1.

INTRODUCTION:
India is one of the most popular tourist destinations with a total area of 3,287,263sq. km with the
snow-covered Himalayan heights, tropical rainforests of the South, rich cultural and historical
heritage and has been successful in attracting domestic and international tourists. India has fascinated
many tourists across the globe with her secularism and her culture. The scenic landscape, hill stations,
historical sites, architecture and monuments, beaches and enchanting backwaters, places of religious
interest make India a preferred destinations for tourists from all over the World. Better transport and
communication connectivity, standard of living and value of money to tourists from foreign countries
had leads to an increase in domestic and foreign tourism. Tourism holds a significant place in India's
socio-economic landscape, playing a crucial role in driving economic growth, promoting cultural
exchange, and fostering regional development. According to reports, India observed over 6 million
foreign tourists in 2022 and this number is increasing day by day (India tourism,2023; Bureau, 2023).
It is a sustainable contributor to the country’s GDP, creates employment opportunities, stimulates
infrastructure development, and enhances investment in various sectors. In developing countries- it is
now widely recognised that there are two distinct economic sectors- the formal and the informal.
India’s informal tourism sector is vast, comprising small, unregistered businesses like street vendors,
guest-house owners, small self-employed entrepreneurs used by tourist agencies such as guides,
drivers, and budget accommodations. It provides livelihoods for many, offers affordable and authentic
experiences, and supports local economies. The growth of tourism increases demand for food,
clothing, handicrafts and other local products which in turn generates employment opportunities. In
the transportation (roads, railroads and airplanes), hospitality (hotels and restaurants) and local
markets, it causes infrastructure such as roads and electricity to be improved which boosts the tourism
industry. The Indian Tourism Sector is expected to double in size to USD 523 billion in the next 10
years, according to World TRAVEL and Tourism Council (WTTC) president and CEO Julia
Simpson. According to her – tourism represents about 7% of the Indian economy and in 2019 it was
about USD 211 billion. Now it is about USD 256 billion and gives jobs to 45 million people in India.
It employs high-end people like engineers, AI experts, technology experts, financial and marketing
experts. It also employs people for whom it’s an opportunity to lift them out of an informal economy
and work in a formal sector. The formal tourism sector contributes significantly to government
revenue through taxes on hotels, transportation, entertainment and other tourism related services and it
drives investment in crucial infrastructure such as airports, roads and hotels which are primarily
within the formal economy.

India’s Union Budget 2025-26 has announced Rs. 2,541.06 crore (USD 291.07 million) to support
tourism sector. In the 2024 interim Budget, our Finance- Minister has allocated Rs. 2,449.62 crore
(USD 294.8 million) to this sector which was 44.7% larger than previous fiscal year. In August 2022,
Under Swadesh Darshan scheme for development of tourism infrastructure in India Ministry of
Tourism sanctioned 76 projects for Rs. 5,399.15 crore (USD 678.39 million). (
https://www.ibef.org/industry/tourism-hospitality-india )

There is a visible relation among no. of tourist arrival and the safety and security of the tourist places.
Tourists prioritize safety when choosing a destination. A reputation for crime, violence, or health risks
will deter visitors. Fewer tourists translate to lower revenue for hotels, restaurants and other tourism-
dependent businesses and discourage investment in this sector. Conversely, tourist spots with a strong
focus on safety and security tend to experience increased tourist arrivals, higher visitor spending and a
positive and sustainable tourism environment for both visitors and locals. In conclusion, safety and
security are fundamental pillars for a thriving and sustainable tourism industry. In this paper, we want
to explore the linkage between tourism (Domestic and foreign) and crime. We consider two categories
of crime – violent crime and crime against women. Here we have used panel data of Indian states.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW:

Over the world, the travel and tourism industry (T&T) considered as one of the fastest
growing economic sectors because it’s huge contribution on the gross domestic product
(GDP) and employment over the years. There are several socioeconomic, psychological,
demographic, behavioral, financial, and trip-related factors influenced tourism revenue and
expenditure. So there are several discussions, journals and articles are published which deals
with tourism across the world.
According to (TourismCouncil., 2017) travel and tourism generates more than 10% of world
GDP. Tourism also provides direct or indirect employment to 292 million people, which
imply one in every ten jobs on the planet.

(Mohapatra, 2018) In her research paper analysed a relationship between the tourism and
economic growth linkage with the help of a panel causality analysis for the SAARC countries
over a 20-year period (1995–2014). Her result showed a bidirectional causal linkage between
growth and tourism expenditure only, while tourism receipts were found to influence growth.
Tourism expenditure was found to have a negative effect on growth.

(Alegre, 2004) Showed that young people below 15 age (i. e. 0–14) are more interested to see
many places for their knowledge and satisfaction. Parallelly, (Jang, 2009) found that older
tourists want to spend more on tourism. Older people (above 65), after their job retirement,
wants to visit many places for happiness. Because it may helps them to live long and live
healthier.

(Lee, 2008) Analysed the relationships between the GDP, tourism (measured through both
tourism receipts and the number of international tourist arrivals), and the real exchange rate
in Taiwan for 1959−2003. They found a two-directional causal relationship between tourism
and growth in Taiwan. However, it suggested that the stability of this relationship could be
seriously affected by exogenous variables such as political changes, economic crises, or
tourist incidents.
Among the cross-section studies, (Holzner, 2011), used 143 countries data to perform an
extensive analysis on the Tourism Lead Growth hypothesis.He used panel data techniques
and translog production function. Major results suggested that tourism had a positive effect
on the aggregate output of nations.

(Manojit Chattopadhyay, 2021) focused on an assessment of human development and

tourism development with the help of employing a panel regression, based on the data of 133
countries for 24years. The well-known finding of the paper is U-shaped relationship between
tourism growth and human development.
(Narayan, 2003) His research paper showed short run and long run relationship between tourist
arrivals in Fiji, real disposable incomes and relative hotel and substitute prices for the period 1972 -
2002. For this he had used cointegration techniques and error correction models. The long-run
analysis revealed that Fiji saw fewer tourists when its hotel prices were high compared to alternatives,
and when substitutes were expensive.

(Fayissa, 2009) He had analysed the relation between tourism and economic development of 17 Latin
American countries using panel data for time period 1995 to 2004. The results depict that there is a
positive relation between the revenue receipts from tourism to both the current GDP and economic
growth.

(Durbarry, 2002) With the help of co-integration and causality tests for Mauritius, he had shown that
there is a positive relation between tourism and economic growth.

(Fletcher, 2008) According to his study, tourists prefer to choose their tourist destination according
to risk parameter of that place even if the tourists are from relatively higher risky places. So where
there is higher risk, there is very fewer number of visitors.

Now, we discuss about the research papers and articles which are mainly based on Tourism of
India.
The tourism industry in India is one of the fastest growing emerging market economies in the
world which occupies an important place. (India., 2018) Published that India’s tourism sector
has grown significantly as the number of foreign tourist arrivals raised at an average annual
growth rate of about 9 % from 2000 to 2017. This growth in the number of tourist arrivals is
also accompanied by a similar growth of 9% in India’s foreign exchange earnings by the
tourism sector.

(Nath, 2018) In his article, this is mainly focused on determination of international tourist
arrivals in India. They used the data of 18 major tourist originating countries to India from
2001 to 2015. His result indicates that past experiences of the tourists, per capita income in
the tourist originating country, relative costs of living between India and the country of
origin, and the level of infrastructure development in India are the main determinants of
international tourist arrivals in India. In addition, both transportation and communication
infrastructure are important in attracting tourists to India.

(Sahoo, 2022) Examines about the factors that affect the domestic households’ tourism
spending in India. By using the unconditional quantile regression method, they present that
regular salary earners spend less on tourism in India. Indian tourist sector failed to attract
regular salary earners and to increase the female participation as a tourist.
The purpose of (Yashobanta Parida, 2017) study, empirically examined the determinants of
foreign and domestic tourist arrivals and revenue receipts of tourism using state-level panel
data in 25 Indian states for the period 1995 to 2011. The major findings of their research are
factors such as the presence of world-class monuments, natural landscapes and cultural
heritage also encourage both international and domestic visitors in Indian states. It has a huge
impact on economic development. Beside this crime activities adversely affect the inflow of
foreign and domestic tourist arrivals; terror activities do not significantly impact tourist
arrivals and tourism receipts. Moreover, economic development and government expenditure
on tourism sector leads to a significant increase in tourism receipts.

(Yashobanta Parida, 2017) in his paper he had analysed the effect of physical economic
development reflected by air transport facilities, road density, tourism infrastructure determined in
terms of crime occurrence on the arrival of foreign tourists and domestic tourists, availability of hotels
and revenue receipts of tourism in 25 Indian states within the period 1995 to 2011 using a state-level
panel data. In his research, he had showed that the empirical estimate showed that economic
development, availability of hotels and World Heritage sites significantly raise inflow of domestic and
foreign tourists in India. However, in short run crime activities negatively impact inflow of foreign
and domestic tourist visitors.

(Sarin, 2016) The purpose of his paper was to analyse the relationship between the growing tourism
industry and India’s economic growth. He had used time series model for the period 1991 to 2014.
The long run analysis said that, over a long period, tourism positively impacts the country’s economic
growth.

(Reffat Mushtaq and Aijaz Abdullah Thoker, 2020) In this paper he had showed the impact of
institutional quality on the international tourism demand of India. The study first analyses composite
institutional quality indexes impact and then evaluates the impact of each of the individual
components of institutional quality on the international tourism demand of India. He had gathered
data from top 30 tourist originating countries for India (1995-2016). The study is based on panel
autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). The results showed that an increase in the income of
the tourist originating countries has spillover effects on the development of tourism sector of India.
The result says Institutional quality have a positive relation with international tourism demand of
India.

(Chaudhary, 2000) In his study he had showed India’s weak social services, political instability,
terrorism translates a negative impact on the country’s tourism particularly in terms of infrastructural
and safety concerns.
 1. Tourism and Crime in India:
 Description of Fig1:
In the diagram below (fig1) we make a comparison between Domestic and Foreign tourist
arrival in India over the years 2004 to 2019 (excluding 2007 and 2008, as data are
unavailable of this two year). As the diagram shows the highest domestic tourist arrival
occurs in Tamilnadu The top five states of India for domestic tourist visits is Tamilnadu,
Uttaranchal, Goa, Himachal Pradesh Karnataka. The Domestic tourist

Comparison Domestic and Foreign Tourist Arrival in

3500
India over the States
3177
3000
2477
2500
2051 1955
AR ND Domestic and Foreign Tourist Arrival

20001570
1628
1500
1114
945
1000 741
618 714
469 589 65 228
197 139 416 461 457
500 305 260 299 268 20 142
210
3 4 1 7 0 4 6 55 3 9 22 4 53 3 1 1 2 13 20 64 52 9 12 11 14
0 34 1
HA AR AT

TA R DU

EN L
L
TA SIK N
HA B M

IL M
GA AM
ISG R

HA UR

ST B

W RAN ESH
H

AT D
RA SH

AS SH

OR ND
AS SH

KA K H H
A

JH RAD A

AH RA LA

NA OR A

RA UN A

UT PR URA
HY K KA

M AN RA

GA
T B HA
TT IHA

JA JA
N

RN AN

IZ Y
AR

P SS
GU GO

AR ES

HA
M KI
SA

M P A
L P DE

AR DE
AC H JAR
DE

M LA
M HT
EG IP
A
L P YA

NA
LA
I

TA AD
ER

ES C
R IP
HA RA

T
AC A P

A
UN HR

CH
Average

UT
AD
M

M
A

HI

States

Average number of Domestic tourist arrival Average number of foreign tourist arrival

arrival inTamilnadu is 3177 million per population. And the lowest domestic tourist arrival
state is Nagaland, 20 million per population.
On the other hand, the top five states of India in respect of foreign tourist arrival is Goa,
Sikkim, Himachalpradesh, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra. And the lowest visited states by foreign
tourists are Chhattisgarh. Among the foreign tourists Goa is one of the most popular tourist
spot.
  Description of Fig2:
In the diagram below (fig2) we make a comparison betweenrate of total cognizable crimes
committed against woman & rate of violent crime over the years 2004-2019 (excluding year
2007 and 2008, as all data are not available) in India. First, we discuss about the change in
Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes committed against Woman over the years. From 2004 to
2011 fig shows a slight increase in crimes against woman from 12.97 to 17.39crime per one
lakh of population.

Comparison between Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes

Committed against woman & Rate of Violent Crime over
60 the Years in India
55.55
54.33
52.26 52.73
49.67 48.66
50 48.39

39.55
40
32.57 31.69 30.93 30.41
Rate of crimes

30 26.73
25.41 25.26
23.6
21.36 21.43 21.54
20.09 19.61 19.95
20 16.4 17.31 17.39
12.97 13.07 13.86

10

0
2004 2005 2006 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Year
Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes Committed against woman RATE OF VIOLENT CRIME

But from 2011 to 2014 crimes against woman increases with a high jump from 17.39 to 52.26
crime per one lakh of population. After that it decreases in a little range but within two years
it’s again reach to a peak of 55.55 crimes per one lakh of populationin 2019.
Comparatively the Rate of Violent Crime shows a stagnant increase over the years. It reaches
to it’s peak in year of 2016, i.e., 32.57 crime per one lakh of population. But at the time of
initial stage the rate of Violent Crime is higher than the Rate of Total Cognizable
Crimescommitted against woman upto year 2011. The rate of total violent crime increases
from12.97 to 30.41 crime per one lakh of population. But after that the rate ofViolent Crime
increases at a lower rate than crime against woman.
  Description of Fig3:
In the diagram below (fig3) we make a comparison between Domestic and Foreign tourist
arrival per population in India over the years over the years 2004-2019 (excluding year 2007
and 2008, as all data are not available) in India.First, we discuss the Domestic tourist arrival
per populationin India. Over the Year 2004 to 2019 the domestic tourist arrival per population

Comparison Between Domestic And Foreign

Tourist Arrival Per Population In India Over
The Years
1600
1367
1400
1224
Arrival of tourist per population

1200 1147
1071
1000 965
875
765 779
800
652
600 541
539
396
400 356 346

200
15 17 17 20 21 22 23 25 25 30 33 36 41
15.5487411968731
0
2004 2005 2006 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Year
Domestic tourist arrivals per population Foreign Tourist Arrival per population

increases at aincreasing rate and at a huge scale. From 2004 to 2019 domestic tourist arrival
per population raises from 356 million to 1367 million. From 2006 to 2009 there shows the
maximum jump as the middle years data are not available. The foreign Tourist arrival over
the years also increases in all over India. It increases from 16 million per population to 41
million per population, it raises but at a stagnant way. Over the years, the diagram shows no
declining trend of tourist arrival in India.
  Comparison Between Fig 2 and Fig3:
Fig2 shows comparison between rate of total cognizable crimes committed against woman
& rate of violent crime over the years and Fig 3 shows a comparison between Domestic
and Foreign tourist arrival per population in India over the years over the years. This
comparison shows that over the years as the domestic and foreign tourist arrival increases,
the rate of total crime rate and crime against woman increases at a higher rate. But from
2011 to 2013 there shows a huge increase in rate of crime against woman irrespective of
increase in tourist arrival. Whether the domestic tourist arrival per population raises from
356 million to 1367 million and the foreign tourist arrival increases from 16 million per
population to 41 million per population from 2004 to 2019, the crimes against woman
increases from 12.97 to 55.55 crime per one lakh of population and the rate of total violent
crime raises from 20.09 to 30.41 crime per one lakh of population.

THE HAUSMAN TEST:

(CHOOSING BETWEEN FIXED EFFECT MODEL AND RANDOM EFFECT MODEL)
Random effect model is suitable when the number of cross-sectional units is large and the
number of time series observation is small. Random effect model does not suit a data set with
fewer cross-sectional units. In such a situation, Fixed effect model which involves a lesser
number of dummy variables appears suitable.
Selection between Fixed effect model and Random effect model is performed by applying the
Hausman test. Random effect model is not favorable if the composite error term gets
correlated with the explanatory variable of the model. Hausman is the test which based on the
idea that if there is no correlation between composite error term and explanatory variables,
that both Ordinary least square method (OLS) and Generalized least square method (GLS)
are consistent but OLS is inefficient. On the other hand, if such correlation exists, OLS is
consistent but GLS is not. Specifically, Hausman assumed that there are two estimators, ^β FE
and ^β ℜ of the parameter vector β and added two hypotheses testing procedures. The
Hypotheses are:

H N :Both β^ ∧ ^β are consistent , but ^β isinconsistent .

FE ℜ FE

H A : ^β is consistent∧efficient , but β^ isinconsistent .

FE ℜ
 2. DATA SOURCES:
The data that has been set for this study is a panel data covering period from 2004 to 2019 (excluded the years
2007and 2008, due to unavailability of data). Our independent variables are- NET GSDP, rate of total
cognizable crime committed against women, rate of total violent crime, no. of total approved hotels, no. of total
room booking, length of national highways (in KM), length of total railway roads (in KM). And our dependent
variable is-domestic and foreign tourist arrivals per population.

 NET GSDP: The state wise NET GSDP of India from period 2004-10has been taken from Ministry of
statistics and programme implementation (MOSPI). The GSDP is taken in constant prices. And from
period 2011-19 has been taken from Handbook of statistics on Indian states provided by RBI.

[Source: https://www.mospi.gov.in,https://www.rbi.org.in ]

 RATE OF TOTAL COGNIZABLE CRIME COMMITTED AGAINST WOMEN AND RATE OF

TOTAL VIOLENT CRIME: This two particular crime data has been taken from National Crime
Records Bureau (NCRB) Provided publications for crime. Rate of total violent crime defined as
incidence of violent crimes 1,00,000 population/ crime per one lakh of population.

[ Source:
https://ncrb.gov.in]

 Distribution of hotels and hotel rooms in different states: The numbers of classified hotel and hotel
rooms by categories in different states has been collected from INDIA TOURISM STATISTICS
published by Government of India Ministry of Tourism, Market Research Division. The hotels and
hotel rooms are categorized as- 1 star, 2star, 3sta ,4 star and 5star.

[Source:
https://tourism.gov.in ]

 Length of National Highways: The length of national highways has been measured in kilometres
(KM). The data has been taken from Basic Road Statistics of India published on Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways, Government of India.

[Source:
https://morth.nic.in ]

 Length of total Railway Roads: The state wise length of railway roads has been taken from Basic
Road Statistics of India published on Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India.
The lengths are measured in kilometres (KM). Here we have showed 2 categories of road – surfaced
(A) and unsurfaced (B).

[Source:
https://morth.nic.in ]

 Population: Estimated population of all states from the period 2001-2011 has been taken from
https://visualize.data.gov.in . And for the period 2012-2019 we have made a calculation with this
exponential growth formula:

P = P0 * e^ (r*t)
Here, P = Total population at a given time.P0 = Initial population.
e = Exponential (Approximately 2.718). r = Annual growth rate (expressed as a decimal).
 t = The number of years passed.

5. RESULTS:
 Linear Panel Data Model:
Model 1:
Domestic Tourist Arrival per Population in India

Independent Variables Without Control With Control

Coefficient Value P-Value Coefficient Value P-Value
Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes 8.32 0.00*** -4.74 0.16
Committed against woman (2.77) (3.23)
Rate of Total Violent Crime 4.82 0.33
(4.88)
NET GSDP 0.00 0.00***
(0.00)
1star hotel 20.68 0.25
(17.69)
2star hotel 16.32 0.21
(12.85)
3star hotel -0.83 0.72
(2.35)
4star hotel 11.31 0.31
(11.13)
5star hotel -19.58 0.71
(51.94)
1star room -1.10 0.12
(0.67)
2star room -0.54 0.24
(0.46)
3star room -0.08 0.38
(0.09)
4star room -0.60 0.21
(0.46)
5star room 0.21 0.67
(0.5)
NH LENGTH'S (KM.) 0.06 0.27
(0.05)
Surfaced railway road- total (A) -70.98 0.62
(140.55)
Un-surfaced railway road-total (B) -71.03 0.62
(140.53)
Length of railway roads-Total 70.98 0.62
(A+B) (140.55)
State fixed effects Yes Yes
Observation 378 374

Note: P-value<0.01, denoted by ***, P-value<0.05, denoted by **, P-value<0.1, denoted

by *.
Model 2:

Domestic Tourist Arrival per Population in India

Independent Variables Without Control With Control
Coefficient Value P-Value Coefficient Value P-Value
Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes -4.74 0.16
Committed against woman (3.23)
Rate of Total Violent Crime 19.86 0.01** 4.82 0.33
(7.23) (4.88)
NET GSDP 0.00 0.00***
(0.00)
1star hotel 20.68 0.25
(17.69)
2star hotel 16.32 0.21
(12.85)
3star hotel -0.83 0.72
(2.35)
4star hotel 11.31 0.31
(11.13)
5star hotel -19.58 0.71
(51.94)
1star room -1.10 0.12
(0.67)
2star room -0.54 0.24
(0.46)
3star room -0.08 0.38
(0.09)
4star room -0.60 0.21
(0.46)
5star room 0.21 0.67
(0.5)
NH LENGTH'S (KM.) 0.06 0.27
(0.05)
Surfaced railway road- total (A) -70.98 0.62
(140.55)
Un-surfaced railway road-total (B) -71.03 0.62
(140.53)
Length of railway roads-Total 70.98 0.62
(A+B) (140.55)
State fixed effects Yes Yes
Observation 378 374

Note: P-value<0.01, denoted by ***, P-value<0.05, denoted by **, P-value<0.1, denoted

by *.
Model 3:
Foreign Tourist Arrival per Population in India

Independent Variables Without Control With Control

Coefficient Value P-Value Coefficient Value P-Value
Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes 0.19 0.08* -2.29 0.00***
Committed against woman (0.10) (0.07)
Rate of Total Violent Crime 0.38 0.33
(0.15)
NET GSDP 0.00 0.00***
(0.00)
1star hotel -0.56 0.31
(0.55)
2star hotel 0.35 0.70
(0.51)
3star hotel 0.05 0.60
(0.09)
4star hotel -0.28 0.07*
(0.15)
5star hotel 3.49 0.07*
(1.82)
1star room 0.02 0.40
(0.02)
2star room -0.02 0.31
(0.02)
3star room 0.00 0.48
(0.00)
4star room 0.00 0.77
(0.00)
5star room -0.03 0.05*
(0.02)
NH LENGTH'S (KM.) 0.00 0.12
(0.00)
Surfaced railway road- total (A) -0.75 0.73
(2.15)
Un-surfaced railway road-total (B) -0.75 0.73
(2.15)
Length of railway roads-Total 0.74 0.73
(A+B) (2.15)
State fixed effects Yes Yes
Observation 378 374

Note: P-value<0.01, denoted by ***, P-value<0.05, denoted by **, P-value<0.1, denoted

by *.
Model 4:

Foreign Tourist Arrival per Population in India

Independent Variables Without Control With Control
Coefficient Value P-Value Coefficient Value P-Value
Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes -2.29 0.00***
Committed against woman (0.07)
Rate of Total Violent Crime 0.62 0.06* 0.38 0.33
(0.32) (0.15)
NET GSDP 0.00 0.00***
(0.00)
1star hotel -0.56 0.31
(0.55)
2star hotel 0.35 0.70
(0.51)
3star hotel 0.05 0.60
(0.09)
4star hotel -0.28 0.07*
(0.15)
5star hotel 3.49 0.07*
(1.82)
1star room 0.02 0.40
(0.02)
2star room -0.02 0.31
(0.02)
3star room 0.00 0.48
(0.00)
4star room 0.00 0.77
(0.00)
5star room -0.03 0.05*
(0.02)
NH LENGTH'S (KM.) 0.00 0.12
(0.00)
Surfaced railway road- total (A) -0.75 0.73
(2.15)
Un-surfaced railway road-total (B) -0.75 0.73
(2.15)
Length of railway roads-Total 0.74 0.73
(A+B) (2.15)
State fixed effects Yes Yes
Observation 378 374

Note: P-value<0.01, denoted by ***, P-value<0.05, denoted by **, P-value<0.1, denoted

by *.

 Dynamic Panel Data:

Model 5:

Domestic Tourist Arrival per Population in India

Independent Variables Without Control With Control
Coefficient Value P-Value Coefficient Value P-Value
Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes 1.83 0.20 -1.92 0.23
Committed against woman (1.43) (1.61)
Rate of Total Violent Crime 4.29 0.15
(3.00)
NET GSDP 0.00 0.00***
(0.00)
1star hotel 12.92 0.21
(10.30)
2star hotel 2.73 0.74
(8.35)
3star hotel 0.87 0.84
(4.29)
4star hotel 3.99 0.47
(5.47)
5star hotel 4.05 0.88
(25.70)
1star room -0.60 0.12
(0.39)
2star room -0.05 0.89
(0.35)
3star room 0.01 0.89
(0.09)
4star room -0.20 0.17
(0.14)
5star room -0.02 0.90
(0.19)
NH LENGTH'S (KM.) 0.04 0.1*
(0.02)
Surfaced railway road- total (A) -161.30 0.01**
(63.05)
Un-surfaced railway road-total (B) -161.52 0.01**
(63.04)
Length of railway roads-Total 161.30 0.01**
(A+B) (63.07)
Observation 270 263

Note: P-value<0.01, denoted by ***, P-value<0.05, denoted by **, P-value<0.1, denoted

by *.

Model 6:

Domestic Tourist Arrival per Population in India

 Independent Variables Without Control With Control
Coefficient Value P-Value Coefficient Value P-Value
Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes -1.92 0.23
Committed against woman (1.61)
Rate of Total Violent Crime 7.83 0.01** 4.29 0.15
(3.00) (3.00)
NET GSDP 0.00 0.00***
(0.00)
1star hotel 12.92 0.21
(10.30)
2star hotel 2.73 0.74
(8.35)
3star hotel 0.87 0.84
(4.29)
4star hotel 3.99 0.47
(5.47)
5star hotel 4.05 0.88
(25.70)
1star room -0.60 0.12
(0.39)
2star room -0.05 0.89
(0.35)
3star room 0.01 0.89
(0.09)
4star room -0.20 0.17
(0.14)
5star room -0.02 0.90
(0.19)
NH LENGTH'S (KM.) 0.04 0.1*
(0.02)
Surfaced railway road- total (A) -161.30 0.01**
(63.05)
Un-surfaced railway road-total (B) -161.52 0.01**
(63.04)
Length of railway roads-Total 161.30 0.01**
(A+B) (63.07)
Observation 270 263

Note: P-value<0.01, denoted by ***, P-value<0.05, denoted by **, P-value<0.1, denoted

by *.

Model 7:

Foreign Tourist Arrival per Population in India

Without Control With Control
 Independent Variables Coefficient Value P-Value Coefficient Value P-Value
Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes 0.02 0.40 -0.04 0.4
Committed against woman (0.04) (0.06)
Rate of Total Violent Crime 0.14 0.17
(0.11)
NET GSDP 0.00 0.08*
(0.00)
1star hotel -0.40 0.25
(0.34)
2star hotel 0.42 0.11
(0.26)
3star hotel -0.02 0.88
(0.15)
4star hotel -0.17 0.38
(0.17)
5star hotel 1.59 0.06*
(0.86)
1star room 0.01 0.17
(0.01)
2star room -0.02 0.03
(0.01)
3star room 0.00 0.97
(0.00)
4star room 0.00 0.47
(0.00)
5star room -0.01 0.1*
(0.00)
NH LENGTH'S (KM.) 0.00 0.39
(0.00)
Surfaced railway road- total (A) -0.22 0.92
(2.32)
Un-surfaced railway road-total (B) -0.22 0.93
(2.31)
Length of railway roads-Total 0.22 0.92
(A+B) (2.32)
Observation 270 263

Note: P-value<0.01, denoted by ***, P-value<0.05, denoted by **, P-value<0.1, denoted

by *.

Model 8:

Foreign Tourist Arrival per Population in India

Independent Variables Without Control With Control
Coefficient Value P-Value Coefficient Value P-Value
 Rate Of Total Cognizable Crimes -0.04 0.4
Committed against woman (0.06)
Rate of Total Violent Crime 0.20 0.02** 0.14 0.17
(0.09) (0.11)
NET GSDP 0.00 0.08*
(0.00)
1star hotel -0.40 0.25
(0.34)
2star hotel 0.42 0.11
(0.26)
3star hotel -0.02 0.88
(0.15)
4star hotel -0.17 0.38
(0.17)
5star hotel 1.59 0.06*
(0.86)
1star room 0.01 0.17
(0.01)
2star room -0.02 0.03
(0.01)
3star room 0.00 0.97
(0.00)
4star room 0.00 0.47
(0.00)
5star room -0.01 0.1*
(0.00)
NH LENGTH'S (KM.) 0.00 0.39
(0.00)
Surfaced railway road- total (A) -0.22 0.92
(2.32)
Un-surfaced railway road-total (B) -0.22 0.93
(2.31)
Length of railway roads-Total 0.22 0.92
(A+B) (2.32)
Observation 270 263

Note: P-value<0.01, denoted by ***, P-value<0.05, denoted by **, P-value<0.1, denoted

by *.
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