
A CH3CHO B CH3COOH
C CH3COCH3 D CH3CH2OH (2)
Mar 2016
7. Consider the reactant Y in the following reaction:
Y + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + H2 PO-4
The formula of Y is:
A PO3-
4 B H2 PO-4
C HPO2-
4 D H3PO4 (2)
Mar 2016
8. Which ONE of the following is a product in ALL neutralisation reactions?
A H+ B H2O
C OH− D NaCℓ (2)
Jun 2016

Chemistry Revision Book: Multiple-Choice Questions © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 50 FS/2024

9. Which ONE of the following pairs is NOT a conjugate acid-base pair?

A H3O+ and OH− B NH+4 and NH3
C H2 PO-4 and HPO2-
4 D H2CO3 and HCO-3 (2)
Nov 2016
10. A solution has a pH = 1. This solution …
A contains no OH─ ions.
B neutralises a hydrochloric acid solution of pH = 1.
C contains a higher concentration of H3O+ ions than OH− ions.
D contains a higher concentration of OH− ions than H3O+ ions. (2)
Mar 2017
11. Which ONE of the following pairs represents the conjugate acid and the conjugate
base of HPO2-
4?

CONJUGATE ACID CONJUGATE BASE

3- -
A PO4 H2 PO4
B H2 PO-4 PO3-
4
C H2 PO-4 H3PO4
D H2 PO-4 PO3-
4
(2)
Jun 2017
12. Which ONE of the following solutions, each of concentration 0,1 mol∙dm-3, has the
highest pH?
A HNO3(aq) B NH4Cℓ(aq)
C Na2CO3(aq) D CH3COOH(aq) (2)
Nov 2017
13. The following equilibrium exists in pure water at 25 °C.
2H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + OH−(aq) ΔH > 0
-14
At this temperature, the pH = 7 and Kw = 1 x 10 .
The temperature of the water is now increased to 90 °C.
Which ONE of the following is TRUE at the new temperature?
A pH = 7 B [H3O+] = [OH−]
C [H3O+][OH−] = 10-14 D [H3O+] = 10-7 mol·dm-3 (2)
Mar 2018
14. A hydrochloric acid solution is titrated against an ammonia solution.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
HCℓ(aq) + NH4OH(aq) → NH4Cℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
Which ONE of the following gives the pH of the solution at the end point and the reason
for this pH?
pH REASON
A 3 H3O (aq) is formed during the ionisation of HCℓ(aq).
+

B 5 H3O+(aq) is formed during hydrolysis of NH+4 (aq).

C 7 Neutralisation takes place at the end point.
D 9 OH−(aq) is formed during hydrolysis of NH+4 (aq).
(2)
Mar 2018
15. Which ONE of the following represents the products formed during the hydrolysis
of NH+4 (aq)?
A NH3(aq) + H2O(ℓ) B NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
C NH3(aq) + OH−(aq) D NH3(aq) + OH−(aq) + H2O(ℓ) (2)
Jun 2018

Chemistry Revision Book: Multiple-Choice Questions © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 51 FS/2024

16. Reactions I and II below have equilibrium constants (Kc) greater than 1.
-
I: H3X + HCO3 ⇌ H2X− + H2CO3 Kc > 1
II: H3O+ + H2X− ⇌ H2O + H3X Kc > 1
Based on the reactions above, the ACIDS in order of INCREASING STRENGTH (weakest
to strongest) are …
A H3X, H2X−, H3O+ B H2CO3, H3X, H2O
C H3X, H2CO3, H3O+ D H3X, H3O+, H2CO3 (2)
Nov 2018
17. During a titration to determine the concentration of an acid using a standard base, a
learner pipettes the base into a conical flask. She then uses a small amount of water to
rinse the inside of the flask so that all the base is part of the solution in the flask.
How will the extra water added to the flask affect the results of this titration?
The concentration of the acid …
A cannot be determined. B will be lower than expected.
C will be higher than expected. D will be the same as expected. (2)
Jun 2019
18. A hydrochloric acid solution, HCℓ(aq), and an acetic acid solution, CH3COOH(aq), of
EQUAL CONCENTRATIONS are compared.
How do the H3O+(aq) concentration of HCℓ(aq) and the pH of HCℓ(aq) compare to that of
CH3COOH(aq)?
[H3O+] of HCℓ(aq) pH of HCℓ(aq)
A Higher than Higher than
B Higher than Lower than
C Equal to Equal to
D Higher than Equal to
(2)
Nov 2019
19. The conjugate base of HPO2-
4 is …

A OH− B PO3-
4
C H2 PO-4 D H3PO4 (2)
Nov 2020
20. Sulphuric acid ionises in water according to the following equations:
H2SO4(ℓ) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + HSO-4 (aq)
- 2-
HSO4 (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + SO4 (aq)
Consider the following statements regarding the ionisation above:
I: H2O(ℓ) acts as a base in both reactions.
-
II: HSO4 (aq) acts as an ampholyte.
III: SO2-
4 (aq) is the conjugate base of H2SO4.
Which of the statements above is/are TRUE?
A I only B I and II
C I and III D I, II and III (2)
Jun 2021
21. Consider the equation below.
H3PO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + H2 PO-4(aq)
Which ONE of the following is a conjugate acid-base pair?
A H3O+(aq) and H2O(ℓ) B H3PO4(aq) and H2O(ℓ)
-
C H3PO4(aq) and H3O+(aq) D H3O+(aq) and H2 PO4(aq) (2)
Sep 2021

Chemistry Revision Book: Multiple-Choice Questions © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 52 FS/2024
-
22. Which ONE of the following is the conjugate base of H2 PO4 ?
3- 2-
A PO4 B HPO4
C H3PO4 D H4 PO+4 (2)
Nov 2021
23. Two dilute acids of equal concentrations are added to separate test tubes as shown below.

Consider the following statements regarding these acids:

I: The pH of each is less than 7.
II: Both will react at the same rate with 5 g of magnesium powder.
III: Both will neutralise the same number of moles of NaOH(aq).
Which of the statements above is/are TRUE?
A I only B I, II and III
B I and III only D II and III only (2)
Nov 2021
24. Dilute nitric acid is added to distilled water at 25 °C.
How will this affect the hydronium ion concentration [H3O+] and the ionisation constant (Kw)
of water at 25 °C?
[H3O+] Kw
A Increases Increases
B Increases Decreases
C Increases Remains the same
D Remains the same Remains the same
(2)
Jun 2022
25. Consider the ionisation reactions I and II.
I H2 PO-4 + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + X
II X + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + Y
Which ONE of the following combinations represents the formulae of X and Y respectively?
X Y
A HPO2-
4 PO3-
4
2-
B HPO4 H3PO4
C H3PO4 PO3-
4
D HPO2-
4
H2 PO-4
(2)
Jun 2022
26. Which ONE of the following salts, when dissolved in water, will NOT change the pH of
the water?
A Na2CO3 B (COO)2Na2
C NH4Cℓ D NaCℓ (2)
Nov 2022

Chemistry Revision Book: Multiple-Choice Questions © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 Gr 12 53 FS/2024

27. A dilute acid is titrated against a potassium hydroxide solution, KOH(aq). At the equivalence
point the pH is 7. Which ONE of the following combinations correctly identifies the acid and
the MOST SUITABLE indicator for this titration?
X Y
A (COOH)2(aq) Phenolphthalein
B (COOH)2(aq) Bromothymol blue
C HCℓ(aq) Phenolphthalein
D HCℓ(aq) Bromothymol blue
(2)
Nov 2022
28. According to the Lowry-Brønsted theory, a conjugate base is formed when a/an …
A proton is added to the acid.
B electron is added to the acid.
C proton is removed from the acid.
D electron is removed from the acid. (2)
Jun 2023
29. Consider the statements below regarding an alkaline substance.
An alkaline substance:
(i) Reacts with an acid to form a neutral solution
(ii) Turns red litmus blue
(iii) Forms a salt when it reacts with an acid
Which of the statements above are ALWAYS TRUE?
A (i), (ii) and (iii) B (i) and (ii) only
C (i) and (iii) only D (ii) and (iii) only (2)
Jun 2023
30. Nitric acid, HNO3(aq), and ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(aq), of equal volumes and
concentrations are compared.
Consider the following statements regarding these solutions:
(i) They have different pH values.
(ii) Both have the same electrical conductivity.
(iii) Both solutions require the same number of moles of KOH(aq) for complete
neutralisation.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are TRUE?
A (i) only B (i) and (ii) only
C (i) and (iii) only D (ii) and (iii) only (2)
Nov 2023
1.8 The apparatus in the diagram below is used for the titration between HCℓ(aq) and KOH(aq).

In a titration, the learner accidentally exceeds the endpoint. Which ONE of the following
will be TRUE for the titration mixture?
A [H+] > [OH−] and pH < 7 B [H+] < [OH−] and pH < 7
−
C +
[H ] < [OH ] and pH > 7 D [H+] > [OH−] and pH > 7 (2)
Nov 2023

Chemistry Revision Book: Multiple-Choice Questions © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences (P1 & P2) Grade 12 Fisiese Wetenskappe (V1 & V2) Graad 12

Rate of reaction / Reaksietempo

Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer

Nommer Antwoord Nommer Antwoord Nommer Antwoord Nommer Antwoord
1 C 14 D 27 B 40 B
2 B 15 C 28 A 41 D
3 B 16 B 29 A 42 B
4 D 17 A 30 A 43 D
5 D 18 C 31 C 44 D
6 C 19 D 32 D 45 B
7 C 20 B 33 B 46 C
8 A 21 B 34 A 47 A
9 A 22 C 35 A 48 C
10 D 23 C 36 D 49 C
11 B 24 C 37 B 50 B
12 C 25 B 38 D
13 C 26 B 39 D

Chemical equilibrium / Chemiese ewewig

Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer

Nommer Antwoord Nommer Antwoord Nommer Antwoord Nommer Antwoord
1 A 15 D 29 A 43 C
2 C 16 D 30 C 44 C
3 C 17 C 31 C 45 B
4 A 18 C 32 C 46 B
5 A 19 B 33 A 47 B
6 B 20 C 34 A 48 C
7 B 21 C 35 A 49 A
8 D 22 C 36 C 50 D
9 A 23 B 37 B 51 D
10 B 24 C 38 C 52 C
11 A 25 B 39 C 53 B
12 D 26 B 40 B 54 D
13 A 27 C 41 D 55 C
14 D 28 D 42 D

Acids & bases / Sure & basisse

Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer Number Answer

Nommer Antwoord Nommer Antwoord Nommer Antwoord Nommer Antwoord
1 B 9 A 17 D 25 A
2 A 10 C 18 B 26 D
3 A 11 B 19 B 27 D
4 D 12 C 20 B 28 C
5 A 13 B 21 A 29 D
6 B 14 B 22 B 30 C
7 D 15 B 23 C 31 A
8 B 16 B 24 C

Answers: Multiple-choice questions Antwoorde: Meervoudigekeuse-vrae

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