PPT CONTENT

Sr. No. TOPICS

1. Quantum Mechanical Model
2. Quantum Numbers
3. Nodes
4. Shape of atomic Orbitals
 ~
Y
-

Topic : Quantum Numbers

-
Set of numbers which give idea about energy, shape, orientation and spin of electron in
- -
any atom. These numbers represents the address of electron.
-

-e
-

⑨·
-
②  Shell- given by ‘n’ Principal quantum number ~ (n)
②
-

 Subshell- given by ‘l’ Azimuthal

-
quantum number ver
-

‘ml’ magnetic quantum number cm)

③  Orbital- given by g
4)  Spin of electron- given by ‘ms’ Spin quantum number
&

-
·

-
The different values of n, l and m can be obtained by solving Schrodinger wave
equation.
 &

Topic : Principal Quantum Number

- In-given
Bohn
This quantum number gives idea about energy and distance
- -
of electron from the
I -

nucleus. It can have positive integer values.

-
-

i
n = 1, K shell -
n = 2, L shell - M
n = 3, M shell -
n = 4, N shell -
M= 51
6

i
 Topic : Principal Quantum Number

-
 Maximum number of electrons in any shell is given by 2n2.

On
 Maximum number of subshells in a given shell is given by n.
E -

 Maximum number of orbitals in a given shell is given by n2.

-
-

i
-
Ot
Shell-Subshell
&;
-
Higher value of n gives higher value of energy of electron and higher value of distance
- -
of electron from the nucleus.
-

E = -13 .

6 ev
-
1

ins
Quantisation of
n= 1
,
2
, 3
Angular
.....
momentor-t 2A
 "①
Topic : Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
-
E

This quantum number is also known as angular quantum number or subsidiary -

-

quantum number which gives the idea about subshell in which electron is present.
-- --

Shell - subshell
-
(n) Es S
# S ↓
-

-- -
n=

02 3 4, 5-
vo

S
-

b
S subshell

4) subshell
 For a
given value of i
Et &

3
The value lies from 0 to n – 1. -
R
E

I subshell
-
l = 0, s subshell ~
Egm=
M
l
-

= 0

F
,
l = 1, p subshell
l = 2, d subshell n = z
,
1 =
l = 3, f subshell i --
-
Hele 02
-

1 1 Subshell
9
·

=
-
,

I 3
n
2 1 2
0
=
=
, , ,

↓
 &

S Mou
Ato Shell

bs-subshell- b
subshell

·
Sinshel big
b
[Sorbital # -

-spee--
-
- &
- -

region

th -She
by -
inal
② p-subshell
b time I
-

- =
al
direction 3-b orbitats Nama as
&

Natur -

-Anat
t
-

&
 pr

2
p2
=

·
 d .

subshell- double dumbeil

Tobital
-
M
Nam as

m
&
-

Notea
Arial
-

orbitals
Y
dx2-yz

·
a 2

·
· Bugaat chape
-
L
 S-Subshll
-

Cape-leaf like

7f orbitals

sitec -
oman

Sub Orbitals
-

- Is orbital -
· 2 .
e

t Ge
b 3 p-orbitals -
Ixpy(
d Sdobitals
a ecos
t 77 orbitats /he
 -
l = 0
to
①Y
h
Orbital angular momentum = l(l+1) 2π
A .

--
M .

-Number of orbitals in any subshell =

-
-
2l + 1
-

Number of electrons in any subshell = 2(2l + 1)

-
· ③P
3
9 .

b 6b
&

5 6
ne3 = 2
1
·

F-

↑
-
191 , 2
& = 0
,
1
,
2
·
r
 8
-
·

Orbita-M orbital AM

10 3 0

I
① kit
an
0

or

ITHEFA
·
·
I 132
ju
I 1

Y
4) /
Shell subshell obital
u =1
- is abite I

n=2 - be25- I abite

T
I
2p
-
- 3 abitats.
D

= ↑
 Question #Q.

8
↑

Calculate orbit and orbital angular momentum for 3p.

#
s
M

te
ne
-
O - -
-
-
-

or Jt A

~h In
 Topic : Significance of ‘n’ and ‘l’

Node: Region of space around the nucleus where probability of finding electron is zero.

Types of node:
• Radial node
• Angular node
Radial node:

Radial node is a Spherical region where probability of finding electron is zero , whose
value is given by n – l – 1.
Angular Node :

Region around the nucleus where the probability of finding an electron is zero. Angular
nodes is given by l.
 Topic : Magnetic Quantum Number

This quantum number gives idea about orientation of subshell and number of orbitals
in the given subshell.

Under the influence of magnetic field each subshell is further subdivided into orbitals.
Value of ml is given by = –l to +l
Total no. of values = 2l + 1
Each orbital is identified by set of 3 quantum numbers.

n, I, m
 Topic : Spin Quantum Number

This quantum number represents the spin motion of electron.

1 1
𝑚𝑠 = + 2 𝑜𝑟 − 2
 h
Spin angular momentum = s(s + 1) 2π
1
s = total spin = 2 x no. of unpaired electrons
Question #ImpQ.

The number of orbitals associated with quantum number n = 5, ms

1
= + is [JEE Main 2020, 7th January, Shift-1, Single Correct, Easy]
2

A 25

B 50

C 15

11
D
Question #ImpQ.

The number of subshells associated with n = 4 and m = –2 quantum

numbers is:
[JEE Main 2020, 2 September, Shift-1, Single Correct, Medium]

A 8

B 2

C 16

D 4
Question #ImpQ.

In an atom, the total number of electrons having quantum numbers

1
𝑛 = 4, |𝑚𝑙| = 1 and 𝑚𝑠 = − 2 is:
[JEE Advanced 2014, Paper-1, Subjective, Medium]
Question #ImpQ.

Not considering electronic spin, the degeneracy of second excited

state (n = 3) of H-atom is 9, while degeneracy of second excited
state of H– is.
[JEE Advanced 2015, Subjective, Hard]
Question #ImpQ.

A certain orbital has n = 4and ml = –3. The number of radial nodes in

this orbital is ………….. (Round off to the nearest integer).
[2021, 17 March Shift-I, Subjective, Medium]
Question #ImpQ.
The number of orbitals with n = 5, ml = +2 is ……………..
(Round off to the nearest integer).
[2021, 16 March Shift-II, Subjective, Easy]
Question #ImpQ.
The spin only magnetic moment of a divalent ion in aqueous solution
(atomic number = 29) is ………….… BM.
[2021, 25 Feb Shift-II, Subjective, Easy]
Question #ImpQ.

Consider the hypothetical situation where the azimuthal quantum

number, l takes values 0, 1, 2, …… n+1, where n is the principle quantum
number. Then, the element with atomic number
[2020, 3 Sep Shift-II, Single Correct, Medium]

A 8 is the first noble gas

B 13 has a half-filled valence subshell

C 9 is the first alkali metal

6 has a 2p-valence subshell

D
Question #ImpQ.

The quantum number of four electrons are given below:

1
I. 𝑛 = 4, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚𝑙 = −2, 𝑚𝑠 = − 2
1
II. 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 2, 𝑚𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑠 = + 2
1
III. 𝑛 = 4,1 = 1, 𝑚𝑙 = 0, 𝑚𝑠 = +2
1
IV. 𝑛 = 3, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑙 = 1, 𝑚𝑠 = −2
The correct order of their increasing energies will be
[2019, 8 April Shift-1Single Correct, Easy]

A IV < III < II < I B I < II < III < IV

C IV < II < III < I D I < III < II < IV

Question #ImpQ.

Among the following, the energy of 2s-orbital is lowest in

[2019, 12 April Shift-II, Single Correct, Easy]

A K

B H

C Li

Na
D
Question #ImpQ.

The correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence electrons of
rubidium atom [Z =37] is
[JEE Main 2014, Single Correct, Easy]

1
A 5, 0, 0, +2

1
B 5, 1, 0, +2

1
C 5, 1, 1, +2

1
D 5, 0, 1, +2
Question #ImpQ.

The value of magnetic quantum number of the outermost electron of

Zn+ ion is
[2021, 31 Aug Shift-II, Subjective, Medium]
Question #ImpQ.

Ge (Z = 32) in its ground state electronic configuration has x

completely filled orbitals with ml = 0. The value of x is
[2021, 31 Aug Shift-I, Subjective, Medium]
Question #ImpQ.

A certain orbital has no angular nodes and two radial nodes. The
orbital is
[2021, 18 March Shift-I, Single Correct, Medium]

A 2s

B 3s

C 3p

2p
D
Question #ImpQ.

The orbital having two radial as well as two angular nodes is

[2021, 26 Feb Shift-I, Single Correct, Medium]

A 3p

B 4f

C 4d

5d
D
 Topic : Nodes

Region of space around the nucleus where probability of finding electron is zero.

Types of nodes:
1. Radial Node
2. Angular Node
Radial Node (Spherical Node): Spherical region where probability of finding electron is
zero.

Node Nodes

1s
2s
3s
Angular node (nodal plane and conical surface):
The plane or conical surface in which probability of finding an electron is zero.

Nodal z
plane z z

x y x x y
y

2px 2py 2pz

YZ Nodal XZ Nodal XY Nodal

Plane Plane Plane
d-orbitals and their nodal planes
 Calculation of total number of nodes:

(n-l-1) + l = n-1

S.No. Orbital Value of l No. of nodal plane

1. s-orbital 0 0

2 p-orbital 1 1

3. s-orbital 2 2

4. f-orbital 3 3
 Number of nodal planes & radial nodes

Orbital No.of radial No.of Nodal planes No.of peaks

(or) ‘l’ value (n-l)
Spherical nodes (Azimuthal Q.no)
(n-l-1)

1s 0 0 1
2s 1 0 2
2p 0 1 1
3s 2 0 3
3p 1 1 2
3d 0 2 1
Topic : Number of nodal planes & angular
nodes in d𝑧2 orbital?
 Topic : Graphs of Radial Part of
Schrodinger Wave Equation
The square of radial wave function gives the probability of finding electron in a unit
volume around a particular point.
Orbital:

Radial function curve

1s 2s

(r) (r)

r
r
Orbital:

Radial probability density curve

2(r)  2(r)

r r
 2p

 2

r
r
 Topic : Radial Probability Distribution Function

It is found that wave functions can be expressed as the product of two functions, one
of which the radial part R(r) depends only on the distance from the nucleus, the other
being the angular part depends only on the angles  and .
Probability distribution curves which give the variation of probability of finding the
electron can also be classified into two types:

(i) Variation of probability of finding the electron with radial distance (r), termed as
radial probability distribution curves.

(ii) Variation of probability of finding the electron with angle keeping the radial
distance same
It gives the probability of finding electron at a distance r from the nucleus in thin shell.

Total radial probability in a spherical shell of thickness dr at a radial distance of r from

the nucleus will be
 r

r+dr

4 4 3
dV = 3  (r + dr) – 3r
3

4 3
= 3 {r + 3dr r2 + 3dr2 r + dr3 – r3}
 4
= 3 {3 dr r2}

= 4 r2 dr
Radial probability distribution function
= 4 r2 2(r) dr
= P(r)
1s, 2p, 3d, 4f

P(r)

(r)
2s, 3p, 4d, 5f

P(r)

(r)
 Topic : Angular Part of Schrodinger Wave Equation

Angular wave function gives idea about the shape of orbital and depends upon m and l.

On solving angular part of Schrodinger wave equation, we get different values of l and m
which corresponds to different set of orbitals.
l = 0 for s subshell for which 1 orbital is allowed.

The hydrogen s orbitals correspond to  = 0 and only allow m = 0. In this case, the
solution for the angular wavefunction, 0,0 (, ) is a constant. As a result, the n,0,0(r,
, ) wavefunction only depend on r and the s orbitals are all spherical in shape.
l = 1 for p subshell for which 3 orbitals are allowed.

l = 2 for d subshell for which 5 orbitals are allowed.

l = 3 for f subshell for which 7 orbitals are allowed.

Topic : Shape of Atomic Orbitals
s orbital is spherical in shape and has zero nodal plane.

z
y

s
p orbital has dumb-bell shape, and each orbital has 1 nodal plane.

z z z
y y y

x x x

px pz py
 Topic : Shape of Atomic Orbitals

d orbital has double dumb-bell shape, and each orbital has 2 nodal planes with one
exceptional case.

z z z z z

y y y y y

x x x x x

dxy dyz dz 2 dyz dx2 – y2

Axial orbitals: orbitals in which lobes are present on the axis.

Non-axial orbitals: orbitals in which lobes are present in between the axis.
 Topic : Shape of Atomic Orbitals

f - orbital has clove shape or complex shape.

z z z z
y
y y y

x x x x
fy(x2 – z2) fxz2 f z3
fx(x2 – 3y2) z
z z
y y y

x x x
fyz2 fxyz fy(3x2 – y2)
Question #ImpQ.
Paragraph: The hydrogen-like species Li2+ is in a spherically
symmetric state S1 with one radial node. Upon absorbing light the ion
undergoes transition to a state S2. The state S2 has one radial node
and its energy is equal to the ground state energy of the hydrogen
atom
Choose the correct answer:
The state S1 is [IIT-JEE-2010, Paper-2, Single Correct, Medium]
A 1s

B 2s

C 2d

D 3s
Question #ImpQ.
Paragraph: The hydrogen-like species Li2+ is in a spherically
symmetric state S1 with one radial node. Upon absorbing light the ion
undergoes transition to a state S2. The state S2 has one radial node
and its energy is equal to the around state energy of the hydrogen
atom
Choose the correct answer:
Energy of the state S1 in units of the hydrogen atom ground state
energy is [IIT-JEE-2010, Paper-2, Single Correct, Medium]
A 0.75

B 1.50

C 2.25

D 4.50
 Question #ImpQ.

A certain orbital has n = 4 and ml = –3. The number of radial nodes in this
orbital is ……………. (Round off to the nearest integer).
[2021, 17 March Shift-I, Subjective, Easy]
Question #ImpQ.

The orbital having two radial as well as two angular nodes is

[2021, 26 Feb Shift-I, Single Correct, Easy]

A 3p

B 4f

C 4d

D 5d
Question #ImpQ.

The plots of radial distribution functions for various orbitals of

hydrogen atom against ‘r’ are given below.
The correct plot for the 3s-orbital is
[2021, 25 Feb Shift-I, Single Correct, Medium]

A B

C D
Question #ImpQ.

Which one of the following about an electron occupying the 1s-

orbital in a hydrogen atom is incorrect? (The Bohr radius is
represented by a 0)
[2019, 9 April Shift-II, Single Correct, Medium]

A The electron can be found at a distance 2a0 from the nucleus.

The magnitude of the potential energy is double that of its kinetic energy
B on an average.

C The probability density of finding the electron is maximum at the nucleus.

The total energy of the electron is maximum when it is at a distance a0

D from the nucleus.
Question #ImpQ.

The electrons are more likely to be found

[2019, 12 April Shift-I, Single Correct, Easy]

A in the region a and c B in the region a and b

C only in the region a D only in the region c

Question #ImpQ.
Which of the following combination of statements is true regarding the
interpretation of the atomic orbitals?
I. An electron in an orbital of high angular momentum stays away from
the nucleus than an electron in the orbital of lower angular momentum.
II. For a given value of the principal quantum number, the size of the orbit
is inversely proportional to the azimuthal quantum number.
III. According to wave mechanics, the ground state angular momentum is
ℎ
equal to 2π
IV. The plot of  vs r for various azimuthal quantum numbers, shows peak
shifting towards higher value.
[2019, 9 Jan Shift-II, Single Correct, Medium]

A I, III B II, III

C I, II D I, IV
Question #Q.

The correct statement about probability density (except at infinite

distance from nucleus) is:
[JEE Main 2020, 5 Sep, Shift-1, Single Correct, Medium]

A It can be zero for 1s orbital

B It can be negative from 2p orbital

C It can be zero for 3p orbital

D It can never be zero for 2s orbital

Question #ImpQ.

The graph between |Ψ2| and r (radial distance) is below. This

represents
[JEE Main 2019, 10 April, Shift-1, Single Correct, Medium]

A 1s-orbital

B 2p-orbital

C 3s-orbital

D 2s-orbital
Question #ImpQ.

The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. Consider an

electronic state Ψ of He+ whose energy azimuthal quantum number
and magnetic quantum number are –3.4 eV, 2 and 0, respectively.
Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true for the state Ψ?
[JEE Advanced 2019, Paper-2, Multiple Correct, Hard]

A It is a 4d state

B The nuclear charge experienced by the electron in this state is less than
2e, where e is of the magnitude the electronic charge

C It has 2 angular nodes

D It has 3 radial nodes

Question #ImpQ.
Paragraph: BY appropriately matching the information given in the
three columns of the following table
The wave function, n, l, ml is a mathematical function whose value
depends upon spherical polar coordinates (r, , ) of the electron and
characterized by the quantum number n, l and m. Here r is distance
from nucleus,  is azimuth. In the mathematical functions given in the
table, Z is atomic number and a0 Bohr radius:
[JEE Advanced 2017, Paragraph, Medium]
Question #Q.
The wave function, 𝜓𝑛,𝑙,𝑚𝑖 is a mathematical function whose value depends upon
spherical polar coordinates (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙) of the electron and characterized by the
quantum numbers 𝑛, 𝑙 and 𝑚𝑙 . Here 𝑟 is distance from nucleus, 𝜃 is colatitude and 𝜙
is azimuth. In the mathematical functions given in the Table, 𝑍 is atomic number
and 𝑎0 is Bohr radius.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
3
(I) 1s orbital 𝑍 2 − 𝑍𝑟 (P)
(i) 𝑛,𝐼,𝑚1 ∝ 𝑒 𝑎0
𝑎0

(II) 2s orbital (ii) One radial node (Q) Probability density at m????? ∝ 1/𝑎03
5
(III) 2pz orbital 𝑍 2 −
𝑍𝑟 (R) Probability density is maximum at nucleus
(iii) 𝑛,𝐼,𝑚1 ∝ 𝑟𝑒 2𝑎0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑎0
(IV) 3𝑑𝑧2 orbital (iv) xy-plane is a nodal plane (S) Energy needed to excite electron from n = 2 state to n
27
= 4 state is times the energy needed to excite electron
32
from n = 2 state to n = 6 state
Question #Q.

For He+ ion, the only incorrect combination is

A (I) (i) (R)

B (II) (ii) (Q)

C (I) (i) (S)

D (I) (iii) (R)

Question #Q.

For the given orbital in column I, the only correct commination for
any hydrogen-like species is

A (I) (ii) (S)

B (IV) (iv) (R)

C (III) (iii) (P)

D (II) (ii) (P)

Question #Q.

For hydrogen atom, the only Correct combination is

A (II) (i) (Q)

B (I) (iv) (R)

C (I) (i) (P)

D (I) (i) (S)

Question #ImpQ.

P is the probability of finding the 1 s electron of hydrogen atom in a

spherical shell of infinitesimal thickness, dr at a distance r from the
nucleus. The volume of this shell is 4𝜋𝑟2𝑑𝑟. The qualitative sketch of
the dependence of P on r is
[JEE Advanced 2016, Paper-1, Single Correct, Medium]
P P

A B

0 0 r
r

P P

C D
0 r 0 r
 Summary

 Schrodinger Wave Equation:

d2 d2 d2 82m

dx2 + dy2 + dz2 + h2 (E – V) = 0
h = Planck’s constant
m = mass of electron
E = total energy (denotes quantized energy)
V = Potential energy
 Summary

 Number of subshells in nth shell = n

Number of orbitals in nth shell = n2
Number of electrons in nth shell = 2n2
Number of orbitals in subshell = 2l + 1
Number of electrons in subshell = 2(2l + 1)
ℎ
 Orbital angular momentum = 𝑙(𝑙 + 1) 2𝜋
 Total number of nodes = n – 1
Radial nodes = n – l – 1
Angular nodes = l